P IL l m -...

24
! ! "! " # #$%$ $ & % & ( ! ) *" ’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58! # 9.8" :;2)5 # #$%$ ! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF% n/G.lN >> On/f;(1IL69>~9: w# #%$$#! & ,@/+)5 % -(1*;+*A#$$$ ! 6+(.._-./ $RSkBC[m05{nFt! J.*+I( " 0(VWsZ \:M4DnsT+SS! F+*A # #$$< " 4s!6<]}zYB4s<6xZ-.//)II).*/)CC54/4* ( Y Bso^I9 7I s 4 n )$ RSZX ; , n F t 0(5 ~ 9: P ? ( 0) m 0 5 { 9: / E j ! :[’ " Lmj5$0_@h&( lL45nMYyF#6Ev&|% 9>~:;sI69:( s>e$ BCmntxd) Wdo) R_@H_X() swb# mncrdefU_syf# mn./0(45&’9:4 ;L* &’(! )*"+ P;7s01$S"7!$sCAElQLbuWdo<EV>K~s-gp % X04Dn! -.//)II).*/)CC54/4* " "wx?pk$D# qX0sn_# Cpk$D4Dn($~ } F+*A ! #$$< " Lr:! #$$!+ # #$$!L "$ # n}(W{|[~AWdoLtxd! U+*A+*C9A # %!!" ") Wdo! U+*A # #$$% "$ $ D &’s \ L I 9 ,,,V\P96pksIL}z l " m ! ! ( " 6LOx Z $ D &’s9: u v# RS 6 <6 n} ( WsX04Dn % Y B & I 9p k $ D s&’ o Q$ DE3C V 1% [GpIL4#pk $ D "< ! A R ?9 v s p k 9 P # ) m T I s~%nv&~4D n ef w n b s $ D ) m XY j &’ G p < ^Hh&ghTW L $ D p k T W s G G S x h _ } r + Z[# i ghTWQ$D p k T W s G G H h 4 0#1 i $ D M s 0 UP 9 Wxh#}P978 l p k 78 s 0 U ; #$ S T J& H G G sg hTWjSo0 9 v L $ D sG p z f& 3 H# &’ TU 2 7 k c $DM]^kb l s TU$RS ? \ $ D M m Q W k ] > 5\s Db9MByL<6 \ L + M#j k 45@ q $ D M & B U &’ T Ux?L<6?Shf$ "" )*+ " gh T W# 0 U ;N 78 #$# $ D ) m XY# G p zf#$D&’ ,! - "" . $DMQ&Wk] > 5\s D b 9 M#<6t 7 - c & M< F F I z k 1]#H45GNx o X&’ V M ]^#$ D &’s~ @ j I s ] t$RS sLs"#@ q <6 Z \ 4 D n s n} ( W ! *4S-5+II)-+5 " # \ L Y B s I 9#}t6;<pqgI#$D&’M<\L70soQ$ RS;,)1-e<= ! #$$" #! => 1& #$$= #! %=$ 1"L E./L42A@

Transcript of P IL l m -...

Page 1: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!!"!"##$%$$&%

& ’ ( !) *"’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256

7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$

! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:w##%$$#!&,@/+)5%-(1*;+*A#$$$!6+(.._-./$RSkBC[m05{nFt!J.*+I("0(VWsZ\:M4DnsT+SS!F+*A##$$<"4s!6<]}zYB4s<6xZ’-.//)II).*/)CC54/4*(YBso^I97Is4n)$RSZX;,nFt0(5~9:P?(0)m05{9:/Ej!:[’"Lmj5’$0_@h&(lL’45nMYyF#6Ev&|%9>~:;sI69:(s>e$BCmntxd)Wdo)R_@H_X()swb#mncrdefU_syf#mn./0(45&’9:4;L*&’(!)*"+P;7s01$S"7!$sCAElQLbuWdo<EV>K~s-gp% X04Dn!-.//)II).*/)CC54/4*""wx?pk$D#qX0sn_#C’pk$D4Dn($~}F+*A!#$$<"Lr:!#$$!+##$$!L"$# n}(W{|[~AWdoLtxd!U+*A+*C9A#%!!"")Wdo!U+*A##$$%"$

$D&’s\LI9,,,V\P96pksIL}z

l"m!

’!("6LOxZ$D&’s9:uv#RS6<6n}(WsX04Dn%YB&I9pk$Ds&’oQ$DE3CV1%[GpIL4#pk$D"<!AR?9vspk9P#)mTIs~%nv&~4Dnefwnbs$D)mXYj&’Gp<’^Hh&ghTWL$DpkTWsGGSxh_}r+Z[#ighTWQ$DpkTWsGGHh40#1i$DMs0UP9Wxh#}P978lpk78s0U;#$STJ&HGGsghTWjSo09vL$DsGpzf&3H#&’TU27kc$DM]^kblsTU$RS?\$DM’mQWk]>5\sDb9MByL<6\L+M#jk45@q$DM&BU&’TUx?L<6?Shf$"")*+"ghTW#0U;N78#$#$D)mXY#Gpzf#$D&’

,!-"".

$DMQ&Wk]>5\sDb9M#<6t7-c&M<FFIzk1]#H45GNxoX&’VM]^#$D&’s~@jIs]t$RSsLs"#@q<6Z\4Dnsn}(W !*4S-5+II)-+5"#\LYBsI9#}t6;<pqgI#$D&’M<\L70soQ$

RS;,’)1-e<= !#$$"#!=>1&#$$=#!%=$1"LE./L42A@

Page 2: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!?#"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

42!%!!=#;_%=""x?se@s3] !}V%LV#"$"V%]#Lqo@f$&%6]>5\ !()%5%.5%ug%m05{%-5%;5LIR"@078s0U;l0U;C_esfIQsF^,-$[cGy#MN]>5\[kMs0U;QR^0Ee|L#LM0U;QRZ"%Xeg’\Db#H$DM0U;QR0mhETJL&&&9#$7-=$$2T#9q<0s0U;}l$DM’H,J7-c#$DM0U;QRI,L40sxh#<4.5%%5%ugLm05{[9qL>$G$?QV%#}V#[Gy#45}%!<#$,#$$"$s0U;34[kML$DMj27y6]>5\PmsF^’N$R+578s0U;QR6V%sexq!R0#=[M067-s#45skM0U;sQR=e#$DM0U;sQRo"#HLM[O0!o"#=,=$$24X#’\Db$QR#$$"$6%!<#$#[Gy#45kM0U;sQR=eL"#G#LMTJL%"G#H$DMo"L%!G’6%!>=$OPQ#%!>=$GNxoX#45kM0U;QRs=eHhcD$DM0U;QRsTJHh[JVL$ktrxMNF^uMNF^sXX|I5tr&’oQuktr]^4s456]>5\[0U;sQRx$E0sq!uRSSAe\<64Dns\LYB&iXMN-.$

" R+<.*;e@[A6e<=!#$$"##$$="LE./L42A42!%!!="x?se@xy[#=0U;[@078sQ#sF^’N"<hs$Mshc.wse@k#HQ$:3+-B+*CF+II455!%!!&"jx?L%=&$$9%!!$$.5@078s0U;se@$

V!!%6]>5\s5780U;l0U;C_esfIQ

$"i 7"8 %"5 ."5 u"g m05{ -"5 ;"5 I"R

%>$$kM <? & &$ & & & &LM ## & "" & & & &$DM ## & #> & & & &

%=#$kM "> >$ &"+ & & & &LM "" %< #?+ & & & &$DM "$ %< "%+ & & & &

%=>$&%=!$

kM %?+ "=+ "?- & <$C &!C >"CLM &"+ #&+ "#- & #!C #=C

#>C$DM &%+ "=+ "#- & #%C #"C

%!?$kM "< "= & "= %& #% ""LM &? "% & "< &= "? "$$DM &! ?% & <> "= &" ">

%!=&kM "" "" & "? "< "= "!LM "# #< & #= &# "# "&$DM ?< ># & ?? <" ?$ <>

%!!=kM "# "" "" "<4 ""4 "<4 "?4LM #? #" ## #"4 "=4 #?4 "&4$DM ># >& >< >#4 <!4 ?!4 ?%4

"">i&?(!%"’)1)e<=#*78&’U$‘+#./0(y)O##$$"$#!=>1’!#"E./L42A@42#X_#A($’"&/%1,/)&>h%>1&)M1/)"&(@6/%1/$>),W=)#$/"h=/*"=%,)&>#b‘N.2Ce*)O42I)36F24II#%!!=#;_%="$V4+#L#-#C#4I!2V%=$>$%%=!$$%%==!$%%=>$$L%!!<$se@$

Page 3: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !?"""

V!!45578s0U;l0U;C_esfIQ

$"i k"M L"M $DM

%!<# =" > %$%!<< =# = %$%!?$ ?" %= %!%!?< =% = %%%!>$ =$ %$ %$%!>< >> %" %$%!>= ># %? %#%!=$ ?! %= %"%!=< ?" #$ %>%!!$ ?$ #% %!%!!< <& #" #"#$$$ <" #$ #>#$$" <% #$ #!

"">i&?!’)1"e<=#$45&’sU#V7!af!?$%#$"$$&#oH_8y)O##$$=$#!%=$1’2V@#L578}%!<#%#$$"$G<$sHM_e#JVh;4g#y7I$2s578s_elCHM_esfIQ’

0U;34sF^4BL0U;lnML$DMs]$’jH#M!]$wgWs$D&’gXi5(C@L2,s70’$[%>7-#!v"v! (M_F4336)H8|,#0U;}kMlg"M#GH}g"Ml$DMs]$6&’GMP*HI (} ’_’5+2B#%!<>#;;_&!#%&!<)’’5+2B(%!<>)@q*;e@;:lwM< *v!;/+&’-6s"#.\xx?HIs?SI9#z<"\L?SI9’l<6$#s&WS> (}Y1-(I#

%!?=)"?!Rr780Ac&.5s$D&’s}EwBsRkN|s;fI9’EX#5_0fS>c;f:;I99Ms0U;34F^6&’]^LTUsZ)’ktrxM!]$ux(Cak"?\6pGM1P9Wxh#=Mhh"X,s<:<’LO#45(C?Ejx<bs9:’#$#Xwx (#$$=)[pi45TUYysyv:#6qL$DMsREo,mdz (#$$=)?$D?a^6$D_(s7,-’Nx?L\LsJKLC3,<{VL&’U (#$$!)c6;f:;#?45GNxoc&tlghqxsFN?$DMs&’GIL9:#.wak#ghFN"45$DMVMWUs>?’jH#}5WS>]7#?$D&’}Es9:CjyT\Ls?SI9’

& X_Ik*v! z+z+;/(3(4F4336@’5+2B5+S)’

2wak#^E0d<68[*<s\LYB#I9&’8PFfs3GcDMNFftDsP‘Z)#}H[c:-M<?S6$’HYBsn?HN#"AB9vsP9C6$Dsx?CsP9Ne (1pkNe)v:8P,YB4#I9P9QU6pkQUsp‘B6#H[ck$D&’#

Page 4: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!?&"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

z<"kpk$DMs}E/70x?<6\L+M#3_1LW1 !E+O)I+*C9.23($%!>%$;_%!%"A6Y1-(I!%!?="sb7wy$$DM8FLx]L5r%0X%7\%(E9%aL78cD6_$D/#$snMQU#kLRVG[RSs+Q8z$2wun4tu+M$D%$DML$D&’sb7#<="$2wij$[g"QU4j(-L$D$CP9C$D

!;2.C1-42I42O)-4I"$]w()9vO;%9]L+?/QU#?H2wB6|q%_2%?I|/xZs$D.3kpk$D !32+*I+-3).*I42O)-4I"$]w[c9D6pk$D4DnxZsQU#^E8|s"$RS"}pk$Dshf$Hu"}P9C$Dshfpi$D&’##$$&9vO;L9]$D’[c.3kP9C$D$Hu"pk$D#$C6e?YBgQP9C$D6&’sZ)$Gr^EB]w8P,9vsP9Ne4$=Mu"RSs9:9F#RSR9L8bs9:?0k &pk$D’$~ &cd}0’s9::y$}pk$D4Dnx?spk$DM<A’shf&pi$D&’$}H[c:;[I9$D&’M<\0-.:sTs#R+pk$DMuA2V&6$D&’$="2w[c@q?M<4A’s$D70sI9$1fEpq$D&’s\L}g#Mx5\k?+&6$D&’sfg-7GIibsz{#kE$RSS$Dx?CR9\pk$D4Dn$I99vP9C6pk$D4Dn[P9%pkL^wQUos}z‘U$}H[<bP<I#$D&’s~@$c>,RSs9:Ls#

< 3kxZ$Ds-7j"_5&’s]^HuSf^s#xZb7[~}E.(-~Vh%}s(ThF~L^I(~!!%!!#$!"">)""!1"#E_$45(C"_!#$$>"Lmdz!#$$="?$Ds-7jByLSGsC3#? MW$D[c@q:M_(H+7Gp^#

~\RS"c\Ls~#B?:;&^x9:$3E?QxsX\L:;&9:$D&’sS>Hu^E5$qt$=M>u"fb?$D&’Qxs\L9:sREo#OjRSB$Dx?CR9,pk$D4Dn$Gr^E%JxZ4DnsS>#jH$*&xZ:M4Dn[&’]^4sB6s&’‘S> !$ :3(423.*$%!>%*W2+1C45$%!=#*’(+*C542$%!>>*

K.(*$#$$%"[cGy$<9:sR;6RSSI9s70Z)u0#H0d\gfL1Z !I4+2-(+*CL+2A+)*)*A"{|s4$ !)*342/4C)+2)4I"YB!$P.(2)+*CH4+-($#$$#*[1L)*I34)*+*CM.5)*IB6$%!=>*[1I3+*CR+55$

#$$"*X(4O-(4*B.$#$$&"\xBP9QU8P$M|I5$MWYBuAv:I9P96pksP‘Z)$uAI9P9C64$sP?_e%Gpzf%Gp<’^6_}r+Z[/8PFfsF^}?$3HuA+MRSx,s\L70#-6s"$:M4Dns&’oQD<6&’~Gs8[Z)[n(W&’( !*4.-5+II)-+54-.*./)-I"S>4EHI(hL$M|

Page 5: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !?<""

I5"=kQU8[P9C6^wCtDB>]P#Mij"u7+s#n(W&’(~\<QP9C$Q^wCsNb"\xBP9L^ws7BHhcD:M^LIL/‘Bk8PnxFf"3HuAI9*_:M^LIL/‘sF^wz&s&’DJsF# %U+*A+*CW.25+*C"%!!%&U+*A+*C9A"%!!"&U+*A"#$$%’"jHuASGE+M4Dny7Lr[s?~%U+*A"#$$%"’(+;_>&F+*A"#$$<&r:"#$$!+"#$$!L’"GHHuASGE+M4Dn6$D&’s}E/70#

r: %#$$!+’V\Wdo %[~} U+*A+*C9A"%!!"&U+*A"#$$%’sn}(WI9{|>"v_6_O"P9C %()4Dn’d"^wC"v:V\IL1<6pkw6tDsWo"c69>~:;pqLpk$D4Dny7Lr[s?~#.s9:V1"pk$D4Dnsy7":M^LIL/‘xhs9o"HM!:M^LIL/‘sxh&7ghTWLpk$DspkTWwLvnbs9vC=kTWsHIGG&pk$D4Dnsy7_;,P9Lpks(+WRs&’"jj_5pk$DsP96psxhHJM#9vC=kTWsxhSbhpk$D4Dnqqs/k=kYy9P7B7v$K2X:M^P9C ^wCtDsB>=kYy#=

> WdoR_$txd"cDWdoLtxdsvlL(PwuS]^LV|LM<ns&’(I9{|#= ~}r:%F+*A"’(+;_#&r:"#$$!’#

=2w8|,"._\xpiRSwx,s-.#2wak""S<YBsI97IGIo^"H[ck$D&’s}E"z<"kpk$DM6&’GMsZ)x?<6\Ls?SVW#RSsDED>[\"}4Dns\LhfSwpk$DM}‘s’~#A’HN"RS[.sYBVWoSx^c=9:!!<"I9pk$D4Dns(+WR?pk$D4DnsP?_e$pk$DsP?Z)s&’&!R"I9ghTWLpk$DspkTW?pk$D4DnsP?_e$P9CsP?_e$pk$DsP?Z)$9vsP?Z)cD_}r+Z[s&’&!@"I9ghTWP?\pk$DspkTWsVMGGw9Ps0U;}P978lpk$D78s#$TI"}Hk (v! z+z;/)x?<6w1"g+M$D)ms#TIL$D&’s}E&!!"I9pk$DsP96p?pk$D4Dns‘}0UP9WL_}r+Z[s&’&!#"I9ghTWLpk$D4Dns‘}0UP9W?9vLpk$DsxTGpzfs&’#

:S34k!!R7I"YBsJK&[!@7I"^+P9$pk6^ws9>~nx"GIIL}zD<QRd5I9"ByPZO."g+M<&’-7&AX7I"C3oyK#

Page 6: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!??"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

/!N""g

MsJKr: !#$$!+"sn}(WYB#!Nb&’4xc!%^s^wvPL0$6_O"P9C !()4Dn"$d"^wC#%$k?v^wv^^$6_O[c7eP9$j[c}Gp0=$3H.w<3P9QUs:M^ IL&’6pkw6saz#"6_}Gp0=9v$/^Epk$D

% !kL?+:>$’?hk_2$D"$]O[~P9C7ex?$j[~:M4Dnx?%%$3H6__<3pkQUs:M^ IL&’6pkw6saz#Mc!^wvDpk$DsP9NeI!(k%

! xZJYBs-7t}F+*A!#$$<$’(+;_#"Lr:!#$$!"$G<M[~}Wdo!U+*A$#$$%$’(+;_>"#Msu(K#%$ r:!#$$!"sYBV\Wdo!U+*A$#$$%"s9>~n}(W{|$J{|s<6~FL+N"$v_6_O"P9Cd"^wC$CV16_x‘RZi!V>k&P9C ^wC’1&̂ wC P9C’"#%% pk$D~:M?Inx?$|I5&’y7LP96pksIL#3E$4Dn$vpks&)~’$@qpk$DBMcW:MP9CE>E&$gWL<6ILspk)m#

P< %P8P* 7 J+‘($$+!?P^1")$ !%"

0< %080* 7 J+‘($$’!?0^V")$ !#"

%< %#%8%* 7 J+‘($3#!?% ,̂")$ !""

<4$P<$0<$%<)$I!2VPL0 9vcDpk$Ds9yf#P$0)$*

P*$0*)$*P#$0#)$I!V#Mc!9vs76f+?IfL^^f#

%$%*$%#)$I!2Vpk$Ds76f+?IfL^^f#kLJ^$2w{j\*r: !#$$!+"sNO$uv_pk$Ds1Qo !(4342.A4*4)36"$3kM%[ccI2ws8|;,4[RSE+ns-.o#MH"’$4Dnkpk‘:$CP9vL09vP9C$x?s"v<W!s$D#~e

+$’$#($I!2VPL0 9vcDpk$DsP9TW)e#~e1$V$

,+!$$%"I!2VPL09vcDpk$DsP9skb(+WR#nxFf?P$?0$?%+,$$%-I!2V6_[P9P9v+09vLpk$Ds:M^/‘$3H6_s:DE@k$

?P8?08?% 7%$ !&"

6_sU4E@k$

<P !P*^P#"8<0!0*^0#"8<%!%*^%#"7$$ !<"

Ms<P$<0 L<%I!2VP9v+09vLpk$DsZ)#+g j)+1T6Ne[076_?Mc!^wv[xnG$

R 7 ,P8Q!%8&%#"P#-%,08Q!%86%#"0#-%̂ %3 !?"

Page 7: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !?>""

""kJ^Huzo<]o"NO6_?PL0^wvxPvsnG"C%\$8<#"pk$D~P9C7ex?"/V1\xpk$Ds=k]P$"pk$D~4Dnx?"/V1pk$Ds=k*_9v=ks]PH]P#v:"Nbpk$D6\9vs0="3HPL09vs=:+~Z,s0=fI!V>kQ%% &̂%#&P#"Q%% 6̂%#&0#"<4&+%$"%&"6+%$"%&I!k0=PL09vw^spk$DspkTW)e"Q+%$"%&2VghTW)e#Ms"Z\ghs-7?\W1 %%!!$";_%&’’’ (gh"<6Ojs ),-*X/"1C4#yE"w"_kO;s+g._wpkZ)sE@,##$"?9a7+s;|gh/#RSz<6qpksgh‘?L (,-X/,[pk$DM4sREB6##$"yTxTs9a7+gh"pk‘:s4o[NF/,01"=\xPIs;|&E@"GrQ\$"3HbhP9vs+~pkfQ%%̂ &%#&P# 109vs+~pkfQ%%̂ 6%#&0# [k5"Ccpk$DspkTW&L6 [Sh"pkjzl#2$"6oA+[s7AK2_;o_o4o"g?N-+@A/VWOHj[S+[ %&L6[kS0s#g&"="No01VI"yT;|&E@L2301Ik%CQ\$&"Grpkzl#3E"RS\*Lr: %#$$!&?ghTWLpk$DspkTWsJI#A’HN"?\9vP9C ^wC"Q&LQ6 HI!".w6\0=PL09vspk$Ds+~pkTW"HQ&%# LQ6%#

HI!"0=P9vL09vs+~pkTW#%#JNt"ghTW+pk$DspkTW!GE&j&’pk$DspkTW"RCd6pk$D!GE&4WL9vs+~pkTW#jH"’"+~spk$Dj&’9vspk#8|"Ms6r: %#$$!+&YB<%"uv_pk$D4Dns}jD7wKEs$DQf-.$=kLJ^;4"?ghTWuJcJI"0

QP\Q0\Q#

%# [Wdo%U+*A"#$$%"’(+;_>&sYBs"\xJIghTW6pk$DspkTW"j\xPIsSx’1"M"r:%#$$!&sw^#txd<Eak"M%JI4x|7#%"X1*"U+*A+*Cd(.1%#$$&&w1L8PIL34s}zr[o$M4*%%!!=&[Wdo%U+*A"%!==&sVWoxygw1L6\fgP9C ^wCA+nxYys(Sb?,#txdA2S<Ik(A+Yyb?,%3ktr(C[V|M6b?oByLD>&#

8!no!pqbrsBtu3vw-.!-x:e$yz{|-.

r: %#$$!&[<YB4v:I9L7B7v+7IIL+V?IL@!34"%"}H+MLpk$D4Dny7Lr[s?~#=RS8v_<4sV?IL34C[>,RSs9:Ls#]Nt"RSv_P9Lpk[

Page 8: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!?="" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

+7LHI:M^s,-#3H$?P9vs:MP9C%09vs:MP9CLpk$D4DnI!x&

?P 7%$"?0 7?% 70< 70* 707P# 7%* 7%7$’

?0 7%$"?P 7?% 7P< 7P* 7P70# 7%* 7%7$’

?% 7%$"?P 7?0 7P< 7P* 7P70< 70* 707%# 7$3

""SconxFfgI!2[!R7I27sYB$^+I,P9vP9C%09vP9CLpk$D4Dns9yf%?Bf%76fL^^fcD.wsD>T6Ne !}V""#SV"s3C2[}zsOP$CGpy2 !!PP*\!0P#^!%P#$!00*\!P0#^!%0# L!%%*\!P%#^!0%#$<4

!P%!0 L!% I!2VPP9C%0P9CLpk$D4Dns_e"LT6}/ !RP\R0\R%"$%&3HI,$=8PFfs}z3C&pk$D4Dn6PP9Cs}zP?_e%pk$D4Dn60P9Cs}zP?_e%

PP9C60P9Cs}zP?_e’pk$D6P9vs}zP?Z)%pk$D609vs}zP?Z)%P9v609vs}zP?Z)’}zT6/‘ !C_}r+Z["&

%& ~}WdoLtxd!U+*A+*C9A$%!!""’Wdo!U+*A$#$$%"#

V!!P9!pkL^^snx

P91pk78 9f%?BfL76f ^^f D>T6Ne

P9vP9C

P<\+!%Z1"

P*\#+!%Z1""

P\+!%Z1""

0#\+!%Z1"<P"<0

%#\+!%Z1"<P"<%

RP\ +!%Z1"! """Q6<#P<0<# $%

%(#

09vP9C

0<\’!%ZV"

0*\#’!%ZV""

0\’!%ZV""

P#\’!%ZV"<0"<P

%#\’!%ZV"<0"<%

R0\ ’!%ZV"! """Q&<#0<P<# $%

%(#

pk$D4Dn

%<\#!%Z,"

%*\#!%Z,"#

#%\#!%Z,"#

P#\#!%Z,"<%&<P

0#\#!%Z,"<%&<0

R%\ #!%Z,"! "&&Q#<#%<P<# $0

%(#

!%!P7 #!% ,̂"Q

&# $6

%("$" !%!0

7 #!% ,̂"Q&# $&

%("$"!P!0

7 6! "&%("’ !>+"

<%<P 7

+!%^1""

&#!% ,̂! ""

&6# $Q%("

$

<%<07’!%^V""

&#!% ,̂! ""

&&# $Q%("

$

Page 9: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !?!""

<P<07’"%^V#+"%^1#

&! "6%$"% ">L#

R! 7 "6&#%$? Q#"% ,̂## $&

#$"+’"%^1#"%^V## $!

%$#

3 ">-#

""c=7ISV\o<s3C&r3$D&’s}EM<D.&}t6hf&GIQRd5I9&ByPZsO.&g+M<-7&}H>,RSs9:Ls’

"<#4Dns(+WR(4DnsP?_e(pk$DsP?Z)

>@ ">+#L ">L#I,&

$"!%$!P#$$,’$&"$"<%$<P#$$,($%

$"!%$!0#$$,’$&"$"<%$<0#$$,($& "=#

<4,kpk$D4Dns(+WR’"=#|I5$=O.!

$%?"pk$D4Dns(+WRP|&pk$D4DnP?\P9Cs_ePt&pk$D69vsP?Z)P|’

M6O.sBL-7"]Hk}s!<<&pkQUs(+WRh%bE^Rhs$DZ)&-\WR^z&f/pkHIu\z%<R&pkQUs(+WRhSu5\0U;G[$D78’#$&&|b6_2s(+WRUh\7A_2s(+WR&OCs_ZUh\XCs_Z&HOCs}M_eu$XCt’Wms&} ">L#j[Gy&$"<P$<%#$$1($&

$"<0$<%#$$V($’M|I5&P9Cs(+WRPh&9v6pk$DsP?Z)Ph&f/P9HIu\z’} ">L#_[Gy&$"<P$<0#$$1($&

$"<0$<P#$$V($’M|I5&<!9vsP9(+WRPh&Gr]6l<!9vsP?Z)Ph’3H&MssI9I#y!(+WRP?h|wbhs4Dn6P9CtD(uv9vsP9CtD[P?_eLP?Z)osP‘B6’

"R#ghTW(pk$DspkTW(P?_e(P?Z)L_}r+Z[

} ">+#(">L#L ">-#I!I,&

$"!%$!P#$$Q($&"$"<%$<P#$$Q’$%

$"!%$!0#$$Q($&"$"<%$<0#$$Q’$& "!+#

$"!P$!%#$$6($&"$"<P$<%#$$6’$%

$"!0$!%#$$&($&"$"<0$<%#$$&’$& "!L#

$R!$$Q($&"$R!$$&($&"$R!$$6($& "!-#

Page 10: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!>$"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

<4#!!+"L !!L"I!]#L#ghTWLpk$DspkTW?pk$D4Dn69vP9CsP?_ecDpk$D69vsP?Z)I!w9PsTI$!!-"]#LghTWLpk$DspkTW?_}r+Z[w9PsTI%MN3C|I5$=O.&

$%@"_5ghTWsxh#pk$D4DnP?\P9Cs_eSTJ#<x?spk$D6P9Cs9vsP?Z)Se|$_5pk$DspkTWsxh#P9CP?\pk$D4Dns_eSTJ#<P9s9v64Dnx?spk$DsP?Z)Se|$H_}r+Z[S_5ghTWL’1pk$DspkTWsxhHxh%

%< 8|&V"4@#s^^f"=:s@^^f#Hu"Z^^f!~}YB7Is+M"%Z!+~"̂^fk+~pkTW6@^^ftz%4Dn0=9vs+~pkTWkQ%\Q#!%Z,"’&#3H+~0IsPL0 9vfI!kQ%P#\(+!%Z1"’")*(Q#!%Z,"’")#6+%

’"#Q%0#\(’!%ZV"’")*(Q#!%Z,"’")#&+%’"%[Gy#]w}kQsTNe%%?P9vP9C+~I,spk$DkQ6%#\*(Q#!%Z,"’&)&6#+%’"#.+~I,s09vfkQ6%#0#

\(’!%ZV"’")*(!Q#!%Z,"’&")&&6+%’"!<4Q6LQ6%# I!kpk$Ds+~pkTWL0=09v

s+~pkTW"#[Gy#]w[_56sTJHTJ%v?#09vP9C+~I,spk$DcD+~I,sP9vf!V>y#Ms}K"[_5&sTJHTJ%

""8|#YB7IQ&+M#P9CL4Dnj"^wC#^wCj"P9C14Dn%M6O.sBL-7k&<<#ghTWPh#4Dn0=9vs+~pkTWPh#C0=9v:s^zP7$%<.0=9vs^zP7/bh<T6Ph$<T6PhPKE4ts4Dnx?pk$Dc0=9v$H4DnPt#3H<x?spk$DsZ)P|%]JQ’#hghTW##$xTs9aghx5\pkQU<5+HLVW#}H[-c4t_}lnMQUgx?pk$D#3Hpk$DsZ)P|%qo#H456#=yTxTdgHo01sJH#3Hb’Ln_sUH=k !}

E+O)I+*C9.23(#%!>%$9.23(#%!!$"%D24)N!#$$?"?QI9L%%7-[E4H}l=ks,)sgn_6%#,%"7-s|05‘G{n_I!@q -_~Z)pk. !;42I.*+532+C)*A"L -X_~Z)pk. !)/;42I.*+532+C)*A"gh&xhpksTW$<R#^wC !8|#.j"l<!9vsP9C"}4Dn0=pk$Dwokspkw6P| !Cpk$DspkTWPh"#|I5+~0IL4Gspk$D$H+~0Ispk$DQfPh#/0=9vs+~pkTWPh#C0=9vs+~^zP7#%?3HT6Ph#}HKE4ts^wC0=pk$Dc0= !1_2"<^Es9v$HMN^wC !.wBkl<!9vsP9C"Pt#/KE.w7eP9s9vZ)P|%~ !>+"L !>L"#1>@}zsOP#[I,pk$D69vsZ)QWLpk$D4Dn69vP9Cs_eQWr[4QsZ)y<%’<P\&+!%Z1"!P’("#!%Z,"!%)#<%’<0\&’!%ZV"!0’("#!%Z,"!%)%

Page 11: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !>%""

Mc6Z)y}7-5ghTWL"1pk$DspkTW?4Dn6P9CsP?_ew9PsTI#6Mc!TW?pk$D69vsP?Z)w9PsTI"P4s#}H’7L $!+%L $!L%s-7&<@#ghTWL"1pk$DspkTWPh#Cghw6L"1pk$Dspkw6P|#|I5pk^zP7#3H_}r+Z[P?Ph’

:%+L%LBL]#L4Dn6P9Cs_eQWLpk$D69vsZ)QWr[4lZ)’Mcm:V1#_5ghTWQso"#pk$D4Dn6P9CsP?_e $!%"!P 1!%"!0%L_}r+Z[ $R!%Sxh&H_5pk$DspkTW6 $1&%so"#P9C6pk$D4DnsP?_e $!P"!% 1!0"!%%L_}r+Z[ $R!%Sxh’M4BL! $R%7Is3C’Mcm:_V1#pk$D4Dns(+WRP|#W"Pl‘=:$U&Hpk$D4Dns(+WRPh#W"Plao:$U’M4BL! $<%7Is3C’

:!!

$@%ghTWsP?F^(N78s0U;#$()m#TI(Gp<’^6$D&’s}E

M7Iv2ghTWP?\pk$DspkTWsF^?0U;sN78#$L$D&’s&’’} $>+%[I,pk$D4Dn_e6P9CCetQ#

!%!P8!0

7 #$% ,̂%! "&%"" 6# $Q

%""

8 &# $Q%"

! "" %̂

3 $%$%

"""0U;CeBbk! $[c4B_=XY%#]V>$=#

!%8!P8!0 %!3 $%%%

""S $%$%&?X2[ $%%%#[I,pk$D4Dn_e#

Page 12: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!>#"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

!% 7! %8 &#!% ,̂! ""

%#" 6# $Q%#"

8 &# $Q%#

! "% &" %̂

3 !%#"

""S !%#"2[ !>+"$[I!I,P9vL09vsP9C_e$

!P 7! %8 Q# $6%#" #!% ,̂"# $&

%#"

8 &# $Q%#

! "% &" %̂

$ !%""

!0 7! %8Q# $&

%#" #!% ,̂"# $&%#"

8 6# $Q%#

! "% &" %̂

3 !%&"

""} !%#"L !%""$cD !%#"L !%&"I![I,$

$!%#$!Q#6"($$"$!P#$!Q#6"’$%

$!%#$!Q#&"($$"$!0#$!Q#&"’$3 !%<"

""MV1$$CghTW6pk$DspkTWsQWxh$Gr4tP9CS]Fkpk$D4Dn&%>~\$R!#$Q($$$R!#$6($cD$R!#$&($ !}!-"$3E[QL6 !1&"xhsv:$$CQ#6 !1Q#&"jxh$GrQ#6 !1Q#&"?QL6 !1&"s?\I^k#&~EI,CQ#Q(C6#6!1CQ#Q(C&#&"&M63C6 !!-"D !%<"s3G9P$=O.’

%> 8|$RS"V\7~Gysn}(W<]}z{|=s<6I9$3Huv_jM]]sw6&M6n(Ws<]}zI9sNb"<hs&jH$+~oRSv_sghw6<+[c(-jM]]w6&ij$G<Ms9:[cBjM]]w68P,YB4iS&

""$%A"_5ghTWLpk$DspkTWsxh$g?ighTWQpk$DspkTWxhI4V:$}P978lpk$D78s0U;#$STJ$}H&’TUV7kc$DMs]^kblsTU&

wc$coI9+ML<6STL2,s70’&’P]>s5\ !EJ"$<$DMP]>$1&’P]>s5\Pc$DMkD’&#$$.5(m?LIR/]>5\s$DM$z<"L@$DML0XM/$HPi]>&HVMWUs]^45\$$45$j[L2,M!F#’N&E_$=S !}! !!"7I"Sw1$pk$DP9WsxhjS-G0U;}P978lpk$D78s]$$}H[-HJO.s-7&} !%""L !%&"_[Gy$

$!P#$!Q#6"’$$"$!0#$!Q#6"($%

$!P#$!Q#&"($$"$!0#$!Q#&"’$3 !%?"

""M|I5$ighTWQpk$DspkTWsGG4V$0U;#$jSv:]P[uvsP978tD&]JQ’$P9vsP978L0 9vsP978tDx0U;s‘l#$]P&9\Mc6P978tDs0U;#$sP?Lfr60$[~&L6sTJHhs0dnb !}>+"’i

Page 13: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !>"""

6sTJHhQ&sTJHh40:"C6#6(C&#&$%}P78,078Q}078,P78s#$Mh4V&4t%i&sTJHhQ6 sTJHh40: "C&#&(C6#6$%/}078,P 78Q}P 78,0 78s#$Mh4V’E_[Gy%"6(&%/!P(!0&4t%"&’6%/!0(!P’jH%} "%$$[Gy%

$"!%#"!P8!0$$$"Q#&$ ($%"$

"!%#"!P8!0$$$"Q#6$ ($3 "%>$

""M|I5%_5ghTW6pk$DspkTWsQWsxh%0U;lpk$D78s#$C"xhs’MjV1%0U;}P978l$D78s#$efEt\[uvP978tDs#$ef’:#BL]#LghTWP?\pk$DspkTWsxhwz&s0U;[78Ds#$’

:!!0U;N78s#$6$D&’s}E

%= T[q"#$$=%!<?(?"1$%SKg6qLgh?!@9M]^D&’TUsREo’

""} ">+$[Gy!$CQ#6(&##"%Z,$%Gr !%(!P&H$CQ#&(&##"%Z,$%Gr!%(!0’MV1%ighTW6pk$DspkTWsQg9q&##"%Z,$:%pk$D78s0U;_e9qP109vP978s0U;_e’H} "%$$[Gy!$CQ#"6%#" &̂%#"$"(&##"%Z,$%Gr!%(!##(!P^!0’~\Q#"6 &̂$(Q#"6%#" &̂%#"$"%3EiQ#"6 &̂$(&##"%Z,$%

!%(!##(!P^!0 %bWd’MV1%ighTW6$DsCpkTWsQgHIh:%pk$D78s0U;_eS9qP609vP978s0U;CL%MH"<6pk$DMRk]>s&’’’3EGy%ghTWsP?REo’%=7[%V\M6REo%$CB4DnsP?ef !%#"!P^!0$1>?ef!% 6_}r+Z[R!G,ghTWQs~e:H%Gr

?.wI!^Qsbe%GyC"!%#"!P^!0$$#CQ($%C!%#CQ($%CR!#

CQ($ "}%$%%#L!-y$%3H!%#"!P^!0$1!%6R!tDr[#sZ)’M!#Z)V1%4Dnqqspk$D)m"<6~ghTWBUs)

Page 14: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!>&"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

Ax#TIsIL)m !M6#TI~CR!#C!%4B"$$$&’]^/‘Ph|I54DnefPt%pk$DMP}‘&H4DnefPt%pk$DMP}‘|I5&’]^/‘Ph’]JQ’($D)mXYso0L_}r+Z[sxh"ghTWsxhw9Ps<6LP70’

7[(v2pk$D)msXY6Gp<’^HhsZ)’~\[<b0U;XY! =(<6pkZ)b7kM%<6E>Z)(CP9vP9C$4Dn$09vP9C !8|.w["^wC"(3H~4DnSwxsP9C ^wCi)E&s%[AspkZ)Ce%!G [V>k(G\!P!0!%’S !%#"%!%""L !%&"v:2[Ey(gY&!6%#" &̂%#"""#)#!%Z,"*%A(}HSG sV>y]FWghTWQsNe(CG\B!Q"(?<^Qs<:beI,+iQ’A#=:(CG#CQ($&iQ(A#=:(CG#CQ’$&3Hi

Q\A#=:(I,G s^0g !j"A0g"’SQ\A#=2i !%#"(I,i

G KA0g:4Dnef!%\!#" !C0U;e!%!P^!0^!%"’d~\C!%#CQ($(C!P#CQ’$(C!0#CQ’$(3EV1+i !%’!#" !?I\

Q’A#=":(CG#C!%($&i !%(!#" !?I\Q(A#=":(CG#C!%’$’8|+MsG w4DnSwxsP9C ^wCi)E&spkZ)Ce(3H[<bs0U;XY=(]P0|I5GpZ)PY\(CGp<’^HhP|&H]Pd|I5GpZ)P1g(CGp<’^HhPh’wc([R|sghTW=(4Dn ![4B$DM0U;"ef7%lC0U;sQR|(HP?7s4Dn^qqP?RtsP9C ^wC(L4Dnef[M6QRR|s,-=sTJSTJpkZ)e(Ce|Gp<’^Hh&P4([RhsghTW=(4Dneft%lC0U;sQRh(HP?Rts4DnqqP?R7sP9C ^wC(L4Dnef[M6QRRhs,-=sTJS)7pkZ)e(CxhGp<’^Hh’d~\_}r+Z[L4Dnef["ghTWsTNe !CR!#CQ($(C!%#CQ($"(3ER|s4Dnefu"xTWs’

%! sCA2Q&SpkZ)Ce%pksqqTW6^wvsA+!We8P(}H[cI,4<]os3C!Ms}K"’RSBbc!^wv(3HpkZ)!WeAx~%o(="MssI93C68P^wv!WesYBs3C<h’

:"BLE4BLcoI93C’W"h@’kpkZ)W"(_QsTJ(]Zo"([@FG >,A0g(jX=e(HW"hYk_}r+Z[W"("QsTNe&H!%j"QsTNe(3E]LR W"xPmsF^’N([_QsTJHo"’[Gy(W"h@’soI!h@ s:|<F?IsG g !]4BL<’^Hh"[u"A+s(3kR+[J"!o?I\QR|sF!Q’A#="xR|sG g(=]w?Ish: xR|sR g(?4DnefSd!!%’!#""’[@F(Q\A#=(!%\!#"(G g>,A0

Page 15: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !><""

"C<’^Hh=e,A|#$JF?Is: FxR|R g%=)sW"!

@CosG g?I\oIW":+ !osR g$E:4Dnef9q !&"$=|\!&#%W"!@C6h@ !PQ$Qxh "}A&=,A#’!%TJ "}

!&",!&##’<’^Hho" "G =e#’_}r+Z[xh%[C F$

Q\A$4DnefkC0U;s<0 "!%\!&##$<’^HhRh$]?I\+F$xRhsR g%CF27kRk]>s$D&’%|F=+sW"C’V1$ghTWSh "Q(A#’$D)mXYS0 "9qC0U;s<0!%(!&##’Gphh<’^’_}Z[Sh "Co"sW"+Y#$MH"hh]>s$D&’ "#$V%s]>5\#%}:"Gy$pk$D)mXY_ghTWsHIxhHo0$gKEGp<’^Hhsxh%#$C3co3C$\"I,$=O.!

#$ 8|$:"sVKs2F+~u<b"}Q\$xfs$CghTWIh\<638g"~}r:$#$$!#$3kRS8v_r:"#$$!#YB4sV?IL34$C:M^spk$D4DnQ&}&’4y7$=Mu&’MssI93C%

:!!ghTW!pk$D)mXY!Gp<’^Hh!&’TU

$%K"ghTWsHIGGScIpk$D)msXY?_}r+Z[s/‘DGp<’^sHh9P#TI%

M|I5$pk$D)mXY~$DM0U;[&’4sQRD<ef4B$H]s)m#TIs6hDGp<’^sHh~ghTWnb%3H[BS$4Dnx?spk$D"<!~%s’Ax#TIoQs ()m9v)"XSSI9M!~%s)m9v?Gpzfs-7#%coI9[82_w?)m#TIs9N:+%)m#TIYI?+k$6’I,sZgTJHh "1Z<#6J[,96)ms6’eLx#Z)$=M%s?+j9P:b%3k$J[,)ms6’eLsTJRZguAB>z&6’sZgTJ "-?~6CseLuj7UTJ#$H"~\<.3G "#$$p

Page 16: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!>?"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

kTWsGG/3G"cI6’I,sZgTJ6J[,J)ms6’eLv:TJ#}HM6ZgTJ6~6CseL $’7%k#lsZ)&

Sco7IsI96’)1’e<= !#$$"##$$="L E./L42A42!%!!="x?se@GI?L#}V%[Gy##$7-?$$2T#%(.Lm@5[$DMs0U;lC0U;_eQ>,19q<$G),=$$2T#UM@65\_#-(;LIj[1]q0)H,J7-c#%(.(uLm[9qL>$G&MNe@4BL$DM]>Hh?&’sREo##$#[#$$$$.5s$D78H9PL D9Fs>>G !’T)*B.3+$/123##$$"#

;;_">#*">""&?QV#LV%[Gy#45s$DM[#$$"$s0U;Q#0Ek"$G#6m:]>5\PQ#7L&$G‘a&3E#@qGGGpsghTW#-G0U;[$DMsHM#?45&’]^Ax|7&

9E#RSuhk $v! z+z;/%x?L<6w1#jN|LJ;/s88#v:_lwL E+O)I+*C 9.23( !%!>%"cD 9.23( !%!!$#

;;_%%!*%#$"sLF***_5ghsGG#}l=kLnMs_eQ#STJ&H2wij#:M=knsTJ[-G=k4;sgWLnM^{Gs9E#3E-Gpk$D78s]^?{2^AxRE|7&#%

#% lC!#$$!"SGE+tL45A2Bys&’qx***]^$DM(BG{2^(o08^6&’TUs-7&

!!"pk$DL9vsP9W

>@V"#4Dnspk$D9y/‘k%<%#%̂ %*\#!%Z,"#3E#I,pk$Ds‘}0UP9W !JIpk$DsP9W"#

:%%%<+?% 7#!% ,̂"# !%="

Ms?%\%#]j#$:%+$#($#$:%+$,’$&M|I5#pk$DsP96psGGL(+WRse|Sxhpk$DsP9W&S !%="2[ !>L"#I,#

<%+<P 7 ,+!%^1"+"-,!&+:%"&!6+Q"-%+"#

<%+<0 7 ,’!%^V"+"-,!&+:%"&!&+Q"-%+"3 !%!"

""]jGy#pk$D69vsP?Z)4pk$DsP9Wx!sZ)&v:#S !%="2[_}r+Z[sV>y !>-"I,#

R! 7 !6&"%+?!Q:%+&"#+",+’!%^1"!%^V"+!-%+#3 !#$"

""}y !#$"[Gy#_}r+Z[6pk$DsP9Wx#sZ)&co3C|I5$=O..

Page 17: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !>>""

$%L"pk$DsP96pPGM1(+WRP|"/pk$DsP9WPh"Hpk$DsP9WPh"pk$D69vsP?Z)P|#_}r+Z[Ph$

%!7-$#s.5"_2Cn[e|4o_2w6oE,LREsB6%F1I+342)"%!==";;_%#$&%#%’$R+2546 %%!==’w+"%>&$&%!%"$"H_ws=e40Hh&7\6p]1$:3+-B+*CF+II455%%!!&’c69.23(se@ %} 9.23("%!??";_#<=’9:]#".5%=##&%=<!$D"[aN#_3#:;<cDLNos_2NOxhL_2P9W"}H^0Ee|Lv=.56%)gsH_wW$H]P[#$7-<$$24#s_2Cn&&& (,>i^)%-.*3+)*42)T+3).*’^0ExhL4osn?TW"00Ee|LH_Z)"?5~=ksTU9PLR0B6 %Q(4,-.*./)I3"

%!!>*H4O)*I.*"#$$?’$coI9V1Lpk$Ds6pGMw9Ps&’TU$##E_"S %#$’I!2[ %%#’#%%"’L %%&’"[I,$!%+$:%($"$!P+$:%’$"$!0+$:%’$$M|I5"pk$DP9Wsxh[-G0U;}P978lpk$D78s]$$M?e<= %#$$""#$$=’L

E./L42A42%%!!=’x?se@ByLd<!+M"j"?O."s<6-H$E_"}V"[I,P9vL09vsP9W :P\+%%Z1’":0\

’%%ZV’"S<2[ %#$’[I,R!\%6&’%+?%Q:%+&’#+",:P:0+!-%+#$~EGy"6pk$DsP9WPm"9vsP9Wsxhj[~P9s6pGML(+WRse|9P"]sxhjz&L_}r+Z[sxh$

## 8|"Msx,sTU4BL_PTU$~\RS8v_L<6~4DnqqsV?ILpk34"3HP;I9?\_pkTWxhHxhs:M^LIL/‘wKEspk34F##pk$Ds0UP9Ws8Pxh"cD8PTU$"S7B7vLB>pks7IIL6V?IL<gI9"GrH[v:+M_PL8PTU$

%#’ghTW#pk$DsP9W#9vsP9W6xTGpzf

KLWdo %U+*A"#$$%";_#>#’sb7"Gpzfk9v %1$D’sC^^f"C^^_e66_^^ftz$=2wak"~\r[pkw6 %RSYB()ghw6Lpk$Dspkw6’"3ESpkTWK[GpzfsI94"A‘0E4B+~sC^^f %C (xT)Gpzf’"3E"x%EF#Wdo?Gpzfsb7$pk$DsGpzf+% kP9C0=4Dnwx?spk$DsxT^^f$~\P9vL09vsP9C}kpk$D4Dns=:"3E+%V>k"

+% 7!PQ6%#8!0Q&%#3 %#%+’

Page 18: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!>="" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

""oya>!<7Is!P L%# I!~ !%""LV"s!#I!"#By#a>!R7Is!0 L%# I!~ !%&"LV"!"I!"#By#Q6LQ&I!kPL0P9C0=pk$Ds+~pkTW$^xJyI,%

+% 7 !Q&&"!68&"!:%&&"Q%&"8!6%&"8&%&""!&&:%"%&"

% !#%L"

<4:%k<6pk$D4Dns‘}0UP9W%]~ !#$"By#! "~6&’QUsC_e%][4B_=XY$~\09vP9CLpk$D4Dn["P9vP9Cs=: !̂ wC"%3EP9vsxTGpzf+P V>k%

+P 7!0Q&%#P#8!%Q%P#3 !##+"

""oya>!<7Is!0 ~ !%&"By%%# LP# ~V"By#a>!R7Is!%~ !%#"By%%LP# ~V"By#Q&%# LQ%I!k0P9CL4Dn0=P9vs+~pkTW$^xJyI,%

+P 7 !Q6%&":P!:%&&"#&"’%8!&#Q:%&&"%&"("’Q%&"8!6%&"8&%&""!&&:%"%&"(

% !##L"

<4:P k<6P9vP9CsP9W$Wms%09vsxTGpzf+0V>k%

+0 7!PQ6%#0#8!%Q%0#3 !#"+"

""oya>!<7Is!P ~ !%""By%%# LP# ~V"By#a>!R7Is!%~ !%#"By%%LP# ~V"By#Q6%# LQ%I!kPP9CL4Dn0=09vs+~pkTW$^xJyI,%

+0 7!Q&%&":0!:%&&"#&"’%8!6#Q:%&&"%&"("’Q%&"8!6%&"8&%&""!&&:%"%&"(

% !#"L"

<4:0 k<609vP9CsP9W$6+> V#9vsxTGpCzf%C+>%+P^+0%3E%

+> 7!Q!:%&&"#&")6%&":P’%8!&#Q:%&&"%&"(8&%&":0’%8!6#Q:%&&"%&"(*

"’Q%&"8!6%&"8&%&""!&&:%"%&"(3

!#&"

} !#%L"L !#&"I!I,+

$+%&$Q($%"$+%&$:%($#

$+>&$Q($%"$+>&$:%($%

$+>&$:P ($%"$+>&$:0 ($3 !#<"

""M|I5%ghTW1pk$DsP9Wsxh?pk$DcD9vs

Page 19: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !>!""

xTGpzf[Ax#TI"H9vsP9Wxh?9vsxTGpzfAx#TI#~ $#%L%L $#&%I,+> 6+%sZ)y"

+> 7(+%" $#?%

<4(%&6%’":P(%^$&#Q:%’&%%’")̂ &%’":0(%^$6#Q:%’&%%’")*’("$6^&%$Q:%’&%%’")#

y $#?%V1"9vsxTGpCzf6pk$DsxTGpzftDr[#sZ)#}Ey_[Gy"C$+%’+>%’CQ($"C$+%’+>%’C:%($#MV1"$CghTW1pk$DsP9Wxh"Gr9vsxTGpCzf4(-spk$DsxTGpzfSTJ"C_w[9v^^4jI,L4t $G%s$D"3H4BL$D&’s<6~@##" $#<%6 $#?%s3G9P$=O.!

#" 8|"RS"V\4Dnspk$D$32+*I+-3).*I42O)-4I%"Hu"P9C$D$;2.C1-42I42O)-4I%&9:$D&’s#MH"’"9vspk(-Lpk$Dspk#=P9C$Du"RS9:s9F#

""$%M"_5ghTWsGG"pk$DL9vsxTGpzf[STJ+_59vsP9Wsxh"9vsxTGpzfSTJ"H_5pk$DsP9Wsxh"pk$DL9vsxTGpzf[STJ#pk$DsxTGpzf69vsxTGpzf[@qghTWsGG"1pk$DsP9Wsxh"19vsP9Wsxh&P‘-G#

Ms[Gy!9vsP9W?9vsGpzfxB>s#TI#PQRHN"ghTWLpk$DsP9Wx4J\s&’".w?$DL9vsGpzf[xB>s#TI#=""~\9vsGpzf6pk$DsGpzfs#PZo"3H9vsP9WsxhSD>?pk$DsGpzf9P-GB6#MssI9kY241*C+*CM4)*(.5C$#$$#%s+w9:x?L?S_‘#.wc6.5s=ke@I9]#"3~)6ps]^xhL=ksP9W"z&L$D=kso&"?&’TUE,LREB6#v:"MssI9jn2Lpk$DsP9W,9vsP9W,pk$DsGpzf69vsGpzfMN8PFftDsZ)#

@q $%#%S $#%L%Fg"I,pk$DsxTGpzf6pk$D4Dn_esZ)y

+% 7!%Q:%$68&%’&3 $#>%

""jXSEy2[ $#?%"I,9vsxTGpCzf6pk$D4Dn_esZ)y

+> 7Z!%" $#=%

Page 20: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!=$"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

<4Z%(Q:%!6 &̂"#&$y !#="]jV1%9vsxTGpzf64Dn_ex#sZ)$3E%0d$=O.&

$%N""9vsxTGpzfTJ%/E^4ts0U;}lpk$D’qq9vpk(H-G0U;[pk$D78sHMxe\xh9vsxTGpCzf$

~\OSQ&w19vsxTGpzfL4Dn_esTJ[[~ghTWsGGwh%3E9vsxTGpzf64Dn_etDr[M!‘k3Cs#Z)%M}l<6fh*r]#Lpk$D)ms#TI$:&BL]#LghTW’4Dn_e’pk$DsP9W’9vsP9W’pk$DsGpzfL9vsGpzftDsZ)$Iiwy%R+xTGpCzfj6_=XY! xZ%="Gp<’^j_5pkw6se| !CpkTWsxh"H]Pgf^ !}! !@"7Isw1"$iGps<’^HhRh:%Gpzfu*;@\<5 !EJ"s_=XY$45L7hs_=XY=&[S0%=GNxoOs45L"&$Os7hsxTGpzf[R|%&’]^s/‘S|$PQRHN%m?sd5 !$ug"’m05{’nJ?’4578L45/N/5\1EJs_=XY[uD458EL7h%=+~sGpzfR0%58|r$MN5\1EJR+_=XYRd%=ghTWLpk$Ds‘}0UP9W[Sh%]w@q5~=kSR.Gp6H_GpPXG !+Qo"%^wCefD<xT^^fsXG"%}H+7LxTGpzfsl_o&$3E%ghTWLpk$DsP9WsGG?&’]^AxREs|7$

:!!ghTW!4Dnef!P9W6GpzfsZ)

;!HT@78

7[cJlsC3LyK&3@RS$RSsDED>[\&@q<68PIL6pk$D4Dns\LYB%pqL$D&’M<\L70sR

Page 21: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !=%""

Q"RS}P9#pk6^ws}zhf$I9LP9C6pk$D4Dns(+WR#ghTWLpk$DspkTW?pk$D4Dn6P9CsP?_e#pk$D69vsP?Z)s&’%+ML0U;lpk$D78#$s23$}Hk &v! z+z;/’x?L<6w1%I#Lpk$Ds)m~oD<?_}r+Z[LGp<’^9Ps#TIsW3%n2LghTW#pk$DsP9W#9vsP9W#pk$D)msXY#pk$DsxTGpzf69vsxTGpzftDsZ)"

RSs3S~S4Bys<)#O.DW$<DE3S"!_5ghTWL(1pk$DspkTWsxh$_}r+Z[Sxh%ighTWP?\pk$DspkTWGGI4V$1ipk$DsP9Wxh$0U;}P978lpk$D78s#$STJ$pk$D)mXYSo0#pk$DL9vsxTGpzfSTJ#Gp<’^HhSxh#_}r+Z[STJ$3EMNLP70cI&’TU27yc$DMs]^kblsTU"

Iiwy$"[P9v109vsP9Ne4K[4D9v$/[cJIMc6P978s~@$}H4A4BkM6LM[P9@iHhosq!"jH$[cU}$BM%sq&uj&’RSs3S$z<"?0U;}P978l$D78s]$sW3"v:$_[c[pk$DsP9Ne4K[4D9v$}H[cgQpksVWOH6P9C$Ds~@"Ml9:cIYB4J>27+$]Q&IBCVW )}F+*A$#$$<$’(+;_"*"RS}pk$Dshf$I9L$D&’soQ$sCA2_c69>~:;I9L9]$D#P9_(6&’]^soQ"E_$"SP9v10 9vspk$DGIJI$/[cG<Mpi$Ds1Qo-."="$RSlwLW1/_ )E+O)I+*C9.23($%!>%$;;_%!%+#%$%9.23($%!!$$;;_%%!+%#$*sLF$j?45(CA2s;f3C+++ghFN"45$DMVMWUs>R23 )<{VL&’U$#$$!*$x?L\Ls?S_‘"RS?\+M$DMktrQWk]>5\sDb9M$?+&’P]>s5\ )EJ*<$DMP}‘/-.L70Ax?S|7$?\]^*M#$D&’~@Ik]ts45&’jAx7+|7"

U V W X

,%- :*.*6/.1I$&E45)O42)*A3(4D..CI’$A($+,"&"-)*/$%<3(9.O4/L42$%!!>_,#- :3+-B$P_$+*CF_F+II455$@G$X+,"&"-),e)$X"B@-$%),1&.)*/"%0!Y%"-’"2"&)12A)-$*/"

DJiF )‘&#+#3*_94SU.2B!M_M_9.23.*g’./;+*6$%!!&_,"- :3(423.*$H_$A($Y%"&/)$%!$%,(1&/)&!)#I@-$%),1_’.51/L)+$J._!e*)O42I)36.NJ)II.12)

F24II$%!>%_

,&- W2+1C45$Y_)%!=#*$’);)2)M1/)"&1&#’1<)/12)*-DL/(+Dj/(’$&/=%0$e"23‘$A($_($$2*"B

’"--$%,$_H.*C.*!F(.4*)‘F24II$#$$#_

Page 22: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!=#"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

#<$ ’(+*C542%:_%A($e)*)V2$.1&#&A($!1&1>$%)12U$;"2=/)"&)&@-$%),1&C=*)&$**_’+/L2)CA4%

J:&R+2O+2Ce*)O42I)36F24II%%!>>_

#?$ T[q%’ktr45_{0Hu|x()./&4Ay)O%#$$=$)

#>$ ’5+2B%’_!%!<>"%A($’"&#)/)"&*"B+,"&"-),4%">%$**!K%#+#_"_H.*C.*&J+-/)55+*g’._

H3C_%!?$_

#=$ ’T)*B.3+%J_%a_[.*B+)*4*%+*C J_ J.NN433%H&/$%&1/)"&12C=*)&$**_Q(./I.* X.13(@

M4I342*%#$$"_

#!$ E+O)I%H_%+*CE_9.23(%H&*/)/=/)"&12’(1&>$1&#@-$%),1&+,"&"-),W%"X/(_94S U.2B&

’+/L2)CA4e*)O42I)36F24II%%!>%_

#%$$E./L42A42%X_%’"&/%1,/)&>h%>1&)M1/)"&&@6/%1/$>),W=)#$/"h=/*"=%,)&>_b‘N.2C&b‘N.2Ce@

*)O42I)36F24II%%!!=_

#%%$Y241*C%’_%+*CE_M4)*(.5C%*Q(4a*342*43+*C3(4a*342*+3).*+5Q2+C4)*X42O)-4I+%@-$%),1&

+,"&"-),U$;)$X%#$$#%!#!#"%#"?,#&$_

#%#$Y1-(I%7_%A($6$%;),$+,"&"-0_94SU.2B&’.51/L)+e*)O42I)36F24II%%!?=_

#%"$D24)N%:_%H&*/)/=/)"&*1&#/($41/(/"/($!"#$%&+,"&"-0&?$**"&*B%"-!$#)$;12A%1#$_94S

U.2B&’+/L2)CA4e*)O42I)36F24II%#$$?_

#%&$R+2546%’_%*b-4+*Y24)A(3[+34I+*CF2.C1-3)O)36%%>&$,%!%"&Q(4F2)/+-6.NJ4-(+*)-+5a*@

O4*3).*[4+NN)2/4C+%N"=%&12"B+,"&"-),.)*/"%0%%!==%&=!&"%=<%,=>?_

#%<$mdz%’$D?a^6$D_(&7,-’ND?SI9()./&_8y)O%#$$=$)

#%?$P.(2)%:_%+*CP_H4+-(%*J)CC54/4*+*C3(4:55.-+3).*.NR4342.A4*4.1ID..CI+%H&/$%&1/)"&12

+,"&"-),U$;)$X%#$$#%&"!#"%"&>,"?%_

#%>$K.(*%J_%*Q2+C)*A’.I3I%3(4,‘;+*I).*.NQ2+C4+*C,-.*./)-D2.S3()*F24@a*C1I32)+5,1@

2.;4+%M.2B)*AF+;42$$,$<%E4;+23/4*3.N,-.*./)-I%E+23/.13(’.554A4%#$$%_

#%=$H4O)*I.*%J_%A($C"P&."X/($6()<<)&>’"&/1)&$%!1#$/($_"%2#6-122$%1&#/($_"%2#+I

,"&"-0C)>>$%_F2)*-43.*%9P&F2)*-43.*e*)O42I)36F24II%#$$?_

#%!$<{V-&’U%’ghFN6$DMWU()./&45&’y)O%#$$!$)

##$$"_%’$D_(s&’(I9&9v8ILhf()./&./0(y)O%#$$>$)

##%$’)1.e<=%’78&’U$‘(%j"A/2%./&./0(y)O%#$$"$)

###$’)1.e<=%’45&’sU#V7&af!?$,#$"$$(%j"A-,-.2)oH&oH_8

y)O%#$$=$)

##"$9.23(%E_%A($+,"&"-),W%"X/("B/($R&)/$#6/1/$*%DEJF,DjkF_94S U.2B&9.23.* g

’./;+*6%%!??_

##&$9.23(%E_%H&*/)/=/)"&*%H&*/)/=/)"&12’(1&>$1&#+,"&"-),4$%B"%-1&,$_94SU.2B&’+/L2)CA4

e*)O42I)36F24II%%!!$_

##<$F+*A%’_%*Q2+*I+-3).*X42O)-4I%Q2+C4F+3342*I%’.//)II).*J)CC54/4*+*CJ+2B1;J)CC54@

/4*&a*N2+@/+2A)*+5J.C45I+*CD4*42+5,i1)5)L2)1/:*+56I)I.N3(4E)O)I).*.NH+L.2+%F(EQ(4@

I)I%E4;+23/4*3.N,-.*./)-I%J.*+I(e*)O42I)36%#$$<_

##?$r:!+"%*ktrpk$D4Dnr[u8PILs<]}zI9+%’&’(!)*"(%#$$!$!=

"!##%!<=",?%$1)

##>$r:!L"%*:M4Dnsy7&V\m:&’‘69>~&’(s+M+%’gh&’(9:(%#$$!

$!##;%!&!,?"1)

Page 23: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!"# r":!$D&’s\LI9 !="""

"#=#F1I+342)$’_$@.)*/"%0"B@-$%),1&C=*)&$**%‘&#+#_&_:25)*A3.*R4)A(3I$a55_!R+25+*E+@

O)CI.*$a*-_$%!==_

"#!#[1L)*I34)*$:_$+*C:_M.5)*IB6$’J)CC54/4*($5=1%/$%20N"=%&12"B+,"&"-),*$%!=>$%$#

%"&$<=%)<!"_

""$#[1I3$P_$+*CD_R+55$’J)CC54/4*O42I1IJ+2B43J+B42I!:Q(4.26.N’./;43)3)O4,‘-(+*A4($

N"=%&12"B4"2)/),12+,"&"-0$#$$"$%%%%#%&$"<")&$"_

""%#X(4O-(4*B.$:_$’J)CC54/4*($H&/$%&1/)"&12+,"&"-),U$;)$X$#$$&$&<%%&$%)#&_

""##X1*$D@d$h_U+*A$+*CH_d(.1$’D4*42+5,i1)5)L2)+)*H+2A4,-.*./)4IS)3(,*C.A4*.1I

X321-3124.NE)O)I).*.NH+L.2($N"=%&12"B+,"&"-),C$(1;)"%l h%>1&)M1/)"&$#$$&$<<%#&$

#">)#<?_

"""#M4*$J_$’E)O)I).*.NH+L.2)*,-.*./)-E4O45.;/4*3($F(EQ(4I)I$E4;+23/4*3.N,-.*./)-I$

J.*+I(e*)O42I)36$%!!=_

""&#Xwx$*45TUYyyv+%TC)&,oH!oHUcy)O$#$$=$,

""<#U+*A$h_$+*CP_W.25+*C$’:J)-2.4-.*./)-J4-(+*)I/N.2,-.*./)-D2.S3(($N"=%&12"B4"I

2)/),12+,"&"-0$%!!%$!!%"&$&?$)&=#_

""?#U+*A$h_$+*CU@K_9A$6<$,)12)M1/)"&1&#+,"&"-),h%>1&)M1/)"&!@G$X’21**),12!),%"$,"I

&"-),Y%1-$X"%Q_:/I342C+/!9.23(@R.55+*C$%!!"_

"">#U+*A$h_$+,"&"-),*!G$X’21**),12;$%*=*G$",21**),12Y%1-$X"%Q*_94S U.2B!W5+-BS455

F1L5)I(42I$#$$%_

""=#lC$’{2^)))34q&sdB[($*45Ojs(k+#$$!$%#%%<I%(33;!--SSS_-+II_

*43_-*-N)54-#$$!%#%<#<#"%>_(3/5&,

""!#E..-~Vh/}s.ThF~L^I.~!%P&$*nCh)D[&’(0EW+!!"$TF

PDP2,./!&’s(y)O$%!!#$,

!Q2F4=,//31,=;1’-’E31!-,=&/3/’(#52"20G312;1’-’E&!

D,/2%’-;S$3=3903$E*3G3/3’-’(<,9’092#F22-+0’%$1#3’-,-%J0,%3-8

’Re9 F:9D%G1&S)&>@=#)/R&);$%*)/0&

!9/#0,1#"E)NN42)*AN2./4‘)I3)*AI31C)4I.*I42O)-44-.*./6$3()I;+;421I4I+*4S-5+I@

I)-+5/)-2.4-.*./)-/.C45.N/)CC54/4*3.4‘+/)*43(44-.*./)-*+3124.N32+C4I42O)-4I_a3

I(.SI3(+3$32+C4I42O)-4I+24A..CI3(+3A4*42+34;.I)3)O4*43S.2B4NN4-303(4C4A244.N/+2@

B43)*34A2+3).*)I+NN4-34CL63(4I-+54.N3(4I42O)-4*43S.2B$S()-(C4;4*CI.*3(4*1/L42

.N/)CC54/4*0Q(424+5;42-+;)3+)*-./4)*-24+I4IS)3(3(4)*I3)313).*+54NN)-)4*-6+*C32+C4

Page 24: P IL l m - img.bimba.pku.edu.cnimg.bimba.pku.edu.cn/resources/file/9/2015/07/01/201507013357551.pdf’()*+,-.*./)-01+234256 7.58!#9.8":;2)5##$%$! n/f;(1IL69>~9:w$@AEF%n/G.lN>>On/f;(1IL69>~9:

!=&"" & ’ ( !) *" !!"

4NN)-)4*-6#S(4*3(4)/;2.O4/4*3)*)*I3)313).*+54NN)-)4*-6)IA24+3423(+*3(432+C44NN)-)4*@

-6$.2S(4*3(4;2.C1-3)O)36.N5+L.2)*I42O)-4I)*-24+I4I$3(45+L.232+*IN42N2./;2.C1-3).*

3.32+C)*AI4-3.2IS)55)*-24+I4#+*C3(4)/;2.O4C)*I3)313).*+54NN)-)4*-6S)55+5I.4*5+2A43(4

/+2B43I)T4I_

:;<4=,//3(31,#3’-"H=$!b%#!P#%