hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ {^m≥knse emkvtIm (Lascaux) F∂ {]tZ-

iØv c≠v Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS th´-∏´n-bp-ambn apb-ep-Isf th´-

bm-Sm-\n -d-ßn. s]m¥-°m-Sp-I-fnepw amf-ß-fnepw apb-ep-Isf

Xnc™p \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ th´-∏-´nsb ImWm-Xm-bn. ]cn-{`m-

¥-cmbn Xß-fpsS ]´nsb At\z-jn®p \S∂ Ah¿ sNs∂-Øn-

bXv hen-sbmcp Kpl°-I-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. \q‰m-≠p-Ifmbn Bcp-

sSbpw {i≤-bn¬s∏SmXn-cp-∂- B

Kpl-bn¬ I≠ ImgvN Ahsc

A¤p-X-s∏-Sp -Øn. Kplm-`nØn

\ndsb hnhn[ h¿Æ-ß-fn¬ IpXn-

c, Im´p-t]m-Øv, Imf, am≥ XpS-ßnb

arK-ß-fpsS Nn{X-߃....

Ah {]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿

Kplm-`n-Øn-I-fn¬ hc® Nn{X-ß-

fmbncp∂p. CXp-t]m-ep≈ \nc-h[n

Kplm-Nn - {X-߃ temI-Øns‚

hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. Cu Nn{X߃ BZyIme

a\pjyPohXsØ°pdn®v hnetb

dnb hnhc߃ \¬Ip∂p.

Imf (emkvtIm- -{^m≥kv)

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw

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1111111111

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw8

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

{]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw (Palaeolithic Age)

Nn{X-߃ \nco-£n-°q. Ch

GI-tZiw ]Xn\-mb-ncw- h¿j-

߃°v apºv {]mNo-\-in-em-

bpK-Ønse a\p-jy¿ hc®

Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv. F¥p-

sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Ch Kpl-

Iƒ°p≈n¬ hc-®Xv?

Cu KplmNn{X-ß-fpsS khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

N¿® sNøp.

arK-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ß-

fmWv Ah-bn¬ A[n-Ihpw

Ch-bn¬ \n∂pw {]mNo\ a\pjys‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n°p∂Xv?

arK-ßsf th´-bm-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.

kwL-ambn hnt\m-Z-Ønte¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

KplmNn{X-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ \nd-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. kky-

ß-fp-sS Nmdpw sN¶¬s]m-Snbpw tN¿ØmWv \nd-߃ D≠m-°n-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂ Im´p-t]m-Øv, ]∂n F∂n-hbv°p

]pdsa IpXn-c, am≥, knwlw, ]p≈n-∏p-en, Ic-Sn, Igp-X-∏pen

XpSßnbhbpsS Nn{X-ßfpw hnhn[ Kpl-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-

bpw. Bh-iy-Øn\v kqcy-{]-Imiw e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ Kpl-I-fn¬

arK-s°m-gp-∏p]-tbm-Kn®v Xo IØn-®m-Wv shfn®w e`y-am-°n-bn-

cp-∂-Xv. th´ \S-tØ≠ ÿew, th´-bm-tS≠ arK-w F∂nh

Bkq{XWw sNbvXXns‚ sXfn-hp-IfmWv th´sb kw_-‘n®

KplmNn{X-߃. Kpl-I-fpsS ta¬`n-Øn-bnepw Nn{X-߃ hc-®n-

cp -∂p. CXv {]mNo\ a\p -jy -cpsS sshZKv≤y -Øns‚

sXfnhpIfmWv.

Kplm-Nn-{X-߃ {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v hnhcw Xcp∂

t{kmX- p-I-fmWv. ka¿∞n-°pI.

kwL-\rØw (`nwt_UvI C¥y) th -bm-S¬ (`nwt_UvI C¥y)

Im´p ]∂n (Aƒ´m-and kvs]bn≥) Im´p-t]mØv (tjmsh {^m≥kv)

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 9

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII

thhn® `£-Wm-h-in-jvS-߃, Nmcw, arK-ß-fpsS F√p-Ifpw

Xetbm- n-I-fpw, ]g-ßfpsSbpw ]®-°-dn-IfpsSbpw ip≤-P-e-a-’y-

ßfpsSbpw Ah-in-jvS-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Kpl-Iƒ°p-≈n¬\n∂v

Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy-

Po -hn -X -sØ-°p-dn®v as‰-s¥√mw hnh-c -ß-fmWv \ap°v

Is≠Øm≥ km[n-°p∂Xv?

`£Ww thhn®n-cp-∂p.

{]mNo\inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ Iq´-am-bmWv Cc tXSn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Ahcnse Icp-Ø≥ Iq´sØ \bn-®p. Cc-tX-S-en¬ kv{Xo˛]pcpj

hyXym-k-w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. th -bm-Sn-∏n-Sn® arK-ßfpsSbpw NØ

arK-ß-fp-sSbpw amwkw Ah¿ £n-®n-cp-∂p. th -bmSm≥ inembp-

[ßfmWv {]-[m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-

®n-cp-∂-Xv. Chbv°p ]pdsa arK-ß-

fpsS F√v, B\-s°m-ºv, XSn-°-j-

W-߃ -F-∂n-hbpw Ah¿ Bbp-[-

ß-fm°n. arK-tØmepw actØmepw

hkv{X-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. tXmep-

Iƒ Xp∂m\p≈ kqNn-I-fmbn arK-

ß-fpsS F√p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p.

{]mNo\ inem-bp-KsØ "th´-bm-S¬ bpKw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-

°mtam? F¥p-sIm≠v?

{]mNo\inem-bp-[-߃

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Kpl-

I-fn¬\n∂v Fs¥-√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv?

NphsS X∂n- p≈ kqN-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®

sNøp-I:

D]-I-c-W-߃ Blmcw

hmk-ÿew D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w

kwL-Po-hnXw Bkq-{XWw

Iem-ssh-ZKv≤yw XobpsS D]-tbmKw

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1111111111

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw10

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ {]mNo\ a\pjy¿ {it≤-b-amb apt∂-‰-߃

ssIh-cn-®-Xn\v \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. D]-I-c-W-ß-

fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øepw CØcw apt∂-‰-߃°v

klm-bIam-bn. Ah-bn¬ NneXv Xmsg sImSp-Øncn°p-∂p:

F√p-sIm≠v \n¿an® hmtZym-]-I-c-Ww

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn®

taJe-Iƒ NphsS \¬Ip-∂p. Ahbv°v DZm-l-c-W-߃

]mT- m-K-Øp-\n∂v Is≠ØpI:

taJe DZm-l-c-W-߃

inev]-hnZy

Nn{X-Ie

Ic-Iu-i-e-hnZy

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 11

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII

C¥y-bnse {]mNo\ inem-bpK

tI{μ-ß-fn¬ {it≤-b-am -Wv

a[y{]tZ-inse `nwt_-UvI. I√p-

sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿ-e-߃

(Rockshelter) CXns‚ khn-ti-

jXbm-bn-cp-∂p.

`nwt_UvI IqSmsX {]mNo-\-in-em-

bpK a\p-jyPohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v

sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ \nc--h[n

tI{μ-߃ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v.

\¿ΩZ Xmgvhc`nwt_UvI

l≥kvKn Ip¿\q¬ Kpl-Iƒ

\mKm¿÷p-\-sIm≠

I√p-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿ-e-߃ nwt_UvI

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ hkn-

®n-cp∂Xn\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n®

Nne tI{μ-ß-fmWv `q]-S-Øn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu

tI{μ-߃ C∂v GsXms° kwÿm-\-ß-

fn-em-sW∂v C‚¿s\-‰ns‚tbm a‰p t{kmX-

 p-I-fp-sStbm klm-b-Øm¬ Is≠-Øn

Fgp-XpI.

{]mNo-\ -in-em-

bp-K-tI-{μ-wkwÿm\w

$ `nwt_UvI $ a[y-{]-tZiv

C¥y-bnse {]mNo\inem-bp-KtI{μ-߃

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1111111111

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw12

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

a[y-in-em-bpKw (Mesolithic Age)

Nn{XØnse- D]IcW߃ {i≤n-°q. -Chbv°v

{]mNo\ inem -bp -K -Ønse D]-I-cW-ß-

fn¬\n∂pw Fs¥√mw hyXym-k-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv?

kq£va-hp-w ap\bp≈Xpamb inem-bp-[-ß-

fmWnh. {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-sØØp-S¿∂v

CØcw Bbp[-ßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Cu Ime-

L´w a[y-in-em-bpKw F∂dnb-s∏Sp-∂p.

Cu D]-I-c-W-߃ a\p-jy¿ F¥n-s\√mw D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mhmw?

Iºn¬ sI´n arK-ßsf th -bm-Sm≥

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ th -bm-S¬ hym]I-am-bn. XXv e-ambn ]e

Pohn-Iƒ°pw hwi-\miw kw -hn-®p. AØ-c-Øn¬ hwi-\miw

kw`-hn® Pohn-h¿§-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ama-Øv (Mammoth).Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ `£-W-Øn\v ]pXnb Dd-hn-S-߃

Is≠-Øn. `£y-tbm-Ky-amb ]p√p-Iƒ, tUmƒ^n≥, \o¿\mbv,

Xnanw-Kew, a’y-߃ XpS-ßnbh Ah¿ Blmc-am°n.

ama-Øp-Iƒ ho≠pw hcp∂p

]Xn-\m-bncw h¿j-߃°p-apºv `qan-bn¬

Pohn-®n-cp∂ B\-I-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´

ama-Øns\ imkv{X-temIw t¢mWnw-Kn-eqsS

]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂p. ssk_o-cn-

b-bn¬ a™n-\-Sn-bn¬\n∂v 2013˛¬ e`n® ama-

Øns‚ Po¿Æn-°mØ PUw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv

imkv{X-⁄¿ Cu ZuXy-Øn-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-Xv.

PU-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® {ZmhIw c‡-am-sW∂v

Dd-∏m-°n-bn- p-≠v. A[nIw sshImsX Xs∂

tZlw apgp-h≥ tcmahpw henb sImºp-I-fp-ap≈ ama-Øns\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp-

sa-∂mWv imkv{X-⁄¿ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv. t^mkn¬ imkv{X-⁄-\mb tSmdn -sl-dnUvPv

BWv Cu ZuXy-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

a[y-in -em-bp-KsØ kq£va-in-em-bpKw

(Microlithic Age) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-

sIm≠v ?a[y-in-em-bp-K-Ønse D]-I-c-W-߃

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 13

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ a\p--jy-Po-

hnX-Ønep≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-Iƒ

X∂n-´p≈ Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw

Is≠Øq.

bqtdm -∏nsebpw ]Sn -™m-d≥

Gjy-bn-sebpw hnhn[ cmPy-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v a[y-in-embpK Ime-L -

Ønse P\PohnXØns‚ sXfn-hp-

Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬

_msKm¿ (cmP-ÿm-≥), BZw-KUv

(a[y-{]-tZ-iv) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw a[yin-em-bp-KsØ kw_-

‘n® sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n- p≠v.

\ho-\-in-em-bpKw (Neolithic Age)

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØn¬h∂ am‰-߃ \Ωƒ

N¿® sNbvX-t√m. a[y-in-em-bp-K-sØØp-S¿∂v a\p-jy¿ inem-

bp-[-߃ an\p-k-s∏-SpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cu Ime-

L´w \ho-\-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Irjn Bcw- n-®-XmWv

GI-tZiw FÆmbncw h¿jw ap≥]p≈ Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse

{][m\ ]ptcm-K-Xn. `£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v `t£ym-Xv]m-Z-

\Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w a\pjyNcn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃, `£-W-Øn-s‚ e`y-X-°p-dhv,

P\kwJymh¿≤-\hv XpS-ßn-b-h- CXn\v Imc-W-ß-fmbn

Nq≠n°mWn°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. \Zo-XSw tI{μo-I-cn®v a\p-jy¿ Irjn

Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw ÿnc-hmkw XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Irjn Cu

Ime-L- -Øn-ep-≠m-°nb am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-

b-t√m. Cu am‰-ßsf Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv \ho\

inem-bpK hnπhw (Neolithic Revolution) F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®p.

{]mNo\ inem-bp-KØnse a\pjyPohnXsØ a[y-in-

em-bp-K-Ønse am‰-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv

Bkvt{Senbbn¬ P\n®

]pcmhkvXp KthjI\pw

Ncn {XImc\pambncp∂p

hn.tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv.

Ncn{XmXoXImesØ (pre-historical period) °pdn®v

hnhc߃ e`n°p∂Xn\v

At±lØns‚ KthjW

߃ klmbIambn. "a\p

jy≥ kzbw \n¿Ωn°p∂p,'

"Ncn{XØn¬ F¥p kw`

hn®p' F∂nh At±lØns‚

{it≤bamb {KŸßfmWv.

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1111111111

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw14

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

\ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy¿ `£-Wm-h-iy-Øn\v arK-ßsf

hf¿Øn. Im¿jn-Im-h-iy-Øn-\mbpw arK-]-cn-]m-e\-Øn-\mbpw

\ho-\- in-em-bp-K-a-\p-jy¿ ÿnc-hm-k-am-cw- n-®p. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en,

NWw, hnhn-[-bn\w Ing-ßp-Iƒ, s\√v, hmg XpS-ßn-b-h-

bmbncp∂p A°m-esØ {][m\ hnf-Iƒ.

FS-°¬ Kpl-sb-°p-dn®v \n߃ tI´n- nt√? Fhn-sS-bmWv AXv

ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv? tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ \ho-\-in-em-bpK tI{μ-

ambn-cp∂p FS-°¬. FS-°¬ Kpl-bnse Nn-{X-߃ {i≤n-°q.

Nn{X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw ImWp-∂p-≠v?

N{I-ß-fp≈ h≠n

km[-\-߃ Hcp ÿe-Øp-\n∂pw as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v

sIm≠pt]mIp-∂-Xn\v A°m-eØv N{I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Irjn-

bpsS hnIm-kw, ÿnc-hm-kw XpS-ßn-bh Iq´mb Pohn-X-Øn\v

hgn-sX-fn-®p.

`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v t£ym-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-te-°p≈

a\p-jys‚ am‰w hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp vtfm Nm¿ v Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

FS-°¬ Kplm -Nn-{X-߃

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 15

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-

°m-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

\ho\ inem-bp-K-Ønse kmt¶-XnIt\´-߃ Xmsg-

bp≈ Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øn GsX√mw taJ-e-

I-fn¬ A°m-esØ P\-߃ sshZKv≤yw t\Sn-bn-cp∂p

F∂v N¿®sNøq.

Nn{Xw 1.13

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1111111111

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw16

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

\ho-\-in-em-bpKØn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hnXw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[

`mK-ß-fn -te°v hym]n-®p. P\-kwJym h¿≤-\hv, Irjn-

tbmKyhpw hmk-tbm-Ky-hp-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-IX

F∂n-h-bmWv CXn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. Pe-K-Xm-K-X-amWv hnhn[

{]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-b-Xv.

\ho-\ -in-em-bpK a\p-jy¿ ssIh-cn®

kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v as‰m-cpZm-

l-c-W-amWv kzn‰vk¿e-≠nep≠m-bn-

cp∂ XSm-I-{Km-a-߃ (Lake Villages).XSn -Iƒ Iq´n -s°-´n arK-Øns‚

tXmepw Ifn-aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn®mWv

XSm -IØn¬ hmk-ÿ-e-߃

\n¿Ωn®Xv. ]e-kvXo-\nse sPdo-t°m-

bn¬ \ho\inembpKØn¬ \n¿Ωn

°s∏ I√p-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ aXnepIfpw

ho-Sp-Ifpw Is≠Ønbn p≠v.XSm-I-{Kmaw kzn‰vk¿e-≠v (-Nn-{X-Im-cs‚ mh-\-bn¬)

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn-¬ Bcw`n® ]e am‰-ßfpw \ho-\-

in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ hnImkw {]m]n-®p. Ah-tb-sX√msa∂v

]mT- mKw ]cn-tim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Pm¿sam (Jarmo).

Pm¿sam {Kmaw

\ho\ inem-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v sXfnhv e`n-°p∂ {][m\

ÿe-ßfn-sem-∂mWv hS-°≥ Cdm-°nse

Pm¿sam (Jarmo). \nch[n a¨Ip-Sn-ep-I-

fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ ChnsS \n∂v Is≠-

Øn-bn- p-≠v. I√p-IƒsIm≠mWv Ch-bpsS

ASn-Ød \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv. nØn-Iƒ shbn-

e-Øv- D-W-°nb sNfn-°-´-Iƒ sIm≠v

\n¿Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. aÆv Ipg®v shbn-eØv

DW-°n \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS

ta¬°q-c-Iƒ. P\-߃ Irjn-bn-te¿s∏- n-

cp-∂p. Ah¿ Blm-c-km-[-\-߃ kw -cn®v

kq£n-°pIbpw ssIam‰w sNøpIbpw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 17

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII

_p¿kmtlmwkcm-bn-tJme

Inte-Kp¬sam-l-ΩZvKp^v{Imƒ

sal¿KUv

Nncm¥vtIm¬Znh

\mKm¿÷p-\-sIm≠

DXv-\q¿

X°-e-tIm´ amkvIn

lmeq¿ {_“-Kncn

]ø-º≈n

FS-°¬

C¥y≥ D]- q-J-fi-Ønse \ho-\-in-em-bpK tI{μ-߃

`q]-Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v {][m\

\ho-\- in-em-bpKtI{μ-

߃ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.

$ FS-°¬

$

$

$

$

Ae-¶-cn® a¨]m-{Xhpw inem-bp-[-ßfpw _p¿kmtlmw (Imivao¿)

{]mNo\inem-bp-KsØ At]-£n®v

Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv \ho-\- in-em-

bp-K-Øn¬ cq]-s∏- -sX∂v Is≠Øn

NphsS X∂n- p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-

°p-I:

{]mNo\ inem-bpKw \ho-\-in-em-bpKw

D]-I-c-W-߃ ]cp-°≥ I√p-Iƒ an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønb I√p-Iƒ

sXmgn¬

Blmckºm-Z\w

ÿnc-hmkw

arK-]-cn-]m-e\w

]m{X\n¿ΩmWw

kmt¶-XnIhnZy

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1111111111

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw18

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

Xm{ainem-bpKw (Chalcolithic Age)

inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn-s‚- Ime-

am-bn-cp∂p Xm{ainem-bp-Kw. Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ I√p-

sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w sNºp(Xm{aw) sIm≠p≈

D]-I-c-W-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-®p. Xm{a-inembp-K-Ønse {][m\ tI{μ-

ß-tfsXm-s°-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

\ho-\- in-em-bp-K-Ønsebpw Xm{a-in-em-bp-K-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-

Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n- p≈ {][m\ tI{μ-

amWv Xp¿°n-bnse NmX¬slmbp-°v. \-K-c-Po-hnXØns‚ BZna-

cq]w \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv. hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fpsS

Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv ChnsS\n∂v IqSp-X-embn e`n-®n- p-≈-Xv.

sNfn-°´-Iƒ sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p IpSn-ep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-

cp∂Xv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-

߃ ChnsS \n∂v e`n-®n- p-≠v. IpSn-ep-I-fpsS `nØn-I-

fn¬ Nn{X-߃ hc-®n-cp-∂p. Gsd ]pcm-X-\hpw hnkvXr-

X-hp-amb Cu tI{μ-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw DXvJ-\\w \S°p-

∂p≠v.

sal¿KUv

Fdm≥

ImbX

\hvZm-tXmen

ssZam-_mZv

tPm¿shN-t¥mfn

Nncm¥v

C¥y≥ D]- q-J-fi-Ønse Xm{ain-em-bpK tI{μ-߃

Knep≠v_me-X¬Alm¿

Xm{a-in-em-bp-KsØ kw_-‘n® Fs¥√mw

sXfn-hp-I-fmWv NmX¬slm-bq-°n¬\n∂v

e`n°p-∂-Xv. N¿®sNøq.

Xm{ainem-bp-K-Øns‚ khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Ønb \nc-

h[n {]tZ-i-߃ C¥y≥

D]- q-J-WvU-Ønep-≠v. q]-S-

Øn¬\n∂pw Ah Is≠Øn F-gp-XpI.

$ sal¿KUv

$

$

$

NmX¬slmbp-°nse DXvJ-\\w

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 19

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Xm{ainem-bpKØnse a\p-jy-Po-hnXw GsX√mw

taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®Xv ?

a\p-jy≥ intem]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®

Imew inem-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

intem]-I-c-W-ßfnep-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\-

Øn¬ inem-bp-KsØ {]mNo\inem-bpKw, a[yinem-

bpKw, \ho\inem-bpKw F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-coXn-I-fn¬

\nch[n hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

inem-bp-K- a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS

Ahin-jvS-ßfn¬ \n∂mWv B Ime-L- -sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

inem-bp-K-Øns‚ A¥y-L- -Øn¬ temtlm]-I-c-W-߃

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßnbImew Xm{a-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-

s∏Sp-∂p.

a¨]m{Xw - sal¿KUv

C¥y≥ D]- q-J-WvU-Ønse {][m\ Xm{a-in-em-bpK tI{μ-

amWv _eq-Nn-ÿm-\nse sal¿K-Uv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en

F∂nh AhnsS Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ASp-∏p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb

hoSp -Iƒ sNfn -°-´ -sIm≠v \n¿Ωn -®n -cp -∂p. a¨]m-

{X\n¿ΩmW-Øn\v N{Iw (Potter's Wheel) D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-

∂Xn\pw AhnsS\n∂v sXfnhpIƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v.

I√p-sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-sf-bmWv BZy-Im-eØv a\p-jy¿

B{ibn-®-Xv. Bh-iy-߃ h¿≤n®t∏mƒ D]-I-c-W-߃ sa®-

s∏-Sp-Øn. sa®-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-߃ kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚

]ptcmK-Xn°v klm-b-I-am-bn. CXv temtlm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS

\n¿Ωm-WØnte°v \bn-®p.

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sNøp∂p.

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inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂pw teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w

Xncn®-dn-bp-∂p.

{]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw

(Palaeolithic Age)a[yin-em-bpKw(Mesolithic Age)

\ho-\-in-em-bpKw(Neolithic Age)

Xm{a-in-em-bpKw(Chalcolithic Age)

an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønbinem-bp-[-߃

kq£va-in-em-bp-[-߃

inem-bpKw

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 21

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Xm≥ Ign-bptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?

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ßfpw {Ia-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

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F _n

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≠Xp≠v

D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsSbpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚

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®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

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Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.

hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw.

hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ßsf Xmc-Xayw

sNøm≥ Ignbpw.

inem-bp-K-tI-{μ-߃ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ignbpw.

inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-

°p≈ am‰w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

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]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ignbpw.

a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw Hcp XpS¿{]-

{InbbmsW∂pw hnhn[ LS-I-ßfpw

Ime-L- -ßfpw AXn¬ khn-tij ]¶p

hln-®n-´p-s≠∂pw t_m[y-am-bn.

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\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv \ne-\n∂ al-Ømb Hcp kwkvIm-c-

Øns‚ tijn-∏p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p B NpSp-I- -Iƒ F∂ Imcyw

sXmgn-em-fn-Itfm F©n-\o-b¿amtcm A∂v Adn-™n-√.

]n∂oSv 1921-˛¬ k¿ tPm¨am¿j¬ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬

k¿tΔ Hm v C¥ybpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv \S∂

D¬J\-\w Hcp al-Ømb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-

ßfmWv B CjvSn-I-Isf∂v Is≠-Øn.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS24

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

kn‘p \Zn-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ ssIh-gn-I-fp-sSbpw

XocsØ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fnemWv Cu kwkvImcw \ne-

\n∂ncp∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu kwkvIm-cw kn‘p-\-

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lc∏-bn-em-bn-cp∂p BZysØ D¬J-\-\-w \S-∂-Xv.

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Xv. kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy-sX-fn-hp-Iƒ

lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Cu kwkvImcsØ lc-

∏≥ kwkvImcw F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm--\nse

Xs∂ taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hn¬ D¬J-\-\-߃ \S-Øn-bXv

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]T-\-߃ Ct∏mgpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

kn‘p\Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ D¬J-\-\sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂

Xmsg sImSp-Øn´p≈ Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn .....................................

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Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm v B¿°n-tbm-f-

Pn°¬ k¿tΔ Hm v C¥y

lc∏bn¬ D¬J-\\w

\SØn

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k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬

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k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥ybmWv.

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Cu ÿm]\w Bcw- n-®-Xv.

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 25

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

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c-Øns‚ {][m\ tI{μ-߃ Dƒs∏SpØn ]´n-I- ]q¿Ønbm°q.

Ah C∂v GsX√mw cmPy-ß-fn-em-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.

lc∏

taml≥-sPm-Zmscm

kpXvIm-P≥tZm¿

AewKn¿]q¿_\hmen

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temYm¬

t[mfm-hoc

dwKv]q¿

tjm¿´p-Kmbv

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ssN\

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$ lc∏ $ ]mIn-kvXm≥ $ Imen-_w-K≥ $ C¥y

$ taml≥sPm-Zmscm $ $ temYm¬ $

$ kpXvImP≥tZm¿ $ $ t[mfm-hoc $

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS26

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

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sdbn¬th \n¿amWsØmgn -em-fn -Isf

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cp∂p. lc∏, taml≥sPm-Zmscm, temYm¬

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bn-cp-∂p.

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bn-cp-∂p.

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\nc-h[n sI´n-S-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃

ChnsS\n∂pw e`n-®n- p-≠v.

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 27

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

anI® Agp-°p-Nm¬ kwhn-[m\w D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.

taml≥sPmZm-tcm-hn¬\n∂v Hcp henb

Ipf-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-߃ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

CXv A°m-esØ P\-ß-fpsS \n¿am-W-

ssh-`-h-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ]q¿Æ-ambpw

Np´ CjvSn-I-IƒsIm-≠mWv CXv \n¿an-®n-

cp∂-Xv.

lc-∏bnse \K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v `c-W-hy-h-ÿ,

kmaq-ln-I-ÿnXn F∂nh kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN-\-I-fmWv

e`n-°p-∂-Xv ?

[m\y-∏p-c-Iƒ, Irjn

lc-∏-bn¬ Is≠-Ønb \K-cm-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏´

H∂mWv [m\y-∏p-c -Iƒ. [m\y-߃ DW-°m\pw kw`-cn -

°m\pap≈ kuIcy߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂ henb sI´n-S-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p Ah. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en, Xn\, F≈v, ]b-¿h¿K-߃ XpS-

ßnbhbpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃ AhnsS \n∂v

e`n -®n´p≠v. KpP-dm -Ønse dwKv]q¿,

temYm¬ F∂n-hn-S -ß-fn¬\n∂v s\√v

Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-

®n- p-≠v. IqSmsX ]cp-Ønbpw Irjn sNbvXn-

cp∂p. \K-cØnse P\-߃ `£-Wm-h-iy-

Øn\pw sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°p-ambn {Kma-ßsf

B{i-bn-®n-cp∂p. \K-c-ß-fnse Dev]m-Z-\-h-

kvXp-°-fpsS {][m\ hn]Wn {Kma-ß-fm-

bn-cp-∂p.

l-c-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Ahn-SsØ {Kma-߃

hln® ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

henb Ipfw

kn‘q\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Im-esØ P\-߃ hy‡n-

ipNn-Xz-Øn\pw ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-Xz-Øn\pw \¬Inb

{]m[m\yw N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

[m\y-∏pcbpsS Ah-in-jvS-߃

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS28

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw

{Kma-ß-fnse Irjn-bn-S-߃ ^e`q-bn-jvTam-bn-

cp∂p. kn‘q-\Zn Hgp-°n-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ F°¬a-

Æm-bn-cp∂p Cu ^e- q-bn-jvT-Xbv°v ASn-ÿm-\w.

cmP-ÿm-\nse Imen-_w-Km-\n¬ \new DgpXpadn®v

Irjn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø Ie-∏-

bpsS cq]-߃ e`n-®n- p-≠v. Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-

\p-th≠n I\m-ep-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p.

Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-s°m∏w arK-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw

\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. arK-ß-fpsS F√p-I-fpsS

Ah-in-jvS-߃ [mcmfw e`n-®n- p-≠v. Im≠m-

ar-K-Øn-s‚bpw B\-bp-sSbpw Ifn-a¨ cq]-

߃ e`n-®n- p≠v. Imf, BSv, ]∂n, sNΩcn-

bmSv F∂n-hsb hf¿Ø-nbn-cp∂p.

{Kma-ß-fn¬ an®wh∂ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-

ß-fm-bn-cp∂p [m\y-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n-®-Xv.

\nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬ e`n-® [m\yhpw ChnsS

kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. [m\y-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n®

CØcw [m\y-߃ \K-c-ß-fnse P\-߃°v e`y-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

sa®-s∏´ Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v

sXfnhmWv CØcw [m\y-kw- -c-W-im-e-Iƒ.

lc-∏-bnse [m\y-kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ A°m-esØ `c-W-kw-hn-

[m\sØ kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN-\-IfmWv \¬Ip-∂Xv?

I®-hSw

Im¿jnI ]ptcm-KXn ant®m-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\pw [m\y-ß-fpsS

kw`-c-W-Øn\pw hgn-sX-fn-®p. kw`-cn-°-s∏´ DXv]-∂-ß-

fpsS ssIam-‰-Øn\mbn IrXy-amb Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw

D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Af-hp-Xq° D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ ChnsS\n∂v

e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ kwkvIm-csØ∏‰n ap≥ ¢mkn¬ N¿®

sNbvXn- p-≠-t√m. saskm-s∏m- m-an-b-bn¬\n∂v e`n® enJn-

Ifn-a¨ Ie∏

PohnIfpsS Ifn-a¨ cq]-߃

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 29

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

X-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ I®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ saeql F∂ {]tZ-i-

sØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. saeql lc-∏-bm-sW-∂mWv Ncn{X-

Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® saskm-

s∏m-´m-an-b≥ ap{Z-Ifpw Cu I®-hS _‘-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv.

IS¬h-gn-bp≈ hmWnPytI{μ-ß-fn¬ H∂v temYm¬ Bbn-cp-

∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø ]mbv-°-∏-ens‚

cq]-ßfpw IS¬h-gn-bp≈ I®-h-S-Øns‚

as‰mcp {][m\ sXfn-hm-Wv.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS tI{μ-ß-fn¬\n∂v hym]-I-

ambn e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ I®-h-S-Øn-\p-th≠n

D]-tbm-Kn-®Xmbn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ \mW-b-

߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn\v sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-a√.

cmP-ÿm-\nse tJ{Xn J\n-I-fn¬\n∂v

sNºpw A vLm-\n-ÿm-\n¬\n∂pw at[y-

jy-bn¬\n∂pw shfp-Øo-bhpw tiJ-cn-®n-

cp-∂p. sNºpw shfp-Øo-bhpw tN¿Øv

sh¶ew \n¿an-®p. sh¶-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v D]-

I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw \n¿an®p. sh¶-e-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw

lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v sh¶-e-bpK kwkvImcw F∂ t]cv

t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.

lc-∏≥ P-\-X-bpsS -I®-hS _‘-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-

Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

ap{Z-Iƒ

temYm¬

Ic-Iu-i-ehkvXp°fpw sXmgn¬°q- -ßfpw

lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ, Ifn-a¨cq-]-߃, ]m{X-߃, B -

c-W-߃ XpS-ßn-bh Ah-cpsS Ic-hn-cp-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

a¨]m{X \n¿am-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® Nqf-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-

߃ [mcm-f-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. a¨]m-{X-ß-fn¬ Ae-¶m-c-]Wn-

Iƒ \S-Øn. Ifn-a-Æn¬ arK-cq-]-߃ \n¿Ωn-®p. kv{Xo -]p-cp-j-

cq]-ßfpw h≠n-I-fpsS cq]-ßfpw e`n-®n- p-≠v. sNºv, sh¶-ew,

kz¿Ww F∂n-h- sIm≠p≈ B -c-W-߃ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. temYm-

en¬\n∂v apØv \n¿am -W-tI-{μØns‚ sXfn -hp -Iƒ

B -c-W-߃

Ifn-a¨ h≠n-Iƒ

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS30

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

e`n-®n- p-≠v. Ifn-aÆv, sh¶-ew, Ba-tØmSv F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v

hf-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-°-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn¬

sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw lc-∏≥ P\X Bbp[ \n¿am-

W-Øn\v A{X {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√.

lc-∏≥ P\-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh-`hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv ap{Z-

IfpsS \n¿an-Xn-bn-emWv. Ifn-a-Æp-sIm≠pw ine-IƒsIm≠pw ap{Z-

Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. taml≥sPm-Zm-scm-hn¬\n∂v e`n® \¿ØIn-

bpsS {]Xna CXn-\pZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. A°m-eØv hnhn[

sXmgn¬°q- -߃ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂Xn\v sXfn-hmWv hnhn[-

Xcw Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°ƒ.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS tI-{μ-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n® Nne ap{Z-I-fpsS Nn{X-

ß-fmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. CØcw ap{Z-I-fn¬ Nne en]n-

Iƒ ImWp-∂nt√? Ahn-SsØ P\-Xbv°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Fgp-

Øp-ssien D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬\n∂v a\-kn-em-°mw. Cu

en]n-Iƒ hmbn-°m-\p≈ {ia-߃ CXp-hsc hnP-bn-®n- n-√.

\¿ØInbpsS sh¶-e-{]-Xna

a¨]m{Xw

t[mfm-ho-c-bnse kqN\m t_m¿Uv

ap{ZIfpw en]nbpw

hnizm-k-co-Xn-Iƒ

lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® ap{Z-I-fn¬\n∂v A°m-esØ P\-ß-fpsS

hnizm-k-co-Xn-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ifn-a-

Æn¬ \n¿an® [mcmfw kv{Xocq-]-߃ e`n-®n- p-≠v. CXv amXr

ssZhm-cm-[\ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ^e-`q-bn-

jvTX-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- m-Wv amXr-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-

Xv. ChnsS\n∂pw e`n® ]pcp-j-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ inev]-߃ BZna

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 31

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

inhs‚ (Proto Siva) inev]-ß-fm-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. arK-ß-sfbpw hr£-ß-sfbpw Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp-

∂p. taml≥tPm-Zm-scm-hnse henb Ipfw aX-]-camb NS-ßp-

Iƒ°p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-hmsa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c--Øns‚ XI¿®

GI-tZiw 1700 _n.kn.C tbmsS lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw £bn-®p-

Xp-S-ßn. CXns‚ XI¿®bv-°p≈ Imc-W-ßsf kw_-‘n®v

\nch[n A`n-{]m-b-߃ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-XmWv

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv:

sh≈-s∏m°w.

]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ B{I-a-W-߃.

h\-\-io-I-cWw.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb XI¿®.

]I¿®-hym[nIƒ.

lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n® ap{Z

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-

ti-j-XIƒ F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿

t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°pI.

CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥,

ssN\okv kwkvIm-c-߃

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wt√m \Ωƒ CXp-

hsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu kwkvImcw \ne-\n∂ AtX-

ImeØv temI-Øns‚ a‰pNne mK-ß-fn¬ thsdbpw Nne

kwkvIm-c-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

saskm-s∏m -´m -an -b≥ kwkvIm -cw, CuPn -] vjy≥

kwkvImcw, ssN\okv kwkvImcw apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p

Ah. Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw s]mXp-hmb {]tXy-

IX sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn® D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hym]-I-

amb D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-

sf√mw s]mXpsh sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-߃ F∂-dn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

F¥p-sIm≠v

\Zo-X-S-߃

BZn-a-a-\p-jy≥ ImSp-sh´n

Irjn\ne-am-°m-\p≈ kmt¶-

Xn-I-hnZy t\Sn-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-

\m¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ sNØn

shfn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-

fn-emWv Ah≥ BZy-ambn

Irjn-bm-cw-`n-®-Xv. ss\¬,

bq{ - o-kv, kn‘p XpS-ßnb

\Zo-X-S-߃ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

sIm≠p-\n-d™ ÿe-ß-fm-

bn-cp∂p. hf-°q-dp≈ aÆv,

[mcmfw Pew, I∂p-Im-en-

Iƒ°v tabm≥ ta®n¬∏p-d-

߃ F∂nh a\p-jy-hmkw

\Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-

°m≥ Imc-W-ambn. Cu \Zo-

X-S-߃ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS

Cu‰n-√-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS32

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcw

1922 \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ Rm≥ CuPn]vXn-seØn. 14˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn®p acn-®p-t]mb XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂

N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS aΩn- tX-Snbp≈ bm{X. aΩn-I-sfbpw ]ncan-

Up-I-sfbpw tXSn-bp≈ bm{X-bpsS ]pXnbL´w. CuPn-

]vXns‚ hS°p `mK-Øp≈ Xmgvhc-bn-eqsS. kpZo¿L-

amb At\z-jWw. ]t£ e-an-√. {]Xo£ \ncm-ibv°p

hgn-am-dn. Ah-km\w hen-sbmcp ]nc-an-Uns‚ Acn-Ip-

tN¿∂v J\\w \S-Øp-hm≥ Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

BImw£ A¤p-X-Øn\p hgn-am-dn. `qan-°-Sn-bn-te°v

\ofp∂ ]S-hp-Iƒ. ]S-hp-Iƒ ]n∂n-s -Øn-bXv hen-sbmcp

hmXn-en-\-cnsI. H∂n-\p-]n-dsI as‰m∂v. aq∂m-asØ

hmXn¬ Xpd-∂-t∏m-tg°pw Rm≥ A‘mfn®p-t]m-bn.

Rm≥ At\z-jn-°p∂ N{I-h¿Øn CXm apºn¬

k¿Δm -cW hn`q-jn-X-\mbn A\-¥-amb \n{Z-bn¬.....

NphsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw \nco-£n®v Cu kwkvIm-c-߃

hf¿∂p-h∂ {]tZ-i-߃ Is≠-Øq:

CuPn]vjy≥kwkvImcw

saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥kwkvImcw

kn‘q-\-Zo-XSkwkvImcw

ssN\okvkwkvImcw

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvImc tI{μ-߃

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 33

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

slmhm¿Uv Im¿´¿ F∂ ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Is‚ Ub-dn-

°pdn∏v hmbn-®-t√m. Bcm-bn-cp∂p Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏n¬ ]cm-a¿in-

°p∂ XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂-dn-bmtam? ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXnse

cmP-mhm-bn-cp∂p XqØ≥Jm-a≥. A°m-eØv CuPn-]vXnse cmPm-

°-∑m¿ "^tdmh' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv. arX-i-cocw tISp-

Iq-SmsX kq£n-°p∂ coXn CuPn]vXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\

kq£n-°-s∏´ arX-i-cocw "aΩn' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. aΩn-

Iƒ kq£n-®n-cp∂ henb ih-Ip-So-c-ß-fmWv ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ. a\p-

jym-[zm-\hpw kºØpw h≥tXmXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xns‚

sXfn -hmWv ]nc -an -Up -Iƒ sh¶-e-bp -K -Øn¬ \ne-\n∂

CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ a‰v {][m\

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v

t\m°mw.

CuPn-]vXnse ss\¬ \-Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv Cu

kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Irjn-bm-bn-

cp∂p CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

ASnØd. s\bvØv, kv SnI ]m{X \n¿Ωm-

Ww F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ G¿s∏- n-cp-∂p.

{]mNo\ CuPn -] vjy≥ P\X Hcp

FgpØphnZy cq]-s∏-Sp -Øn -bn -cp -∂p.

"ssltdm-•n^nIvkv' F∂mWv Ah-cpsS

FgpØp-hnZy Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssltdm-

•n^nIvkv F∂m¬ "hnip-≤-amb FgpØv'

F∂mWv A¿∞w. ]m∏-ndkv sNSn-bpsS Ce-

I-fmWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

ssltdm-•n^nIvkv en]n

CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ

ssltdm-•n nIvkv

ssltdm•n nIvkv en]n BZyambn hmbn®Xv

{ ©p ]WvUnX\mbncp∂ jwt]mentbm

Bbncp∂p. (1790˛1832) {^m≥knse

`cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂ s\t∏mfnbs‚

CuPn]vXv B{IaWImeØv Ct±lhpw

s\t∏mfnbt\msSm∏w D≠mbncp∂p.

ss\¬\ZoapJØp Is≠Ønb hensbmcp

inebnemWv (tdmsk‰) Cu FgpØp≠m

bncp∂Xv. \nc¥camb ]cn{ia߃s°m

Sphn¬ Cu en]n hmbns®Sp°m≥ At±l

Øn\p Ign™p.

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS34

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

imkv{X-cw-KØpw Ah¿ anI® ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

kqcys\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp Ie-≠¿ Ah¿ Xøm-dm°n

Hcp h¿jsØ 365 Znh-k-ß-fm-°n IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 30 Znhk-

ß-fp≈ 12 amk-ß-fmbn Hcp h¿jsØ hn -Pn-®p. _m°n h∂

A©p-Zn-h-k-߃ BtLm-j-߃°mbn am‰n-h-®n-cp-∂p. KWn-

X-im-kv{X-cw-KØpw {]mNo-\-Cu-Pn-]vXns‚ t\´-߃ {it≤-b-

amWv. {XntIm-Ww, NXp-cw F∂n-h-bpsS hnkvXrXn IW-°m-

°m≥ Ah¿°-dn-b-mam-bn-cp-∂p. \ng-ens\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

kabw IW-°m-°p∂ kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw, Pe-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ kabw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ Pe-L-Sn-Im-cw XpS-ßn-bh

Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nbncp∂p.

{]Xn-am-\n¿am-W-Ønepw Ah¿ hnZ-Kv[-cmbncp∂p. a\p-jys‚

Xebpw knwl-Øns‚ DS-ep-ap≈ kv nwKvkv F∂ {]Xna Ah-

cpsS inev] sshZ-Kv[y-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

kv nwKvkv

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ kwkvImcw

C∂sØ CdmJv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ØmWv saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥

kwkvImcw hf¿∂ph∂-Xv. B¿ao-\n-b≥ ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬\n∂v DXv -

hn®v t]¿jy≥ IS-en¬ ]Xn-°p∂ bq{ - o-kv, ssS{Kokv \Zn-

Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-amWv {]mNo\ saskm-s∏m- m-anb. c≠v

\Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZiw F∂mWv saskm-s∏m- m-anb F∂

hm°n-\¿∞w.

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 35

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

\mev hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-߃ saskm-s∏m- m-an-b-bn¬ DZbw

sNøp-Ibpw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kpta-dn-b≥, _m_n-tem-

Wn-b≥, Ako-dn-b≥, Im¬Un-b≥ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah.

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b-bnse e- q-bn-jvTamb aÆv Im¿jnI ]ptcmK-

Xnsb klm-bn-®p. CXv I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw \K-c-ß-fpsSbpw

hf¿®bv°v CS-bm-°n. D¿, Ddp-°v, eKmjv F∂nh {]mNo\

saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bnse {][m\ \K-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

\K-c-߃ I®-h-S-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-

Ønse P\-ß-fp-ambn Ah¿°v I®-h-S-_-‘-߃ D≠m-bn-

cp∂Imcyw \Ωƒ t\csØ N¿® sNbvX-t√m. I®-hSw hnImkw

{]m]n-®-tXmsS ssIam-dp∂ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS IW-°p-Iƒ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn Xo¿∂p. CXv FgpØphnZy-bpsS

hnIm-k-Øn-te°v \bn-®p.

saskm-s∏m -´m -an -b -bnse Fgp -Øp -hnZy

"IyqWnt^mw' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah-

cpsS en]n-Iƒ°v B∏ns‚ BIr-Xn-bm--bn-cp∂p.

aÆv Ipg®p≠m°nb sNdp -^-e -I -ß-fpsS

an\pkap≈ {]XeØnemWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-

∂-Xv. Iq¿Ø-ap-\-bp≈ FgpØmWn D]-tbm-Kn®v

Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-\p-tijw DW-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

sNbvX-Xv. CØcw Ifn -a¨ ^e-I-ß-fpsS

h≥tiJcw Xs∂ e`n-®n- p-≠v. enJn-X-ß-fn¬ qcn-

`m-Khpw I®-h-S-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e-

Ifnepw Ah¿ {it≤-b-amb t\ -߃ ssIh-cn®p.

N{μs‚ Ne\sØ ASnÿm-\-am°n Hcp

Ie≠dpw Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp h¿jsØ 12 amk-ß-

fmbpw Hcp amksØ 4 BgvN-I-fmbpw hn -Pn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp Znh-

ksØ 24 aWn-°q-dmbn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. KWnX imkv{X-

Ønse lc-Ww, KpW-\w, h¿§-aqew F∂n-hbpw Ah¿°-dn-bm-

am-bn-cp-∂p.

saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ P\-X-bpsS imkv{X-cw-KsØ

t\´ßƒ kw_-‘n®v Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°p-I.

IyqWnt^mw en]n

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS36

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

ssN\okv kwkvImcw

slmbmßvtlm \Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv ssN\okv

kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Irjn-bm-bn-cp∂p

Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d. s\bvØv,

a¨]m-{X-\n¿ΩmWw, ]´phkv{X \n¿ΩmWw

F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ hnZKv[cm-bn-cp-∂p.

]pcm-X\ ssN\bnepw FgpØphnZy \ne-

\n∂n-cp∂p. A£-c-߃°v ]Icw Nn{X-߃

D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

]n¬°m-eØv Nn{X-߃°v ]Icw Nn”-߃

\ne-hn¬h∂p. {]mNo\ saskm-s∏m- man-b-bn-

sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpwt]mse {]mNo\

ssN\-°mcpw Ie-≠¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

knKp-dm-Øv

ssN\okv en]n

{]mNo\ saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ P\-X-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-ssh- -h-Øn\v

sXfn -hmWv knKp -dm -Øp-Iƒ (Ziggurats) F∂-dn -b-s∏-Sp∂

Bcm[\meb-߃. \K-c-ß-fn-emWv Cu Bcm[\meb߃

\n¿Ωn-®n-cp -∂-Xv. a¨Iq\-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v AXn-\p-ap -Ifn¬

CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ ]Wn-X-Xv.

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 37

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nb Ie-≠-dn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ 365½ Znh-kw

D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

\Zo-XS-߃ tI{μ-am°n {]mNo-\-tem-IØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Nne

kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXXv. sh¶-e-Øns‚

D]-tbm-Kw, Irjn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn, I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw Ic-Iu-i-

e-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw hnIm-kw, Fgp-Øp-hnZy, imkv{X-cw-KsØ t\ -

߃ XpS-ßn-bh Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂

s]mXpkhntijXIfmWv.

imkv{Xw, Ie, Fgp-Øph-nZy F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse CuPn-

]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥, ssN\okv kwkvIm-c-ß-

fpsS t\ -߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

_n.kn.C 2700 apX¬ 1700 hsc-bp≈ ImeØv

kn‘p\ZnbpsSbpw ssIhgnIfpsSbpw XSßfnemWv lc-

∏≥ kwkvImcw \ne\n∂ncp∂Xv.

Np´ CjvSn-I-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw, sh¶e D]-I-c-W-߃,

Agp°p-Nm-¬, sXcp-hp-Iƒ, [m\y-∏p-c-Iƒ, hen-b -Ipfw

F∂nh lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-

fm-Wv.

lc-∏≥ P\X hyXykvX hnfIƒ Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

Im¿jn-I-]p-tcm-KXn I®-h-S-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn-te°v

\bn®p.

Ic-Iu-ie cwKØv Ah¿ hnZ-Kv≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ka-Im-enIamb kwkvIm-

c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b, ssN\okv

kwkvImc߃

imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw, hmkvXp-inev]w F∂o taJ-e-

I-fn¬ Cu kwkvIm -c -߃ KWy-amb ]ptcm -KXn

ssIhcn®p.

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS38

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-߃ Bhn¿`-hn® {]tZ-i-߃

Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

Irjn, Ic-Iu-iew F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse lc-∏≥ P\-X-

bpsS t\ -߃ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-߃

Is≠-Øp-∂p.

CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥, ssN\okv kwkvIm-

c-ß-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpw Ah-bpsS t\´-ß-

fpw hni-Ie\w sNøp-∂p.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvImc߃

kn‘p-\-Zo-XSkwkvImcw

CuPn-]vjy≥kwkvImcw

sak-s∏m´m-an-b≥kwkvImcw

ssN\okvkwkvImcw

\K-cm-kq-{XWw

Irjn

Ic-Iu-i-ew, en]n

XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-߃

ss\¬ \Zo-XSw

ssltdm-•n- nIvkv

]nc-an-Up-Iƒ, kv nwKvkv

Ie-≠¿, kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw,Pe-L-Sn-Imcw

bq{ - o-kv, ssS{Kokv \Zo-XSw

IyqWnt^mw

knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ

Ie-≠¿, KWn-X-im-kv{X-cw-KsØ t\ -߃

slmbmMvtlm \Zo-XSw

Fgp-Øp-hnZy

]´p-XpWn \n¿ΩmWw

Ie-≠¿

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 39

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS {]tZ-i-ß-fnse BZy-Ime D¬J-\-\-ß-sf-

Ip-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS \K-c-Po-hn-XØns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥√m-

am-bn-cp∂p hni-Z-am-°p-I.

saml≥sPm-Zmscmbnse henb Ipf-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ {][m\

ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ GsX√mw?

"kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-Øn\v

DZm-l-c-W-amWv'˛km[q-I-cn-°p-I.

lc∏≥ P\-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh- hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv

Ah-cpsS ap{Z-I-fpsS \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-emWv. DZm-l-cW klnXw

hy‡-am-°p-I.

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ FgpØphnZy-sb-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ sh¶-e-bpK

kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS t\ -߃ hniIe\w sNøpI.

tImfw "F' bn¬ X∂n- p-≈-htbmSv tbmPn-°p-∂h tImfw

"_n' bn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-XpI

F _n

tPm¨ am¿j¬ saskm-s∏m-´m-anb

Zbmdmw kmlv\n taml≥sPm-Zmtcm

B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn lc∏

ssltdm•n-^nIvkv Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm v

B¿°ntbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿tΔ

Hm v C¥y

IyqWnt^mw en]n CuPn]vXv

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS40

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

]q¿W-ambn `mKn-I-ambn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ apJy

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w

sNøm≥ Ignbpw.

hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambpw kwkv°m-c

-ß-fp-ambpw \ne-\n∂ I®-hS

_‘-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

lc-∏-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ sXmgn¬

Iq -ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw.

FgpØphnZy-bpw koep-Ifpw

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-cßfpsS

{]tXy-I-X-I-fm-sW∂v Is≠-Øm≥

Ignbpw.

temI-Ønse hnhn[ sh¶-e-bpK

kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw.

sh¶-ebpK kwkvIm-c-߃ a\p-jy-

Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬

henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-sb∂v

t_m[y-am-bn.

Bbnc°W°n\ph¿jßfpsS alØmbNcn{Xss]XrIw C¥ybv°ps≠∂vt_m[yambn

lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX hym]n-®n-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse C∂sØ

{][m\ Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? At\z-jn®v

Is≠-ØpI.

sh¶ebpK-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏´ Nn{X߃

tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.