OzoneOzone

The good, the bad, and the uglyThe good, the bad, and the ugly

To download: Shift Left Click

PowerPoint 97

Please respect copyright on this material

Reaction TopicReaction Topic

Since harmful UV radiation just causes Since harmful UV radiation just causes a sunburn that can be prevented a sunburn that can be prevented through the use of sunscreen lotions through the use of sunscreen lotions and clothing, what is the great concern and clothing, what is the great concern about the ozone hole over Antarctica?about the ozone hole over Antarctica?

Key PointsKey Points The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone

– Protects cells against Ultra Violet radiationProtects cells against Ultra Violet radiation– Control measures on CFC’s in placeControl measures on CFC’s in place– Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years – Risk spring-time losses in NH mid latitudeRisk spring-time losses in NH mid latitude– Do not confuse with global warming!Do not confuse with global warming!

The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere

Stratospheric OzoneStratospheric Ozone

From Space ShuttleFrom Space Shuttle

Ozone ChemistryOzone Chemistryschematicschematic

Ozone: OOzone: O33

+ +

sunlight

+ waterchlorinenitrogen

Air: 20% 0Air: 20% 022

Total Ozone Total Ozone above above

Halley Bay,Halley Bay,AntarcticaAntarctica

The Ozone Hole TourThe Ozone Hole Tour

The Antarctic Ozone HoleThe Antarctic Ozone Hole

SH spring (Oct) since SH spring (Oct) since ~ 1980~ 1980

Due to chlorine from Due to chlorine from CFCs +CFCs +meteorologymeteorology

1998 deepest ever1998 deepest ever Montreal protocolMontreal protocol

controlscontrols Troposphere CFCs Troposphere CFCs

beginning to decreasebeginning to decrease

Centre Centre for Atmospheric Science - University of for Atmospheric Science - University of CambridgeCambridge

The 1998 Ozone Hole The 1998 Ozone Hole

Click here for Click here for AnimationAnimation

NH OzoneNH Ozone

Arctic meteorology less extremeArctic meteorology less extreme Pinatubo caused substantial springtime Pinatubo caused substantial springtime

hole including Wisconsin hole including Wisconsin More COMore CO22 increases risk increases risk Montreal protocol working but need to Montreal protocol working but need to

watch for several decadeswatch for several decades

Effects of UV radiationEffects of UV radiation

Human healthHuman health– increased melanoma (skin cancer)increased melanoma (skin cancer)– avoid with clothing, sunscreenavoid with clothing, sunscreen

Plant, plankton ecosystemsPlant, plankton ecosystems– loss of productivity in Antarctic hole loss of productivity in Antarctic hole

recently documentedrecently documented– long term implications still not knownlong term implications still not known

Skin CancerSkin Cancer 700,000 cases / year in U.S.700,000 cases / year in U.S.

– 90% due to UV radiation 90% due to UV radiation – reduce risk with sunscreen and clothingreduce risk with sunscreen and clothing

Melanoma least common but most Melanoma least common but most seriousserious

Curable if early detection and treatmentCurable if early detection and treatment

Basal Cell Squamous Cell Melanoma

http://www.skin-cancer.com/consumer/truth/needknow/needknow.htm

Damage from UV Radiation ?Damage from UV Radiation ?

Antarctic penguinsAntarctic penguins

Key PointsKey Points

The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface

– Oxidizes (burns) plants and lungsOxidizes (burns) plants and lungs– NONOx x and Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffectiveand Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffective– Widespread violations of EPA standards Widespread violations of EPA standards

The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere

Surface OzoneSurface Ozone Effects on UV radiation smallEffects on UV radiation small Toxic from direct contact Toxic from direct contact

– respiratory problemsrespiratory problems

– plants killedplants killed

Sunlight + NOSunlight + NOx x + hydrocarbons -> ozone+ hydrocarbons -> ozone Ozone alerts: urban regions in summer where Ozone alerts: urban regions in summer where

industry + automobiles or trees industry + automobiles or trees In WI, mostly Milwaukee, Kenosha, ... , shared In WI, mostly Milwaukee, Kenosha, ... , shared

with Chicago, Gary, ...with Chicago, Gary, ...

Key PointsKey Points

The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone

The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface

The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere– An increasing greenhouse gasAn increasing greenhouse gas

Ozone as Greenhouse GasOzone as Greenhouse Gas

Increasing with regional industryIncreasing with regional industry Also from agricultural fires Also from agricultural fires

Key PointsKey Points The Good: Stratospheric Ozone The Good: Stratospheric Ozone

– Protects cells against Ultra Violet radiationProtects cells against Ultra Violet radiation– Control measures on CFC’s in placeControl measures on CFC’s in place– Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years Antarctic Ozone Hole with us for 50 years – Risk spring-time losses in NH mid latitudeRisk spring-time losses in NH mid latitude

The Bad: Ozone near Earth SurfaceThe Bad: Ozone near Earth Surface– Oxidizes (burns) plants and lungsOxidizes (burns) plants and lungs– NONOx x and Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffectiveand Hydrocarbon emission controls ineffective– Widespread violations of EPA standards Widespread violations of EPA standards

The Ugly: Ozone in Upper TroposphereThe Ugly: Ozone in Upper Troposphere– An increasing greenhouse gasAn increasing greenhouse gas

Sources of InformationSources of Information

Horel and Geisler Chapter 9Horel and Geisler Chapter 9 National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Oceanic and Atmospheric

AdministrationAdministration U.S. Forest ServiceU.S. Forest Service ScheringSchering Corporation Corporation Centre Centre

for Atmospheric Science, University of for Atmospheric Science, University of CambridgeCambridge