P ROIECT A PUSENI : Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in E astern Europe
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Transcript of P ROIECT A PUSENI : Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in E astern Europe
PPROIECTROIECT AAPUSENIPUSENI:
Sustainable development of a traditional Sustainable development of a traditional landscape in landscape in EEastern Europeastern Europe
Evelyn Ruşdea, Katja Brinkmann & Albert Reif University of Freiburg
ContentsContents
(1) Proiect Apuseni: structure
(2) Study area and traditional land-use
(3) Interdisciplinary research: aims and methods
(Dr. Evelyn Rusdea)
(4) Evaluation methods and model based scenarios
(Katja Brinkmann)
(5) Participatory methods and „Leading projects“
(Dr. Evelyn Rusdea)
... an interdisciplinary, intercultural, participatory research project
(1)(1) Proiect Apuseni: Proiect Apuseni: StructureStructure
Technical data
Duration: 15.9.2000 - 30.9.2003 (3 years)
Support: German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) FKZ 0339720
Directors: Prof. Dr. Werner Konold - Institute for Landscape Management Prof. Dr. Albert Reif - Institute of Silviculture Freiburg
Coordination: Dr. Evelyn Ruşdea, Institute for Landscape Management (D) Dr. Ioan Povară, Institute of Speleology Bucharest (RO)
Partners: 9 German institutions/partners 9 Romanian institutions/partners 80-90 partners
(35 German, 55 Romanian)
Gheţari1.100 m a.s.l.
montaneclimate
1.400 mm4.5o C
ROMANIA
(2)(2) Study area: Study area: Geographical positionGeographical position
6.000 ha
- 3.800 ha forest- 2.200 ha open land
308 ha
175 ha forest 133 ha open land
High pasture “Poiana Călineasa”, 1350 m a.s.l.
“core area” Gheţari, 1.100 m a.s.l.
Transect
Gîrda – Gheţari – high pasture
Gîrda de Sus,
700 m a.s.l.
(2)(2) Study area: Study area: Transect & Transect & “core area”“core area”
Study area: Study area: RegionRegion
Region „Ţara Moţilor“
• permanent settlements for the last 120 years
• Romanian “Moti”
• dispersed settlements
(2)(2) Study area: Study area: ColonisationColonisation
• small farms 1-3 ha meadows, pastures, small fields, gardens
• subsistence production
(2)(2) Traditional land use: Traditional land use: MeadowsMeadows
Hay harvesting with scythe, rake and fork
Animals per family: 1- 2 cows, calfs; 1-2 horses; pigs, chickens, dogs, cats
Most animals on the high pasture during the summer
Milk processed to cheese, whey and horse manure used as pig feed
(2)(2) Traditional land use: Traditional land use: Animal rearingAnimal rearing
Marele Alb
Bassner pigWarm blooded horses and heavy horses Pinzgau-influenced breed
Bălţată Românească- influenced breed
German Simmenthal- influenced breed
= Main means of subsistence
(2)(2) Traditional land use: Traditional land use: High pastureHigh pasture
From May to July: ¾ of the animals and half of the population are on the high pasture
“Poiana Călineasa” (1.350 m)
Over utilisation of forests, new wealth in the short term
Electricity
Power chainsaws
Construction of roads
Consumption of luxury products: packaged supermarket goods, cars, land in the lowlands etc.
Increased social differences
(2)(2) Drastic changes since 1995 Drastic changes since 1995
Waste and rubbish increases
Traditional constructions replaced by modern building materials
(3) (3) ActivActivee pparticipationarticipation of the people and local key actors provides the basis for implementation
(2) (2) InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary researchresearch between the disciplines of natural, economic and social sciences
(4) AnalysisAnalysis of land-use and society, evaluations and model-based “scenarios” are fundamental to exemplary implementation
(5) (5) Intercultural cooperationIntercultural cooperation between German and Romanian scientists, and the local actors, contribute to a common understanding and exchange of knowledge and expertise
(1) (1) Scaling upScaling up from an inventory of the “core area” of Ghetari towards a transect between the village “Girda de Sus” and the high pasture to the region “Ţara Moţilor”
(3)(3) Interdisciplinary researchInterdisciplinary research
Methodological principlesMethodological principles
(3)(3) Interdisciplinary research and resultsInterdisciplinary research and results
Farmer interviews
Soil analysis
Field experiments
Forest and vegetation inventory
(by M. Parichi)
Soil depth
extremly superficial (< 10 cm)very superficial (11 - 20 cm)moderate superficial (21 - 50 cm)shallow (51 - 75 cm)moderate depht (76 - 100 cm)strongly depht (101 - 125 cm)
Copyright: PROIECT APUSENI, 2003
N(
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 km
Soil map of Gheţari (308 ha)
(3)(3) Interdisciplinary research and resultsInterdisciplinary research and results
Vegetationstypen (vereinfacht)
Copyright: PROIECT APUSENI, 2003
N
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 km
Wege
SäumeÄckerTrittfluren
FichtenwälderBergmischwälderGebüsche u.ä.HalbtrockenrasenGoldhafer-Wiesen, magerGoldhafer-FettwiesenBorstgrasrasenFeuchtwiesen
(3)(3) Interdisciplinary research and resultsInterdisciplinary research and results
Path, track
Track margin, pathways
Field, garden
Fringes
Vegetation types
Spruce forest (Piceetum)
Beech-Fir forest (Fagetum)
Shrubland (Corylus, Spiraea)
Pasture (Festuco-Brometea)
Meadow (Festuco-Brometea)
Meadow (Polygono-Trisetion)
Pasture/meadow (Violion can.)
Meadow (Calthion)
Vegetation map of Gheţari (308 ha)
(by E. Auch)
Households: Households: interrelation of handcrafts, agronomy, forestryinterrelation of handcrafts, agronomy, forestry
(3)(3) Interdisciplinary research and resultsInterdisciplinary research and results
Transdisciplinary structure of the project
Analysis of landscape, land-use and land-use techniques
in agriculturein forestry
Integrated Evaluation of potentials for development(with participation of the local population, the local authorities and regional organizations)
Integrated planning for land-use managementStrategies and scenarios for a regional development
Analysis of frame conditionsNatural conditions Socio-economic conditions
Socio-economic analysis of the rural economyat the level of householdsat the level of the villageat the level of regional economical circles
Agriculture Forestry Trade TourismCommerce
Ecological evaluation Socio-economic evaluation
(3)(3) Interdisciplinary research and resultsInterdisciplinary research and results
Interdisciplinary evaluation methods and development of model based scenarios
Based on objective oriented project design and management ......(ZOPP, GTZ 1997) poor access to resources
poor living conditions
low level of development
barely marketable produce
infertile soils
lack of infrastructureno running water
water pollution
little fruit and vegetables
forest devastation
too little forest
poor timber quality
poor diet
poor drinking water quality
poor market access
lack of marketing
low incomes
too little money
too little hay
poor pasture
low agricultural production
no animal breedingno fertilisation
EFFECTS no accumulation of capital
resources
subsistence farming
CAUSES
untended pasture
(1) Problem analysis(2) Analysis of objectives(3) Identify indicators for evaluation
Interdisciplinary modelling and visualisation of scenarios
Analysis of alternative developments- recommendations
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarioscenarios
Definition of scenarios for future developments
Social problemsEconomic and ecological problems
I PR PP A I PR PP A few shops x x n insufficient basic education x n
range of stock in shops too small x x ? low qualification of teachers x n no local market x x ? long distances to school x n
no products for tourists x y long distances to high school x n
facilities/ trade
no merchandising of traditions x y no foreign languages x n no machines for timber processing x n
education
insufficient job training x n poor timber quality x y road too long x x x n
not enough forest, timber x y poor roads x x x n forestry, wood technology
timber too expensive x n no private cars x n limited access to markets x x y
transport and traffic
transport problems x x n no investment capital x y no water supply x x y
too high proportion of subsistence x x y long distance to spring x x y
marketing, access to markets
poor marketing x x y few crops and vegetables x x y deficiency of manure for meadows x y problems with electricity x n
no mineral fertiliser for pastures x y no dentist x n insufficient pasture management x y no hospital x n no fertilisation in the high pasture x y no church on Calineasa x n
insufficient productivity of pastures x y no telephone/mobile phones x n low yield of hay from meadows x y no computer x n
EC
ON
OM
IC D
IME
NS
ION
agriculture
deficiencies in animal keeping x x y no restaurant n
no hair dresser x n water pollution x y small houses x n
tourists destroy, pollute x ?
supply
not enough flats to rent x n degradation of forest ? ? ? y no TV, few programs x x n
low fertility of soils x y no disco x n
holiday activities
no sport facilities x n EC
OL
OG
Y
environmental pollution
low wages x x y
low income x x y few working places x x x ? too much work to be done x ?
SO
CIA
L
DIM
EN
SIO
NS
working places, job situation
Women overworked x n
I = InterviewPR = PRAPP = Project representationA = Project aim ?
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Problem analysisProblem analysis
poor access to resources
poor living conditions
low level of development
barely marketable produce
infertile soils
lack of infrastructureno running water
water pollution
little fruit and vegetables
forest devastation
too little forest
poor timber quality
poor diet
poor drinking water quality
poor market access
lack of marketing
low incomes
too little money
too little hay
poor pasture
low agricultural production
no animal breedingno fertilisation
EFFECTS no accumulation of capital
resources
subsistence farming
CAUSES
untended pasture
Problem tree
Central problem
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Problem analysisProblem analysis
Oberziele Teilziele (abgeleitete Ziele)Handlungsziele (durchnummeriert)
1. Erhalt seltener und gefährdeter Pflanzenarten2. Erhalt seltener und gefährdeter Pflanzengesellschaften3. Erhalt der Waldstrukturdiversität4. Erhalt der Offenlandbiozönosenvielfalt5. Sicherung naturnaher, standortsangepasster Waldnutzung
6. Sicherung naturnaher, standortsangepassterGrünlandnutzung
7. Aufbau einer umw eltverträglichen Abfallentsorgung8. Umw eltbildung (Gemeinderat/Bevölkerung)9. Verbesserung der menschl. Fäkalienentsorgung
Schutz der Grund- und Oberflächengewässer 10. Vermeidung von Verschmutzung, Beseitigung der Ursachen
Weiterentw. einer ressourcenschonendenWassernutzung 11. Verbesserung der Regenw assernutzung
12. Sicherung von Fallbeispielen im Bereich Architektur13. Schaffung von Bew usstsein und Wertschätzung14. Erhalt farbenfroher Blumenw iesen15. Erhalt der Landschaftsvielfalt
16. Optimierung der Nutzung von Arnika17. Aufbau von Übernachtungs-und Versorgungskapazitäten18. Aufbau der Käsevermarktung19. Aufbau von touristischen Infrastrukturmaßnahmen20. Erhalt der Leistungsfähigkeit der Waldbestände21. Sicherung/ Verbesserung der Holzqualität22. Weiterentw icklung der Holzw irtschaft23. Steigerung der Heuproduktion24. Verbesserung der Weidenmanagement- und Weidequalität25. Steigerung des Futterw ertes26. Einkreuzung leistungsfähiger Kuhrassen27. Verbesserung der Arbeitsergonomie im Stall28. Einführung von Hygienestandards in der Stallhaltung29. Verbesserung der Stallmistqualität
30. Aufbau von "Genossenschaften"31. Qualif izierung von Vermietern32. Ausgew ogene Beteiligung am Kapitalbestand33. Weiterentw icklung der Subsistenz34. Förderung des Gemüseanbaus35. Einrichtung einer Wasserleitung36. Permanent gute Trinkw asserqualität
5. Zugang zu Ressourcen und Dienstleistungen
Förderung naturnaher, standortsangepasster Land-nutzungsformen
1. Schutz biotischer Ressourcen
2. Schutz abiotischer Ressourcen
3. Erhalt der Eigenart der Landschaft
4. Optimierung der Einkommenssituation
Diversifizierung der Einkommensquellen
Optimierung der fowi. Produktion
Optimierung der landw. Produktion
Förderung der Selbstbest. und Chancengleichheitder Bewohner
Verbesserung der Lebensqualitätsstandards
Erhalt der Biodiversität
Aufbau einer umweltverträglichen Abfallentsorgung
Erhalt und Weiterentwicklung traditioneller Bauweisen
Förderung und Erhalt der Landschaftsästhetik
Clustering of Objectives
Eco
logy
Eco
logy
Eco
no
my
Eco
no
my
So
cia
lS
oci
al
Specific Objectives ActivitiesOverall Objectives
Formulate Indicators for evaluation
and measurement
Identify Indicators
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Analysis of ObjectivesAnalysis of Objectives
Little emigration
Stagnation of wages
Stagnation of productivity
High inflation rate
Slow privatisation
Stagnation of working places
Stabilisation of currency
Emigration
Wages increase
Productivity increases
Rapid privatisation
Rationalisation and new investments
Action strategies and frame scenarios
no EU-membership of RO until 2017EU-membership of RO until 2017
EU-membership or not?
best case worst case
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Definition of scenariosDefinition of scenarios
action strategies
action strategies
strategy 1: “Traditio” defensive, no investment
slow development of tourism and productivity
increased forest exploitation
few education opportunities
high self-determination
preservation of high biodiversity in open
landlow environmental
pollution
strategy 2: “Evolutio”investment in tourism, forestry and agriculture
improvements in:tourism, productivity and techniques in
agriculture and forestrysustainable forest use decrease of forestry
income
higher education opportunities
moderate external influences,high self-
determination
decrease of biodiversityincrease of
environmental awareness
strategy 3: “Capitalinvestitio”strong external investment activity
improvements in:tourism, working
places, infrastructure, marketing of regional
products
low self-determination,high external
influences
increase of environmental
pollutionsolution of problems
in Infrastructure
economy social ecology
Frame scenario + action strategy = Scenario definition 6 scenarios and basis scenario (actual state)
EU-membership of RO until 2017
no EU-membership of RO until 2017
Scenario
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Definition of scenariosDefinition of scenarios
household module
grassland modulesecondary descriptors
Frame moduleprimary descriptors Data exchange
hay yield fertilisation working hours
volumeetc.forest module
secondary descriptors
Aven
ue P
rogr
amM
S Ex
cel d
ata
proc
essin
g
ecological Indicators
economic Indicators
OUTPUT
INPUT
Net diagram"Amoeba"
rareness/endangeringnaturalness/hemeroby
etc.
working hours
earned income
whole income
invested capital
Evalua
tion
of S
cena
rios
OUTPUT
INPUTamount of
householdsanimals and
tourists technology and production level
etc.
Spatial modelling
Non-spatial modelling
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Modelling of scenariosModelling of scenarios
Spatial modelling with GIS1) Defining the input variables
(primary descriptors) for the calculation of scenarios
2) Calculation of the secondary descriptors (amount of domestic
animals,etc.)
3) Calculation of the production level due to the amount of
domestic animals
4) Calculation of grassland area fo rhouseholds for the supply
within the target scenario
5) Calculation and Distribution of the resulting amount of manure
within the target scenario
6) Calculation of the necessary mineral fertiliser input
8) Calculation of the working hours and further costs for
agriculture
7) Simulation of the land use changes and their influence on
the floristic composition
Flo
w o
f th
e sc
enar
io c
alcu
lati
on
in
AV
EN
UE
OUTPUTecological indicators- rareness/ endangering- naturalness/ hemeroby
Integrated evaluation: Net diagramm
“Amoeba”
Data export to household module
economic indicators-working hours, hay yield,
Fertilisation, etc.
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Modelling of scenariosModelling of scenarios
Non-spatial modelling Non-spatial modelling with MS Excelwith MS Excel
(by E. Auch)
Data Processing in MS Excel
working hours
Invested capital
whole income
earned income
structure of income
economic indicators
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: cenarios: Modelling of scenariosModelling of scenarios
Example of two scenario types depicted as an amoeba diagram
Ecological indicatorsEconomic indicators
“Traditio”- none EU
2017
actual state
Changes (%)
(4)(4) Evaluation and Evaluation and sscenarios: resultscenarios: results
“Evolutio”- EU 2017
Transdisciplinary structure ofTransdisciplinary structure of the the PPROIECTROIECT A APUSENIPUSENI
Analysis of landscape, land-use and land-use techniques
in agriculturein forestry
Integrated Evaluation of potentials for development(with participation of the local population, the local authorities and regional organizations)
Analysis of frame conditionsNatural conditions Socio-economic conditions
Socio-economic analysis of the rural economyat the level of householdsat the level of the villageat the level of regional economical circles
Agriculture Forestry Trade TourismCommerce
Strategies and scenarios for a regional development
Ecological evaluation Socio-economic evaluation
Inte
rnal
an
d e
xter
nal
co
mm
un
icat
ion
(p
ub
lic
rela
tio
ns,
mas
s-m
ed
ia)
Po
litic
al a
dve
rtis
ing
Par
tici
pa
tio
n
Transdisciplinary structure of the project
Participation in the PPROIECTROIECT A APUSENIPUSENI
(5) (5) Participatory methodsParticipatory methods
• Information / Motivation
• Participation
• Co-operation Leading projects, „Forum comunal“Association „Platoul Gheţari - Călineasa“
Interviews (locals and experts), PRA, workshops, consulting
Public relations, opening ceremony, flyers, discussions, lectures
Participatory actions: examples
Gheţari in 2017 ?
Planning for RealRole-playWorkshop for the future
Leading Projects
Planning for Real
Meeting with the mayors from the region
(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Participatory actionsParticipatory actions
Role-playing „Future of Gheţari until 2017“ – 3 Role-playing „Future of Gheţari until 2017“ – 3 scenariosscenarios
Capital- investitio
TraditioEvolutio
(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Participatory actionsParticipatory actions
Participation through „Leading projects“
• Grassland management and fertilisation
• Animal breeding, construction of stables
• Vegetable crops
• Medicinal plants: Arnica montana
• Water supply
• Rural tourism
(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Leading projectsLeading projects
Leading Leading project „Animal breeding“project „Animal breeding“
Animal breeding
Planning of stable building
Winterschool
- New vegetable species and varieties
- Greenhouse (plastic film)
- Seedling procurement
- Winterschool
Leading project „Crop cultivation“
(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Leading projectsLeading projects
Leading project „Medicinal plants“Leading project „Medicinal plants“
Arnica montana
New tourist
pension
Seminar„Rural tourism“
Leading project „Rural tourism“Leading project „Rural tourism“
Leading project „Rural tourism“
(5) (5) Participatory methods: Participatory methods: Leading projectsLeading projects
Tourists Information center in Ghetari:
A traditional blockhouse stable, roof made from spruce branches
Thank you for your attention!