POISONINGالتسمم

OBJECTIVES

By the end of this lecture, the students would be able to:

Identify the ways in which poisons سموم enter the body.

List the signs and symptoms common to different poisons.

Describe first aid care for victims of different poisons.

INTRODUCTION

Poisons are substances that cause illness or death when ingested, inhaled, injected, or absorbed.

Early recognition and prompt treatment of a serious poisoning can save a victim’s life.

TYPES OF POISONS

Poisons are classified according to how they enter the body:1. Ingested (Swallowed) Poisons

Through the mouth 2. Inhaled (Breathed) Poisons

Through the lungs3. Injected Poisons

Through needle-like device4. Absorbed (Contact) Poisons

Through the skin

INGESTED (SWALLOWED) POISONS

INGESTED (SWALLOWED) POISONS

Occur when a victim swallows toxic substance.

Most poisonings happen by ingestion. Children are the most common victims of

ingested poisons. Some substances can block airway. From common items causing poisoning when

swallowed are: aspirin, acetaminophen, alcohol, and cleaners.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF INGESTED POISONS

Abdominal pain, cramping Nausea or vomiting Diarrhea Burns, stains, odor near or in mouth Drowsiness

Taking a history of a poisoned victimWhat was swallowed?When was it swallowed?How much was swallowed?Has anyone tried to induce vomiting? Is this a suicide attempt محاولة هناك هل

? انتحارAny psych history مسبق نفسي مرض هناك ? هلAre there any underlying medical illnesses,

allergies, drug use مخدرات or , استخدامaddictionادمان ?

HOW TO CAREINGESTED POISONS POISONING VICTIMS?

Activate EMS. Establish and maintain an airway. Remove any poison from mouth, if present. If acidic material is ingested, have victim

drink cold water or milk. Provide ventilations, if necessary. Position the victim on left side.

Try to save samples/containers of ingested materials and vomit.

All poisoning victims must be seen by a physician.

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING IF:

The nature of the substance is unknown. A corrosive substance شةYومبر محرYشة مادة

(house cleaner, lye غسيل bleach, or ,سائلother acid or alkaline product) is suspected

كسبب بها .مشتبه A petroleum product (benzene, kerosene,

gasoline, paint thinner ) دهان ) طالء or , مخففother hydrocarbon) is suspected. They can be inhaled into the lungs causing

chemical pneumonia مادة سببه رئوي التهاب.كيميائية

The person is having seizures صرع is , نويةunconscious, or is losing consciousness.

The victim is less than 1 year of age.

INHALED (BREATHED) POISONS

INHALED POISONS

Inhalation of a toxic substance absorbed through lungs.

Common to fires, industrial sites صناعية ,مواقعcleaning solvents, and sometimes drug abuse

Prompt first aid treatment is criticalLonger exposure = more damageToxins are rapidly absorbed and circulated

in body Some gases (carbon monoxide) are very

poisonous but not irritating. Others (ammonia and chlorine) are very

irritating to respiratory tract.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INHALED POISONS

Trouble breathing Chest pain or tightness Nausea and vomiting Changes in mental status

العقلية الحالة في تغييرات Visual changes النظر في تغيرات Ringing in ears األذنين في طنين Possible seizures

INFORMATION ON CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) POISONING

It is a leading cause of poisoning death. It is colorless and odorless gas. It can be unintentional poisoning or suicide. It is formed from incomplete combustion.

It can occur in older car, water heaters, and kerosene heaters.

Its poisoning causes hypoxia. It binds to the binding sites on the red blood cells,

decreasing oxygen carrying. Cellular death occurs due to lack of oxygen. Highly dangerous; it takes only a few minutes to die

from carbon monoxide poisoning.

RECOGNIZING CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) POISONING

Symptoms vary with length and intensity of exposure.

Presents initially with flu-like symptoms تبدأاالنفلونزا .كأعراض

Low-level exposure causes headache, ear-ringing, muscle weakness, shortness of breath.

Moderate exposure causes severe headache and nausea, visual disturbances, muddy thinking منظم وغير مضطرب . تفكير

High exposure causes chest pain, stupor ذهولشديد عدم heart arrhythmias , إغماء fainting ,وخمولالقلب في نوبات vision loss, convulsions , انتظام

.coma , صرع

HOW TO CARECARBON MONOXIDE POISONING VICTIMS?

Activate EMS immediatelyEMS can give 100% oxygen for 30 or 40 minutes to

reverse carbon monoxide poisoning. Move victim to fresh air immediately. Monitor Airway, Breathing, Circulation. If victim is not breathing, artificially ventilate. Place unresponsive, breathing victim in

recovery position.

ABUSED INHALANTSEXAMPLE: GLUE, GASOLINE, LIGHTER FLUID, AND NAIL POLISH.

Abused inhalants have similar effects to alcohol.

Victim of abused inhalants can die of suffocation اختناق.

Abused inhalants can change heart rhythm. Abused inhalants can cause permanent brain

damage.

RECOGNIZING ABUSED INHALANT POISONING

Mild drowsiness خفيف unresponsiveness , نعاس Slurred speech, clumsiness ) أحمق ) لبق غير تكلم Seizures Slow breathing rate Smell of solvents

HOW TO CARE ABUSED INHALANT POISONING VICTIMS?

Check breathing. Check for injuries. Place in recovery position. Give reassurance وتشجيع emotional , تطمين

support. Seek medical care.

INJECTED POISONS

INJECTED POISONS

Poison that enters the body through a break in the skin

Originates with substances such as illicit drugs مشروعة غير bites from certain , عقاقيرanimals, stings from certain insects

Generally causes immediate reaction at injection site

Greatest danger from injected poisons is anaphylactic shock. Itching and rash Nausea and vomiting Rapid, weak pulse Rapid, shallow breathing

BEES ANTS

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INJECTED POISONS Redness, swelling, itching, and pain at the

site. Weakness, dizziness Chills, fever Nausea and/or vomiting Allergic reaction: Facial swelling rash,

shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting.

HOW TO CAREINJECTED POISONING VICTIMS? Activate EMS. Protect yourself and the victim. Maintain the victim's airway. Maintain the victim's breathing and circulation. Attempt to identify insect, reptileزاحف , or

animal.

Quick First Aid of Stings: Wash the area with soap and water, apply a cool compress, elevate area on a pillow, make a paste of baking soda and water for itching. ***Get immediate medical attention if

anaphylactic reaction occurs.

ABSORBED (CONTACT) POISONS

ABSORBED POISONS

This type of poisoning occurs when poisonous substance enters the body through the skin.

It can originate from wet or dry chemicals. Common Examples: Insecticides حشرية مبيدات

and toxic industrial chemicals كيميائية موادسامة .صناعية

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF ABSORBED POISONS

General response from exposureMild irritation often limited to exposed site Itching حكة , redness, blisters ماء , فقاعات

stinging and burning pain شكل على ألمحرق أو وخز

Some people may have a severe and/or systemic reaction to absorbed poisons

Traces آثار of powder or liquid on skin

Notes:Swelling with a rash lasting 1 to 3 weeks Skin infections from irritation and scratching

HOW TO CARE ABSORBED POISONS VICTIMS?

Protect yourself from exposure. Brush any dry chemicals or solid poisons

from skin. Irrigate with large amounts of water for at

least 20 minutes. For mild and moderate reactions wash and

rinse affected area, apply cold compress for pain, and apply antihistamine مضادات .preparations الهيستامين

Severe reactions require prompt فوري medical attention.