Ozone: Science & Engineering Thirty Three Years and Growing

Barry L. Loeb

Editor-in-Chief, Ozone: Science & Engineering

9731 Pebble View Dr., Cincinnati, Ohio 45252 USA Tel. / Fax: +1 513 385 3906

email: blloeb@fuse.net

Abstract The first issue of Ozone: Science & Engineering was published in early 1979 with Dr. L. J. Bollyky as the Editor-in-Chief. This was a milestone for the International Ozone Association enabling professional recognition of the advances in ozone technology. Since this first issue, 33 volumes of Ozone: Science & Engineering have been published containing 168 individual issues, 1128 technical articles and nearly 16,000 pages. Dr. Rip Rice became Editor-in-Chief in 1985 and continued this position until 1998. Under the leadership of these gentlemen, OS&E expanded from about 70 pages per issue four times per year to 100 pages, then to six issues per year, at about 100 pages. In 2001 the dimensions of the journal were increased to accommodate even more manuscripts. Early articles in Ozone: Science & Engineering focused heavily on aquaculture applications, municipal wastewater treatment and industrial applications. In 1980 the application of ozone to trihalomethane control was developed and a shift to papers on drinking water treatment occurred. Early papers also introduced the use of ozone for pulp bleaching, odor control, bottled water treatment, swimming pool treatment, cooling tower treatment, the use of UV, advanced oxidation, and ozone measurement. As the journal and ozone science matured, papers began to cover more in-depth studies on disinfection removal of specific pollutants and to focus on current environmental problems such as inactivation of Cryptosporidium. Current issues are covering new applications for ozone such as agri-food applications and emerging contaminants (endocrine disruptors). In 1989, the Harvey M. Rosen Memorial Award was established to recognize the “best paper” published in Ozone: Science & Engineering during the two-year period between World Congresses. The selection of award is determined by the Editorial Board of Ozone: Science & Engineering. To date, eleven papers have received this prestigious award. This paper reviews the first 33 years of Ozone: Science & Engineering and offers a glimpse into the future of the journal. Emphasis is placed on the contributions to the Journal from France.

Keywords

Ozone; Ozone Applications; Ozone: Science & Engineering;

Introduction

The first issue of Ozone: Science and Engineering was published in early 1979 with Dr. L. Joseph Bollyky as Editor-in Chief. Dr. Bollyky had been requested by Drs. Morton Klein and Harvey Rosen to prepare a technical journal for the International Ozone Institute. This issue consisted of 7 papers and 88 pages.

The first Editorial Board of OS&E was: Dr. Walter J. Blogoslawski, National Marine Fisheries Service, USA Mr. J. K. Carswell, EPA Municipal Environmental Research Laboratories, USA Dr. Jürg Hoigné, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute for Water Resources and Water Pollution

Control, Switzerland Dr. Wolfgang Kühn, Engler Bunte Institute, Univ. of Karlsruhe, German Federal Republic Dr. Jean Pierre Legeron, Trailigaz, France Dr. Norman Liebergott, Paper Pulp Research Institute of Canada, Canada Dr. Willy J. Masschelein, Compagnie Intercommunale, Bruxelloise des Eaux, Belgium Mr. C. Michael Robson, City of Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Dr. Harvey M. Rosen, Union Carbide Corp., USA This first issue started off with a Dedication by Morton J. Klein, President of the International Ozone Association. A few of his comments are excerpted below.

“On December 2-5, 1973, 400 scientists from 15 nations gathered in Washington, D. C. for the First International Symposium on Ozone for Water and Wastewater treatment. At that time, the International Ozone Institute was formally established. This organization, now reincorporated as the International Ozone Association, was formed to collect and disseminate information on all aspects of ozone technology. Toward this end, we conduct biennial ‘World Ozone Congresses’, which are truly international meetings in which leaders in ozone technology present a broad spectrum of technical papers.” “Now, with a worldwide membership and with our plans for future Congresses and meetings in place, we launch a new endeavor Ozone: Science and Engineering, The Journal of the International Ozone Association. Such an undertaking is not easy, but with the dedication and efforts of Dr. L. J. Bollyky, his Editorial Board, and many others, it has come to pass. Our membership has indicated that we should have a journal. It now remains for them to support it with high quality papers and to promote its utilization.”

Dr. Bollyky in his first Editorial stated:

“The scientific and engineering fields involved in ozone related projects have traditionally attracted a group of bright, enthusiastic, dedicated people. However, much of their work, reported at the congresses and symposia of the International Ozone Association did not reach the scientific and engineering community at large. This journal is intended to provide a means of communicating with the outside world and a forum for all researchers, engineers and other interested persons to speak out on any ozone and environment-related problems. The editorial philosophy is to publish any scientifically and technically oriented paper which deals with new information on ozone, its reactions, applications, engineering design data, plant operations, and experiences. All papers presented at the meetings, symposia, and world congresses of the International Ozone Association will automatically be given consideration for publication. To assure the highest possible standards, the papers will be reviewed prior to acceptance for publication.”

The editorial philosophy established in this first issue of OS&E remains in effect today. The first article published in OS&E was titled “Ozonation as a Critical Component of Closed Marine System Design” by Kenneth V. Honn, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI. (1) This paper describes the use of ozone as an oxidative supplement to biological filtration. Ozone maintained filter bed effluent levels of total ammonia, unionized ammonia and nitrite within acceptable levels.

This issue featured three other articles on marine applications, “Ozone Reactivity with Seawater Components” by Kosak-Channing and Helz (2); “Toxicity and Effects of Bromoform on five Marine Species” by Gibson, et. al. (3) ; and “Ozone-UV Water Treatment System for Shellfish Quarantine” by Blogoslawski and Alleman (4). These four papers had been initially presented at the second “Aquatic Applications of Ozone” workshop held in Orlando, 1979. This issue also featured the first of several papers by Professor Jürg Hoigné, “Ozonation of Water: Selectivity and Rate of Oxidation of Solutes” (5). In this paper the hydroxyl free radical mechanisms were outlined for the first time in OS&E. Since its inception, OS&E has published 1128 papers from more than 1900 authors or contributing authors in 168 issues comprising nearly 16,000 pages of text covering an extensive range of ozone-related topics. These will be summarized throughout this paper. Dr. Bollyky continued as Editor-in-Chief until 1985. At that time Dr. Rip Rice, who had been an editorial board member since 1980 took over as Editor and continued in this position until 1998. Barry Loeb has since held the position of Editor. Under Dr. Rice’s tutelage the journal continued to grow in size in stature. In 1991, it became necessary to increase number of issues per year from four to six, reflecting the increased number of submittals. The annual number of pages also peaked in 1991 at 744 due to a large number of papers from the 9th Ozone World Congress (New York). In 2000 the total pages again approached 700 and the size of the journal was increased to 8.5 x 11 inches with a new cover design. To reflect the increasing workload in coordinating peer review of papers, Professor Marcel Doré of Université de Poitiers (France) was appointed Editor-for-Europe in 1985. Professor Nigel Graham of Imperial College (London) was appointed Assistant Editor in 1991 upon the retirement of Professor Doré. In 1993 Professor David Reckhow joined Dr. Graham as Assistant Editor reflecting the increasing number of manuscripts to be reviewed. Dr. Reckhow assumed responsibility for papers generated in the Americas with Dr. Graham covering the rest of the world. In 1998 Dr. Reckhow retired and Dr. Gordon Finch of the University of Alberta assumed the position until his untimely death in 2000. The contributions of the University of Alberta continued with Professor Daniel Smith assuming the position of Associate Editor along with Dr. Graham. In 2002, Professor Hiroshi Tsuno of Kyoto University was appointed Associate Editor, Japan to reflect the increasing number of manuscripts generated from this region.

The Early Years

Pergamon Press published OS&E until 1985 when Lewis Publishers became the journal’s publisher. Lewis Publishers was acquired by CRC Press in the early 1990s, but continued to publish OS&E as the Lewis Publishers division of CRC Press. In 2003, CRC Press was acquired by Taylor & Francis who now publishes OS&E. Ozone: Science & Engineering was initiated before computer generated manuscripts and the first few issues were prepared by typewriter, a very time-consuming task. One of the first milestones was to have OS&E accepted by Chemical Abstracts as a journal for their referencing. The rigorous peer review process that had been implemented was a key to being accepted by Chemical Abstracts. The early issues of OS&E are full of articles that still retain interest. In the second issue of OS&E, medium frequency ozone generation was compared with low frequency with the conclusion that medium frequency led to lower operating costs (6). Although the term “Advanced Oxidation” was not coined for several years, Nakayama et al. introduced the term “catalytic ozonation” to describe the treatment of effluent from an electro deposition process via ozonation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (7). This was the

first OS&E published information on “advanced oxidation” involving ozone/H2O2 oxidation of refractory organics. In the first of only two articles published in OS&E on this topic, the ozonation of a radioactive wastewater was described by Lutton, Bollyky et al. (8). Ozonation was used to remove EDTA and other complexing agents so that the remaining radionuclides could be processed via ion exchange. In a more recent study, Vilve et al. studied ozonation for the degradation of organic compounds from nuclear laundry water (140). The first of many articles on aquaculture were published, including one describing the use of ozone for shellfish depuration (9), one describing the use of ozone for salmonid fish rearing (10), and a paper describing the use of ozone for purification of fish hatchery waters (13). Industrial applications were featured in the early years of OS&E. Work was presented showing the use of ozone for shrinkproofing of wool (11), for use of ozone in the photoprocessing industry (12) and one of the first applications in use of ozone for removal of cyanides (14). The first of many papers on Trihalomethane (THM) formation and control via ozonation was published by Dr. Rice (15). This paper described the mechanisms for forming THM and the role of ozone in this process. The concept of mass transfer in ozone contacting systems was introduced and discussed in detail by Roustan et al. (16) and later by Bollyky (17). This latter paper outlines a number of industrial applications for ozone mass transfer. The first (and unfortunately one of the very few) papers on ozone safety and handling was published by Damez and Vigouret (18) with a companion paper on ozone destruction via a thermal catalytic method by Shalekamp (19). This is by no means an inclusive list of all the early papers but it does show the broad scope of ozone applications that OS&E was covering. It also indicates that many of these papers remain relevant today as they established several fundamental concepts for the understanding and use of ozone.

Highlights of OS&E

From the early years, OS&E has grown and continued to be the source of ozone information for scientists and engineers. The journal is frequently cited in other well-known technical journals and we continue to receive papers of very high quality. The journal impact factor has been steadily rising and is currently 1.515. The journal is rated 24/42 in Environmental Engineering and 113/180 in Environmental Sciences. In this section, a brief summary of major ozone topics is presented indicating how OS&E has been a leader in presenting these topics to the ozone industry. Again this list is not inclusive; the reader is directed to the author and key word indices which appeared in Volume 31 No 2. There is also a CD ROM available which contains all issues of the first 25 years. All issues of OS&E are available to IOA members on the Taylor & Francis website. Drinking Water Treatment Ozone was used for drinking water treatment long prior to the establishment of OS&E so the initial papers were actually already reporting on advances in the technology. By far, drinking water treatment features the largest number of articles published in OS&E starting with the first major article published in 1979 “Ozonation of Water: Selectivity and Rate of Oxidation of Solutes” by Hoigné and Bader (5). Since the first paper, more than one hundred papers investigating various

phases of drinking water treatment have been published. Some examples of drinking water treatment papers are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Ozone: Science & Engineering articles featuring drinking water treatment

Application Reference Introduction of hydroxyl radical concept 5 “CT” concept for drinking water disinfection 20,21,22, 24,25,26,115 Bromate formation and control 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,113,114,

126,142 Trihalomethane formation and control 2, 38, 39, 40 Color removal (humic acids) 34,35,36,37 Biological Activated Carbon with Ozone 41,42,43,44 Cryptosporidium Inactivation 47,48,49,51,51,52,116, 125Advanced Oxidation 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 141 Ozone Flotation for algae control 45,46 Individual Plant Experiences 23, 54, 55, 56 OS&E followed closely the development of the “CT’ concept for drinking water disinfection with numerous papers submitted. Several of these are listed in Table 1 starting with the initial concept suggested by Wickramanayake and Sproul (20) and leading to the design of large ozone contactors by Rakness et al. (25). A novel approach to reaction kinetics, the Rct concept was developed by Elovitz et al. (115) Bromate formation and control has received much attention from the journal. An introduction to bromate chemistry was presented in 1985 by Cooper et al. (27). Gary Amy of the University of Colorado and his colleagues presented a number of works covering models for bromate control and bromate control options (28, 31,32). Other excellent papers were presented by Somiya (29), Croué (30) and Welté (33) to name a few. Recent surveys have been made on bromates in French (113) and Swiss (114) drinking waters. F. Berne et al. investigated the effect of addition of ammonia on bromate formation during ozonation (126). Jarvis (142) attempted to model bromate formation during ozonation. Advanced Oxidation The term “Advanced Oxidation” was first advanced by W.H. Glaze et al. in their Harvey Rosen Award winning paper “ The Chemistry of Water Treatment Processes Involving Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Radiation” (57). This paper outlined the synergy between ozone, hydrogen peroxide and UV. Since then, many papers have discussed advanced oxidation as a standard process for water treatment. A selection of other references for advanced oxidation is listed in Table 1. A paper by Sánchez Polo et al. (141) investigated the combination of ozone with activated carbon as an alternative to conventional advanced oxidation processes. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Although the serious nature of Cryptosporidium was not fully recognized until the late 1990s when outbreaks were documented in Canada, the United States and Great Britain, the subject was first addressed in OS&E in 1991. E. Nieminski (47) studied the effect of ozone on Cryptosporidium in Colorado River Water delivered to the Phoenix Water Treatment Plant. The effect of ozone for Cryptosporidium inactivation in a lime softening plant was studied by Crozes et al. (48). Liyanage, Finch and Belosevic then authored the Harvey Rosen Award winning paper “Sequential Disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum by Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide” (49). Several excellent papers followed, including a paper sponsored by industry “Design Criteria for Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by Ozone in Drinking Water” by Finch et al. (52). Do-Quang et al. investigated the mathematical modeling of theoretical Cryptosporidium inactivation in full-scale ozone reactors

(50); Owens et al. investigated the pilot-scale inactivation of Cryptosporidium (51); and Levin, Craik, Li and Smith investigated the sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium using ozone followed by free chlorine (53). Craik et al. investigated the use of a static mixer contactor for Cryptosporidium inactivation (116). The impacts of CT requirements on design of ozone systems for Cryptosporidium inactivation were outlined by Schulz et al. (125) Wastewater Treatment Municipal Wastewater Much of the work on ozone disinfection of municipal wastewater occurred early in the years of OS&E. Particularly in the United States, ozone was promoted and favored for wastewater treatment with 50-60 plants being built (77, 78). Early work by Netzer et al. (73) reported on pilot plant studies in Brampton, Ontario, Canada to establish the optimum criteria for the ozone disinfection of effluents under various conditions of wastewater treatment plant operations. Richard and Conan (74) invested the importance of interfacial action on ozone disinfection and wastewater treatment. In more recent work Finch and Smith (75) investigated the pilot-scale evaluation of ozone disinfection of Escherichia coli in a semi-batch stirred tank reactor. Liberti et al. (76) reported on the use of ozone for disinfection of municipal wastewater for reuse in agriculture. Most recently, van Leeuwen et al. investigated the integration of ozone into an activated sludge process with encouraging results (165). Ried et al. (166) summarized potential options for applying ozone for the improvement of effluents from wastewater treatment plants, with focus on the technical aspects of integrating ozone in either new or existing plants. Industrial Wastewater For an immediate overview of industrial wastewater applications, the reader is directed to the survey paper by Rice (68), that presents a detailed review of published applications (in OS&E and elsewhere) of ozone for treating many types of industrial wastewaters. Applications of ozone technologies to control pollution in full-scale industrial wastewater treatment in the areas of recycling marine aquaria, electroplating wastes, electronic chip manufacture, textiles and petroleum refineries, are discussed. The rising acceptance of ozone as a replacement bleaching agent for paper pulp to eliminate the discharge of halogenated effluents form pulp bleaching also is traced. Newer applications for ozone in treating rubber additive wastewaters, landfill leachates, and detergents in municipal wastewaters are summarized briefly. The combination of ozone oxidation followed by biological treatment has been installed full-scale at a large German industrial chemical complex. Ozone coupled with ultraviolet radiation and/or hydrogen peroxide (advanced oxidation) is being utilized to destroy organic contaminants in groundwaters at munitions manufacturing plants and at Superfund sites (hazardous wastes). Ozone followed by activated carbon adsorption removes color and organics cost-effectively from North African phosphoric acid. Recent papers on industrial wastewater treatment have covered the removal of chlorophenol (69,70), the ozonation of phenolic compounds present in wastewater from food processing industries (71), and removal of 3-methyl pyridine (72). Qui et al. reported on ozonation kinetics of six dichlorophenol isomers (117). Ozone has been used for treatment of lye-wastewaters from the table olives industry (118). Ramseier and von Gunten (167) studied the mechanics of phenol ozonation and the resultant reaction products.

Wang et al. (127) reported on oxidation of landfill leachate with ozone and with ozone/peroxide. For the leachate studied, ozone alone was sufficient. In a comprehensive survey article, Ikehata et al. summarized degradation of recalcitrant surfactants in wastewater using ozone and advance oxidation processes (130). Ozone Generation and Contacting Ozone generator manufacturers made many of the advancements in ozone generation and as a result much technology was kept proprietary in the early days of the IOA. However, an increasing number of significant papers concerning ozone generation and ozone generator design have been published in OS&E. An early work by Louboutin (62) analyzed the appearance of spark phenomena in ozone generators and proposed modifications for its reduction. In one of the first of many papers authored by scientists from Brown Boveri (Switzerland), Kogelschatz and Baessler (63) reviewed the formation of nitrous oxide and dinitrogen pentoxide from air-fed ozone generators. This article should be reviewed by anyone using air-fed generators and, in particular, those using oxygen generated from on- site air separation (PSA, VSA, VPSA) plants. Eliasson and Kogelschatz (65) studied ozone formation in oxygen at atmospheric pressure following the photodissociation of oxygen molecules in the vacuum UV range. This process involved xenon excimer radiation from a dielectric barrier discharge. There have been many follow-up papers on this work by several authors. New ozone generator concepts have been proposed in OS&E. One example is the development of a corona wire-to-cylinder ozone generator by R. Peyrous et al. (66). The choice of feed gas for ozone generators has shifted from air to oxygen over the years and authors have made economic comparisons of the two feed gases. Horn et al. (67) outlined the criteria for the selection of the feed gas for ozone generation. This work was based on experience at the UK Purton Water Works (Bristol Water Plc). Ozone Contacting/Solubility Ozone contacting is a critical component of any operating ozone facility and OS&E has given this extensive coverage. M. Roustan and his associates published a number of papers on the design and modeling of conventional ozone bubble column reactors with one reference listed here (160). Jakubowski et al. analyzed ozone mass transfer in a plunging liquid jet contactor (161). Baawain et al. investigated the modeling of an impinging-jet ozone bubble column reactor(162, 168) Rakness outlined ozone side stream design options and operating conditions (163). A survey of static mixer efficiency and energy consumption was made by Munter (169). Ozone Analysis

The analysis of ozone is critical to the determination of the efficiency and safety of ozone processes and OS&E has reported on the work in this field with several significant papers published. In an early paper, Bader and Hoigné (84) proposed a standard method for the determination of ozone in water by the indigo trisulfonate method. Issues with use of the Indigo sensitivity coefficient method for residual ozone measurement were reviewed by Gordon and Bubnis (122). Grunwell et al. (85) prepared a detailed comparison of analytical methods for residual ozone measurement. G. Gordon et al. (86) presented the chemical reactions of ozone and their role in developing improved analytical methods. Y. Richard (87) presented a classic work outlining an ozone water demand test. The International Ozone association has been active in developing guidelines or codes of good practice for measuring ozone concentration. In November 1995 a meeting to discuss the formulation of a single guideline was held in Oxford, Ohio USA. At this meeting, members of the quality assurance committees of the Pan American Group (PAG), the European-African-Australasian Group (EA3G) and the Nippon Island Group) (NIG) proposed revisions to guidance documents and published the new documents in OS&E (112) A major event requiring ozone analysis is the measurement of the gas phase ozone composition from an ozone generator. This measurement is critical for determining the economical performance of the generator. The concentration can be measured by either wet chemistry methods or by a commercial UV gas phase ozone analyzer. Rakness et al. and the IOA Quality Assurance Committees prepared two excellent papers proposing guidelines for measurement of ozone concentration in the process gas (88,89). W. J. Masschelein also compared the measurement of high ozone concentrations in gases by KI titration and UV-absorption (90). Recently, Rakness et al. (170) reviewed and developed methods for operator-friendly use of the indigo colorimetric measurement of ozone residual. Specific Compound Removal Ozone research reported in OS&E has focused on the reduction/elimination of many specific compounds. A sampling of these is listed in Table 2. A complete list of the compounds investigated is available in the 30-year keyword index for OS&E. Note the reference on Anthrax (119) which references other work on use of ozone to remove this toxic material. A very complete two-part survey of aqueous pesticide degradation was completed by Ikehta et al. (128, 129). Emerging Contaminants Emerging contaminants, i.e. pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are becoming of increasing concern both in drinking water and wastewater supplies. Ozone has been identified by researchers as one technique which appears to inactivate these chemicals. Ikehata et al. (143) developed a comprehensive review article on the degradation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by ozonation and advanced oxidation processes. Extensive information on the degradation of EDCs by ozone was presented by Snyder et al. (144) and Ning, Graham, Gamal el Din et al (145). Yargeau and Leclair (147) reviewed the impact of operating conditions on decomposition of antibiotics during ozonation. Gagnon et al (148) studied the degradation of pharmaceutical products in primary-treated wastewater.

Rahman et al. prepared a major study on the effect of ozone advanced oxidation on removal of pharmaceuticals and EDCs from Lake Huron water, and the effect on turbidity, particles and organics removal (171,172) Table 2. Ozone Reduction of Specific Compounds Compound Reference Anthrax 119 Atrazine 91 Cinnamic Acid 92 Crotonic Acid 124 Cyanides 14, 93 Glycerol 94 Fatty Acids 95 Pesticides 96, 97, 128, 129 Emerging Contaminants 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 171,172 Miscellaneous (and unusual) Applications of Ozone There are a number of ozone applications that, due to space limitations of this paper, have not yet been addressed. These range from the large number of papers presented on cooling tower control to odor control to the treatment of swine manure. A listing of a few applications is shown in Table 3. This list again is a sampling; many more applications are referenced in OS&E. A very comprehensive analysis of materials of construction applicable to the design of ozone systems was presented by Sleeper and Henry (121). An introduction to the use of ozone in the laundry industry and some operating data on commercial systems is presented by a series of papers by Rice et al. (176,177,178). Ozone is used in a number of industrial applications as an oxidant of organic chemicals. Leitzke and von Sonntag have investigated the ozone oxidation of a number of unsaturated carboxylic acids in aqueous solution (179). Table 3. Miscellaneous Applications of Ozone Application Reference Cooling Tower Water Treatment 98, 99, 100 Odor Control and Removal 101,102,103,104 Boiler Feed Water 105 Microelectronics Industry 120 Plating Wastes 14 Silver Recovery 12 Swimming Pools 107,108,109,110,111 Whirlpools 106 Photoprocessing Wastes 12 Swine Manure Treatment 104 Laundry 150, 176,177,178 Agri-Food Applications In 2001, the U. S. FDA approved the petition to consider ozone as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for the treatment and approved it as an antimicrobial agent. These since has been considerable research on the use of ozone for food processing and several commercial installations exist.

An introduction of the use of ozone for agri-food applications can be found in the survey paper by Rice (151). Fujiwara et al. (154) studied ozonated water as an alternate to soil disinfectants. Vijayanandraj et al. showed the effect of ozone on preventing Black Rot disease in onion (155). Experience from a commercial field trial is presented by Steffen and Rice (156, 157). This process used ozone, UV, advanced oxidation and other techniques for a complete crop protection system. A good summary of the contribution of ozone to food processing in Japan is presented by Naito and Takahara (152). Wei et al. (159) reported on the effect of ozone treatment on fresh strawberry and shredded lettuce food quality. Sopher et al. outlined the applications of ozone in catfish processing (158). The use of ozone significantly reduced the microbial loads in a commercial plant. Strickland et al. (173) reviewed the six year experience of ozone processing of fresh cut salad mixes. In additional to longer shelf-life, the factory experiences less frequent changes of flume water, lower maintenance costs, reduced wastewater disposal costs and reduced chlorine odor in the plant environment. Ozone is finding increasing application in the wine industry and its use in a clean-in-place system (CFIP) is summarized by Guillen et al. (174) Medical and Dental Applications The use of ozone in medicine and dentistry has been and remains controversial, primarily due to federal restrictions on its use in the United States. A number of IOA members have medical background and have studied its use and OS&E has reported on their work. The interest in the use of ozone for medical applications appears to be increasing and IOA technical conferences occasionally include separate medical sessions. An early review on the clinical applications of ozone therapy was prepared by Rilling (79). Viebahn et al. reported on the influence of ozone on tumor tissue (80). Bocci et al. prepared a comprehensive summary of the uses of ozone in medicine. (83). Menéndez et al. summarized the use of ozone in cancer therapy (153). Ozonated olive oil is used in many parts of the world to treat various skin diseases. Kataoka et al. (175) studied the effects of this oil on mice with both positive and negative results. Dr. A. Filippi has extensively studied and reported on the use of ozone in oral surgery (81) and the use of ozone to treat water in dentists’ offices (82).

Contributions from Regional Groups

Figure 1 shows the contribution by regional group to OS&E. By far the largest contribution throughout the history of OS&E has come from the EA3G region. France has contributed approximately 120 papers to OS&E, about 11% of the total. The first contribution was in the first year of publication where Fauvel et al. (9) discussed seawater ozonation and shellfish depuration. The conclusions reached in this paper are still valid today.

f

t

f

t

Contributionfewer paper

France prodtransfer andB. Legube (3

The first coOzonation iTabata of Mozonation ufrom an elecould be inadvanced to

Japan has c

Figure 1. Re

Figure 2 spercentage the highest c

In addition contributionson the pracstudies (132biological nuprocess red

Mizuno et aorganic pollhydrogen pe

ns from Franrs have been

duced a nud ozone anal30,113,126)

ontribution fn Ozonation

Mitsubishi Esing hydrogctro-depositncorporatedopics at this

contributed a

egional Con

hows the dof the papeconcentratio

to the wors reporting octical applica2). Tsuno eutrient remouced endoc

al. (137) useutants from eroxide for th

PA36

nce were strn received.

umber of siglysis. Of par), Y. Richard

from Japan n Systems lectric Corp

gen peroxidetion process into the otime attestin

approximate

ntributions to

distribution ers focused on was on dr

k by Nakayon wastewaation of ozo

et al. (133) ooval processrine disrupti

ed pre-coagumunicipal s

he final stag

JAG%

rong from 19

gnificant particular note wd (45,74,87,8

occurred iby S. Naka

poration (7). e as a catalys. This samozonation png to the qua

ly 73 papers

o OS&E

of papers on wastewarinking wate

yama mentiater treatmenonation to doutlined a nes combined wng chemical

ulation, ozonsewage. The of treatme

Japan7%

978-2000, p

apers relatinwere the co

88) and M. R

n Issue 2 ayama, K. E

This early yst. The pro

me paper shoprocess. Caality of the re

s to OS&E, a

contributed ater treatmer treatment.

oned abovent with ozondyeing wastew advancedwith reductiols (EDCs) to

nation and ohe use of inent.

EA3G57%

eaking in ab

g to drinkinntributions b

Roustan (22,

of the first Esaki, K, Napaper desc

ocess was dowed how aatalytic ozoesearch bein

about 7% of

from Japant, compare

e, there have. Takahashewater alond treatment on of exces

o near undete

ozone/hydronitial ozone

bout 1995. S

ng water disby J-P Dugu50,160).

year of Oamba, Y. Tcribed a medemonstratedan oxygen renation and

ng conducted

the total (Fi

n to OS&Eed to EA3G

ve been sehi et al. (131

ng with mansystem, wh

ss sludge byectable leve

gen peroxidallows a sm

Since year 2

sinfection, met (22,38,50

S&E, “Impraniguchi anthod of catad on wastewecycling pro

recycling d in Japan.

gure 1).

E. The higand PAG w

everal signif1) have repony other speich consists

y ozonation. els.

de for removmaller dosag

2000,

mass 0,58),

roved nd N. alytic water ocess were

ghest where

ficant orted ecific

s of a This

val of ge of

w

t

At

w

t

A

tt

Figure 2. D

Unique to Jawaste from night, and trpresented bto reduce tinvestigated

A number oto ozone sto(139) also p

Bromate res(164) propowater.

In 1989 theaccomplishmthe “best paHarvey M. Association early in the the creationtechnologiesmembers of

Recipients o

Process Wat7%

N

istribution of

apan is the communitie

ransported tby Matsumothe genotox

d ozonation c

of novel approrage and coproposed ozo

search is alosing a simp

e IOA and ments in OSaper” publishRosen wasand of OS&1970s the n

n (in 1979) s. Recipief the Editoria

of the Rosen

Ozone Generation

19%

er

Night Soil5%

f OS&E Pap

reporting ones without ato a central to and Wataic potency combined w

roaches to ooncentrationone clusters

lso being cople model to

Harv

OS&E EdS&E. The Hhed in OS&Es a prime &E., the Jouneed for theof a peer-r

nts of the al Board of O

n Award to d

Other11%

pers from Jap

n the use of a central sew

treating locanabe (134).of substancith electrolys

ozone genern was outline

(O6 and O9)

onducted in o predict form

vey M. Rose

ditors decidearvey M. RoE during themover behi

urnal of the Ae establishmreviewed teRosen Awa

OS&E every

ate are:

Water Treatment

24%

Was

pan

ozone to trewage treatmation. A goo. Ono et al. ces containesis followed

ration have ed by A. Mu).

Japan withmation of br

en Memoria

ed that an osen Memore two-year pnd the estaAssociation.

ment of an oechnical jourard are dettwo years.

stewater34%

eat night soiment plant wod introducti(135) inves

ed in night by biologica

been develorai et al (138

h the latest romate ion d

al Award

award wasrial Award wperiod betweablishment . It was Ha

ozone assocrnal dealingtermined by

l. “Night Soiwhich is remion to night

stigated the soil. Kishim

al nitrification

oped in Japa8). These sa

publication during ozon

s appropriawas establisheen World Cof the Intervey Rosen

ciation, and tg with all asy consensus

l” is human moved, usua

soil treatmeuse of ozon

moto et al. (n-denitrificati

an. An apprame researc

by Mizuno ation of drin

ate to recoghed to recogCongresses.rnational Owho recogn

then pressespects of os polling of

solid lly at

ent is ation (136) ion.

roach chers

et al nking

gnize gnize Dr. zone nized

ed for zone f the

1989 William H. Glaze, Jun-Wun Kang, and D. H. Chapin (USA), “The Chemistry of Water Treatment Processes Involving Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Radiation”, OS&E, 9: 335-352(1987).

This work first introduced the term “Advanced Oxidation” and reviewed the theoretical and practical yield of OH· from O3 at high pH and O3/H2O2, , O3/UV and H2O2/UV systems. The paper summarized the chemistry of several water treatment processes involving combinations of ozone, hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation. The purpose was to show that these processes have much in common mechanistically, but there are enough significant differences to make one or the other more practical depending on water quality and water treatment goals.

1991 Bernard Legube, Jean Philippe Croué, Josef de Laat and Marcel Doré (France)

“Ozonation of an Extracted Aquatic Fulvic Acid: Theoretical and Practical Aspects”, OS&E, 11:69-92 (1989)

This study investigated the ozonation of an aquatic fulvic acid extracted from a forest pond near Poitiers, France. By ozonation of a bromide-containing solution of fulvic acid, some brominated organics were formed. Increased GAC filtration efficiency following ozonation was found to be the result of a biodegradability enhancement of fulvic acid by ozone.

1993 In 1993 there were two winning papers

a. Susan J. Masten (USA) and Jürg Hoigné (Switzerland) “ Comparison of Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical-Induced Oxidation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water”, OS&E, 14: 197-214 (1992)

This study investigated the efficiency of ozonation and advanced oxidation processes for chlorinated hydrocarbons using a closed batch-type system. The paper very effectively demonstrated the different results than can be obtained depending on whether ozonation or advanced oxidation with O3/H2O2 or O3/UV was practiced. The work was directed towards contaminated waters and leachates from landfills.

b. Rip G. Rice and J. Fred Wilkes (USA) “Fundamental Aspects of Ozone Chemistry in

Recirculating Cooling Water Systems---Data Evaluation Needs”, OS&E 14: 329-364 (1992)

This paper reviewed current work on ozone treatment of cooling towers and quoted work with supporting data. The paper proposed a scientific basis for evaluating cooling tower performance during ozone treatment. It also expanded on a German approach in which bromide ion is added to recirculating cooling tower water. Ozone quickly produces hypobromous acid, which is a much more stable biocide than is molecular ozone.

1995 Purnendu Bose, Boijanta Bezbarua and David A. Reckhow (USA) “ Effect of Ozonation

on Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Aquatic Natural Organic Matter” OS&E 16: 89- 112 (1994)

This work isolated Natural Organic Matter (NOM) from surface water and subjected it to ozonation. Fulvic acids and humic acids were the most reactive. Although hydrophilic base neutrals were of low to moderate reactivity, they showed the greatest promise for improved coagulation following preozonation.

1997 Eric M. Freeman and David J. Henry (USA) “Finite Element Analysis and T10 Optimization of Ozone Contactors”, OS&E 17:587-606 (1995)

A finite element analysis computer program was used to model the hydraulic characteristics and to predict the corresponding residence time distribution curves for four full-scale ozone contactors with hydraulic capacities ranging from 14.5 to 394 m3/min (5.5 to 150 mgd). Model predictions were within 7.9% of test values. This program was used by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California to optimize the hydraulics of their future ozone contactors.

1999 Lalith R.J. Liyanage, Gordon R. Finch and Miodrag Belosevic (Canada) “Sequential disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum by Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide” OS&E 19:409-423 (1997)

A two-step disinfection approach was evaluated for control of Cryptosporidium parvum using bench-scale experiments in 0.05 M phosphate buffer at pH 8 and 22oC. the sequential treatment of oocysts by ozone followed by chlorine dioxide resulted in additional inactivation of C. parvum due to the synergism of the two disinfectants. The preliminary findings indicated that sequential disinfection with ozone followed by chlorine dioxide may have potential in controlling waterborne parasites. This was the first of a series of papers addressing the inactivation of Cryptosporidium.

2001 Michael S. Elovitz (USA) and Urs von Gunten (Switzerland) “Hydroxyl Radical/Ozone

Ratios during Ozonation Processes. I. The Rct Concept” OS&E 21:239-260 (1999)

The ozonation of model systems and several natural waters was examined in bench-scale batch experiments. In addition to measuring the concentration of ozone, the rate of depletion of an in situ hydroxyl radical probe compound was monitored, thus providing information on the transient steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radicals. A new parameter Rct representing the ratio of the ·OH exposure to the O3-exposure was calculated as a function of reaction time. For most waters tested, Rct was a constant for the majority of the reaction. For a given water source, the degradation of a micropollutant (e.g., Atrazine) via O3 and ·OH reaction pathways can be predicted by the O3 reaction kinetics and Rct.

2003 Gordon R. Finch (Canada), Charles. N. Haas, J. A. Oppenheimer, Gilbert Gordon and

R. R. Trussel (USA) “Design Criteria for Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by Ozone in Drinking Water”, OS&E 23:259-284 (2001)

This major work which is highly referenced, evaluated several kinetic models for the ozone inactivation of Cryptosporidium. The work pointed out the difficulty in using a single model for the inactivation. It also pointed out the potentially large impact of water temperature on inactivation kinetics and the CT requirements.

2005 Stephen A. Craik, Daniel W. Smith, Miodrag Belosevic (Canada) and Mysore S.

Chandrakanth (USA) “Efficient Inactivation of Cryptosporidium Parvum in a Static Mixer Ozone Contactor”. , OS&E 25: 295-306

This work showed that efficient and predictable 1nactivation of C. parvum in drinking water may be achieved by employing a static mixer, and followed by a liquid phase contactor.

2007 Marc-Olivier Buffle (Switzerland), Jochen Schumacher (Germany), Sébastien Meylan

(Switzerland), Martin Jekel (Germany)and Urs von Gunten (Switzerland) “Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation of Wastewater: Effect of O3 Dose, pH, DOM and HO•-scavengers on Ozone Decomposition and HO• Generation” , OS&E 28:247-260(2006)

This paper investigates the effect of ozone dose, pre-ozonation, pH and DOM on the kinetics of ozone decomposition and HO formation in wastewater, starting 350 milliseconds after ozone addition.

2009 Tadao Mizuno, Hiroshi Uno and Harumi Yamada (Japan), “Development of Ozone Self-Decomposition Model for Engineering Design” , OS&E 29: 55-64 (2007) In this study, an ozone self-decomposition model that is meaningful for environmental engineering design under practically encountered pH conditions in the time scale of water treatment is proposed.

The Future of Ozone: Science & Engineering

OS&E has followed the advances in ozone science since its inception and modified its focus as the needs of the industry have evolved. Exciting changes in the industry are occurring, for example, the acceptance of ozone in food processing. Papers on this topic are being presented at technical conferences and are now appearing in OS&E. A recent example was a survey on ozonated water to improve the shelf-life of citrus fruit (123). The use of ozone in aquaculture may similarly expand as outlined in (157). The use of ozone in laundry applications is seeing a resurgence in interest and steps are being undertaken to apply science to this field instead of anecdotal reporting. A good background in laundry applications was prepared by Cardis et al. (150). Also, OS&E is seeing an increased interest in publishing peer-reviewed papers on medical applications of ozone, as were in the early issues of the journal. These papers would complement the recent general survey articles and the articles on practical application of ozone to water in dentist offices. The IOA Board must determine the applicability and desirability of these papers in OS&E. The most significant change in emphasis for OS&E may very well be renewed interest in the use of ozone to treat municipal wastewater. The issue of emerging contaminants and micropollutants has reached a critical level and researchers are starting to conclude that they must be controlled before reaching receiving streams. There are many chemicals for ozone to attack, but byproducts are formed – these must also be investigated. OS&E is ready to report good peer-reviewed research on these topics. Finally, we have expanded our editorial reach to permit papers on alternate oxidation technologies such as UV in the Journal. We have started to publish a few and expect increasing numbers as we have added several members to the Editorial Board with UV experience. With our new Publisher, Taylor & Francis, OS&E is now available on the Taylor & Francis website and is available to IOA members. This should greatly increase the exposure of OS&E to non-IOA members and can only benefit the association

Summary

This paper attempted to show the broad nature of topics covered in OS&E, along with the high quality of the papers presented. It is impossible to give sufficient coverage to any topic due to the vast amount of information available in OS&E. The IOA has made OS&E available on a two-CD ROM set including all issues of Volumes 1-25 along with searchable author and keyword indices. The CD ROM set is available for sale to IOA members and others. If is not anticipated that this CD will be expanded to additional years. IOA members now have access to all 33 volumes and all articles on the Taylor & Francis website by entering their user number and password. It is possible to perform key word searches directly on the website and be directed to the issues and then articles of interest.

References

1. Honn, K. V., “Ozonation as a Critical Component of Closed Marine System Design”, Ozone Sci.

Eng., 1: 11-29(1979). 2. Kosak-Channing, L. and G. Helz, “Ozone Reactivity with Seawater Components”, Ozone Sci. Eng.,

1: 39-46(1979). 3. Gibson, C. F; Tone, P. Wilkinson and J. Blaylock, “Toxicity and Effects of Bromoform on Five

Marine Species”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1: 47-54(1979). 4. Blogoslawski, W. and D. Alleman, “Ozone-UV Water Treatment System for Shellfish Quarantine”,

Ozone Sci. Eng., 1: 55-60(1979). 5. Hoigné, J., and H. Bader, “Ozonation of Water: Selectivity and Rate of Oxidation of Solutes”’ Ozone

Sci. Eng., 1: 73-85(1979). 6. Schalekamp, M., “A Comparison of Two Ozone Water Treatment Plants—One with Low and the

Other with Medium High Frequency”. Ozone Sci. Eng., 1:107-117 (1979) 7. Nakayama, S.; K. Esaki, K, Namba, Y. Taniguchi and N. Tabata, “Improved Ozonation in Aqueous

Systems”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1:119-131 (1979) 8. Lutton, T. W.; D. M. Strachan, W. W. Schulz and L. J. Bollyky, “Ozonation of Hanford Nuclear

Defense Waste”. Ozone Sci. Eng., 1:133-145 (1979) 9. Fauvel, Y.; G. Pons and J. P. Légeron “Seawater Ozonization and Shellfish Depuration”, Ozone Sci.

Eng., 1:147-165 (1979) 10. Morrison, T. J.; L. L. Edwards and A. T. Wallace, “Ozonation of Water for Salmonid Fish Rearing

Facilities – Pilot Plant Results”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1: 183-199 (1979) 11. Thoresen, W. J., “Ozone Wool Shrinkproofing Systems”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1:219-233(1979) 12. Lorenzo, G. A. and T. N. Hendrickson “ Ozone in the Photoprocesing Industry”, 1:235-248(1979) 13. Monroe, D. W. and W. P. Key, “The Feasibility of Ozone for Purification of Hatchery Waters”, Ozone

Sci. Eng., 2: 203-224(1980) 14. Novak, F. and G. Sukes, “Destruction of Cyanide Wastewater by Ozonation”. Ozone Sci. Eng., 3:

61-86 (1981) 15. Rice, R. G., “The Use of Ozone to Control Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water Treatment”, Ozone

Sci. Eng. 2: 75-99 (1980) 16. Roustan, M.; J. Mallevialle, H. Roques and J. P. Jones, Mass Transfer of Ozone to Water: A

Fundamental Study”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 2:337-344 (1981) 17. Bollyky, L. J., “the Mass Transfer of Ozone into Water: Energy Requirements – State of the Art”’

Ozone Sci. Eng., 3:1810210 (1981) 18. Damez, F. and J. Vigouret, “Safety Problems in Ozone Plants”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 2:345-365 (1981) 19. Schalekamp, M., “Destruction of Ozone Off-Gas by Thermal Catalytic Method”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 2:

267-375 (1981) 20. Wickramanayake, G. B. and O. J. Sproul, “Ozone Concentration and Temperature Effects on

Disinfection Kinetics”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 10:123-135 (1988) 21. Nieminski, E. C., “Ozone Contactor Hydraulic Considerations in Meeting “CT” Disinfection

Requirements, Ozone Sci. Eng., 12:133-144 (1990) 22. Roustan, M.; Z. Stambolieva, J. P. Duguet, O. Wable and J. Mallevialle, “Influence of

Hydrodynamics on Giardia Cyst Inactivation by Ozone. Study by Kinetics and by “CT” Approach”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 13: 451-462 (1991)

23. Liang, S.; G. F. Stolaraik, C.H. Tate, W. H. Glaze, “The ‘Big Switch’: Los Angeles Aqueduct Filtration Plant Treatment of California State Project Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 13:711-731 (1991)

24. Martin, N.; M. Benezet-Toulze and C. Laplace, “Design and Efficiency of Ozone Contactors for Disinfection”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 14: 391-405 (1992)

25. Rakness, K. L.; G. F. Stolarik and D. J. Christie, “Operating Strategy to Meet SWTR Disinfection Regulations at the Los Angeles Aqueduct Filtration Plant”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 14: 439-460 (1992)

26. Masschelein, W. J., “Considerations on the Chick-Watson Law Applied to the Ozonation of Drinking Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22:227-239 (2000)

27. Cooper, W. J.; R. G. Zika and M. S. Steinbauer, “The Effect of Bromide Ion in Water Treatment. II. A Literature Review of ozone and Bromide Ion Interactions and the Formation of Organic Bromine Compounds”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 7:313-326 (1985)

28. Siddiqui, M.; G. Amy, K. Ozekin and P. Westerhoff, “Empirically and Theoretically-Based Models for Predicting Brominated Ozonated By-Products:, Ozone Sci. Eng., 16:157-178 (1994)

29. Ono, Y.; I. Somiya and S. Mohri, “Evaluation of Genotoxicity of Bromate Ion Produced During Ozonation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 16:443-453 (1994)

30. Croué, J. P.; B. K. Koudjonou and B. Legube, “Parameters Affecting the Formation of Bromate Ion During Ozonation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 18: 1-18 (1996)

31. Ozekin, K. and G. L. Amy, “Threshold Levels for Bromate Formation in Drinking Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 19: 323-337 (1997)

32. Galey, C.; D. Gatel, G. Amy and J. Cavard, “Comparative Assessment of Bromate Contrl Options”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22: 267-278

33. Welté, B. and A. Montiel, “Evolution of Bromates and Organobrominated Compounds in Two drinking Water Treatment Plants”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 23: 229-238 (2001)

34. Larose, J.; A. Grasmick, P. Blondeau, S. Elmahel, J. P. Légeron, “Elimination of Humic Materials”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 4: 79-89 (1982)

35. Varas, A. J., “New York City’s Ozone Demonstration Plant Design”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 8:49-62 (1988) 36. Tuhkanen, T. A.; T. Kainulainen, T. Vartiainin and P. Kalliokoski, “The Effect of Preozonation,

Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment, and Nanofiltration on the Removal of Organic Matter from Drinking Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 16:367-383 (1994)

37. Tan, L. and W. Johnson, “Removing Organic Color and By-Products from Groundwater with Ozone and Pressurized Biologically-Active Filtration”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 23: 393-400 (2001)

38. Duguet, J. P.; E. Brodard, B. Dusssert and J. Mallevialle, “ Improvement in the Effectiveness of Ozonation of Drinking Water Through the Use of Hydrogen Peroxide”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 7:241-258 (1985)

39. Yamada, H.; I.Somiya and F. Inanami, “ The Effect of Preozonation on the Control of Trihalomethane Formation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 6:129-150 (1986)

40. Price, M. L.; R. W. Bailey, A. K. Enos, M. Hook and S. W. Hermanowicz, “Evaluation of Ozone/Biological Treatment for Disinfection Byproducts control and Biologically Stable Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 15:95-130 (1993)

41. Stephenson, P.; A Benedek, M. Malaiyandi and E. A. Lancaster, “ The Effect of Ozone on the Biological Degradation and Activated Carbon Adsorption of Natural and Synthetic Organics in water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1: 263-279 (1979)

42. Ventresque, C; B. Bablon and A. Jadas Hécart, “Ozone: a Means of Stimulating Biological Activated Carbon Reactors”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 12: 95-108 (1990)

43. Price, M. L.; R. W. Bailey, A. K. Enos, M. Hook and S. W. Hermanowicz, “Evaluation of Ozone/biological Treatment for Disinfection Byproducts Control and Biologically Stable Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 15:95-130 (1993)

44. Kainulainen, T. K.; T. A. Tuhkanen, T. K. Vartianen and P. J. Kallioloski, “Removal of Residual Organics from Drinking Water by Ozonation and Activated Carbon Filtration: A Pilot Plant Study”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 17:449-462 (1995)

45. Richard, Y., “Use of Ozone and Flotation for the Treatment of a Reservoir Water: the Dinan Case History”, Ozone Sci. Eng., Ozone Sci. Eng., 15:465-480 (1993)

46. Wilson, D.; F. Nogueria, M. Faivre and v. Boisdon, “The Use of Ozoflotation for the Removal of Algae and Pesticides from a Stored Lowland Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 15:481-496 (1993)

47. Nieminski, E. C.; S. M. Bradford, “Impact of Ozone Treatment on Selected Microbiological Parameters”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 13: 127-146 (1991)

48. Crozes, G.; P. White, B. Bench and J. Hagstrom, “ Evaluation of Ozone for Cryptosporidium Inactivation and Atrazine Oxidation in a Lime Softening Plant”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 20: 177-190 (1998)

49. Liyanage, L. R. J.; G. R. Finch and M. Belosevec, “Sequential Disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum by ozone and Chlorine Dioxide”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 19: 409-423 (1997)

50. Do-Quang, Z.; M. Roustan and J-P. Duguet, “Mathematical Modeling of Theoretical Cryptosporidium Inactivation in Full-Scale Ozone Reactors”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22 99-111 (2000)

51. Owens, J. H.; R. J. Miltner, E. W. Rice, C. H. Johnson, D. R. Dahling, F. W. Schaefer III and H. M. Shukiary, “Pilot-Scale Ozone Inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Other Microorganisms in natural Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22:501-517 (2000)

52. Finch, G. R.; C. N. Hass, J. A. Oppenheimer, G. Gordon and R. R. Trussel, “Design Criteria for Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by Ozone in Drinking Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 23: 259-284 (2001)

53. Levin, N.; S. Craik, H. Li, D. W. Smith and M. Belosovic, “Sequential Inactivation of Cryptosporidium Using ozone Followed by Free Chlorine in Modified River Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 23: 411-420 (2001)

54. Le Page, W. L., “The Economics of Ozonation at Monroe”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 5: 245-257 (1983) 55. Singer, P. C.; K. Robinson and R. Elefritz, “ Ozonation at Belle Glade, Florida: a Case History”,

Ozone Sci. Eng., 12: 199-215 (1990) 56. Rencken, G. E., “Ozonation at Wiggins Water Purification works, Durban, South Africa”, Ozone Sci.

Eng., 16: 247-260 (1994) 57. Glaze, W. H. J-W Kang, and D. H. Chapin, “The Chemistry of Water Treatment Processes Involving

Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Radiation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 9: 335-352(1987).

58. Guittonneau, S.; W. H. Glaze, J. P. Duguet , O. Wable and J. Mallevaille, “Characterization of Natural Water for Potential to Oxidize Organic Pollutants with Ozone”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 14: 185-196 (1992)

59. Akata, A. and M. D. Gurol, “Photocatalytic Oxidation Processes in the Presence of Polymers, Ozone Sci. Eng., 14: 367-380 (1992)

60. Prados, M.; H. Paillard and P. Roche, “ Hydroxyl radical Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Triazine from Natural Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 17: 183-194 (1995)

61. Perkowski, J.; L. Kos and S. Ledakowicz, “Advanced Oxidation of Textile Wastewaters”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22:535-550 (2000)

62. Louboutin, R., “Parasitic Discharge Phenomena in Ozonizers Filled with Glass Dielectric Tubes and their Elimination”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 6: 123-134 (1984)

63. Kogelschatz, U. and P. Baessler, “Determination of Nitrous Oxide and Dinitrogen Pentoxide Concentration in the Output of air-Fed Ozone Generators of High Power Density”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 9:195-206 (1987)

64. Kogelschatz, U.; B. Elaisson and M. Hirth, “Ozone Generation from Oxygen and Air: Discharge Physics and Reaction Mechanisms”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 10: 367-378 (1988)

65. Eliasson, B. and U. Kogelschatz, “Ozone Generation with Narrow-Band UV Radiation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 13: 365-374 (1990)

66. Peyrous, R.; C. Monge and B. Held, “ Optimization of a Corona Wire-to-Cylinder Ozonizer. Critical Comparison with other Authors Results. Part II. Air and N2 + O2 Mixtures”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 20: 317-342 (1998)

67. Horn, R. J.; J. B. Straughton, P. Dyer-Smith and D. R. Lewis, “Criteria for the Selection of the Feed Gas for Ozone Generation:, Ozone Sci. Eng., 18:57-71 (1996)

68. Rice, R. G., “Applications of Ozone for Industrial Wastewater Treatment – A Review”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 18: 477-515 (1997)

69. Hautaniemi, M.; J. Kallas, R. Munter and M. Trapido, “Modeling of Chlorophenol Treatment in Aqueous Solutions.1. Ozonation and Ozonation Combined with UV Radiation under Acidic Conditions”’ Ozone Sci. Eng., 20: 259-282 (1998)

70. Hautaniemi, M.; J. Kallas, R. Munter M. Trapido and A. Laari, “Modeling of Chlorophenol Treatment in Aqueous Solutions. 2. Ozonation under Basic Conditions”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 20: 283-302 (1998)

71. Beltrán, F. J.; J.F. Garcia-Araya, F. J. Rivas, P. Álvarez and E. Rodríguez, “Kinetics of Competitive Ozonation of Some Phenolic Compounds Present in Wastewater from Food Processing Industries”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22:167-183

72. Carini, D.; U. von Gunten, I. J. Dunn and M. Morbidelli, “Modeling of Ozonation as Pre-Treatment Step for the Biological Batch Degradation of Industrial Wastewater Containing 3-Methyl Pyridine”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 23: 359-358 (2001)

73. Netzer, A.; A. Lugowski and S. Beszedits, “ Ozone for Effluent Disinfection”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 1: 281-290 (1979)

74. Richard, Y., and M. Conan, “Ozone Disinfection and Wastewater Treatment. Importance of Interface Action”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 2: 139-158 (1980)

75. Finch, G. R. and D. W. Smith, “Pilot-Scale Evaluation of the Effects of Mixing on Ozone Disinfection of Escherichia Coli in a Semi-Batch, Stirred Tank Reactor”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 13: 593-606 (1991)

76. Liberti, A.; M. Notarnicola and A. Lopez, “ Advanced Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Reuse in agriculture. III- Ozone disinfection”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22: 151-166 (2000)

77. Rakness, K. L.; R. C. Renner, D. B. Vornehm and J. R. Thaxton, “ Start-Up and Operation of the Indianapolis Ozone Disinfection Wastewater Systems”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 10: 215-240 (1988)

78. Rice, R. G.; M. Evison and C. M. Robson, “Ozone Disinfection of Municipal Wastewater – Current State-of-the-Art”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 3:239-272 (1982)

79. Rilling, S., “The Basic Clinical Applications of Ozone Therapy”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 7: 259-274 (1985) 80. Washüttl, J.; E. Viebahn and I. Steiner, “The Influence of Ozone on Tumor Tissue in Comparison

with Healthy Tissue (in vitro)”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 12: 65-72 (1990) 81. Filippi, A., “ Ozone in Oral Surgery – Current Status and Prospects”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 19: 387-393

(1997) 82. Filippi, A., “The Disinfecting Action of Ozonated Water and of Hydrogen Peroxide/Silver Ions in

Vitro”’ Ozone Sci. Eng., 22: 441-445 (2000) 83. Bocci, V.; C. Aldinucci, E. Borrelli, F. Corradeschi, A. Diadori, G. Fanetti and G. Valacchi, “Ozone In

Medicine”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 23: 207-218 (2001) 84. Bader, H. and J. Hoigné, “ Determination of Ozone in Water by the Indigo Method; A Submitted

Standard Method, Ozone Sci. Eng., 4: 169-176 (1983) 85. Grunwell, J.; J. Benga, H. Cohen and G. Gordon, “A Detailed Comparison of Analytical Methods for

Residual Ozone Measurement”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 5: 203-223 (1983)

86. Gordon, G.; G. Pacey, W. Cooper and R. G. Rice, “The Chemical Reactions of Ozone and Their Role in Developing Improved analytical Methods”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 10: 89-92 (1988)

87. Richard, Y., “Ozone Water Demand Test”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 16: 355-365 88. Rakness, K.; G. Gordon, B. Langlais, W. Masschelein, N. Matsumoro, Y. Richard, C. M. Robson and

I. Somiya, “Guideline for Measurement of Ozone Concentration in the Process Gas from an Ozone Generator”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 18:209-229 (1996)

89. Rakness, K.; L, DeMers, B. Blank and D. Henry, “Gas Phase Ozone Concentraton Comparisons from a Commercial UV Meter and KI Wet-Chemistry Tests”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 18:231-249 (1996)

90. Masschelein, W. J., “Measurement of High Concentrations in Gases by KI Titration and Monitoring by UV-Absorption”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 20:489-493 (1998)

91. Beltrán, F. J., “Theoretical Aspects of the Kinetics of Competitive First Reactions of Ozone in the O3/H2O2 and O3/UV Oxidation Processes”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 19:13-38 (1997)

92. Beltrán, F. J.; L. A. Fernández, P. Álvarez and E. Rodriguez, “ Comparison of Ozonation Kinetic Data from Film and Danckwerts Theories”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 20:403-420 (1998)

93. Jensen, J. N. and Y-J Tuan, “ Chemical Oxidation of Thiocyanate Ion by Ozone”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 15:343-360 (1993)

94. Francisk P. D. “Oxidation by UV and Ozone of Organic Contaminants Dissolved in Deionized and Raw Mains Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 9: 369-390

95. Reynolds, G.; C. Corless, N. Graham, R. Perry, T. M. Gibson and J. Haley, “Aqueous Ozonation of Fatty Acids”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 11:143-154 (1989)

96. Reynolds, G.; N. Graham, R. Perry and R. G. Rice, “Aqueous Ozonation of Pesticides: A Review”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 11:339-382 (1989)

97. Roche, P. and M. Prados, “ Removal of Pesticides by Use of Ozone or Hydrogen Peroxide/Ozone”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 17:657-672

98. Rice, R. G. and J. F. Wilkes, “Fundamental Aspects of Ozone Chemistry in Recirculating Cooling Water Systems – Data Evaluation Needs”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 14: 329-365 (1992)

99. Pryor, A. E. and M. Fisher, “ Practical Guidelines for Safe Operation of Cooling Tower Water Ozonation Systems”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 16: 505-536 (1994)

100. Pryor, A. E., “A New Practical Index for Predicting Safe Maximum Operating Cycles of Concentration in Ozonated Cooling Towers”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 17: 71-96 (1995)

101. Rice, R. G.; J. W. Farquhar and L. J. Bollyky, “ Review of the Applications of Ozone for Increasing Storage Times of Perishable Foods”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 4: 147-163 (1982)

102. Hann, V. A., “Application and Misapplication of Ozone for the Control of Odors at Sewage Treatment Plants and Pumping Stations”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 5: 69-77 (1983)

103. Reither, K.; H. H. Rump and W. Schneider, “Experiences with Waste Gas Purification Plants Using Ozone as Oxidant”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 5: 183-193 (1983)

104. Watkins, B. D.; S. M. Hengemuehle, H. L. Person, M. T. Yokoyama and S. J. Masten, “ Ozonation of Swine Manure Wastes to Control Odors and Reduce the Concentrations of Pathogens and Toxic Fermentation Metabolites”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 19: 425-437 (1997)

105. Rico, B.; D. Pérez., J. M. Lema and T. Lucas, “Organic Matter Removal in Boiler Feed Water Treatment of a Power Plant with Ozone”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 19: 471-480 (1997)

106. Tiefenbrunner, F. H.; H. G. Moll, A. Grohmann, D. Eichelsdörfer, K. Seidel and G. Golderer, “ Ozone Treatment of Small-Size Swimming Pools and Whirlpools”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 9: 393-400 (1997)

107. Bataller, M.; E Valiz, R. Pérez-Rey, L. Fernández, M. Gutierrez and A. Márquez, “Ozone Swimming Pool Water Treatment under Tropical Conditions”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 22: 677-682 (2000)

108. Eichelsdörfer, D. and J. Jandik, “Long Contact Time Ozonation for Swimming Pool water Treatment”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 7: 93-106 (1985)

109. Eichelsdörfer, D. and J. Jandik, “Application of Ozone for Treatment of Swimming Pool Water in the Federal Republic of Germany”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 10: 393-404 (1988)

110. Pacik, D. and R. G. Rice, “The Hydrozon-Kompakt Process – A New Method for Treatment and Disinfection of Swimming Pool and Bathing Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 13: 63-90 (1991)

111. Steinbruchel, A.; R.G. Rice and R. Spangenberg, “First Year Operation Report of the Corona Discharge Swimming Pool Water Treatment Systems at the Peck Aquatic Facility, Milwaukee Wisconsin”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 13: 463-478 (1991)

112. International Ozone Association, “Quality Assurance in Ozone Practice, Revised Guideline Documents”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 20:433-487 (1998)

113. Legube, B.; F. Parinet.; F. Berne. And J-P Croue, “Bromate Surveys in French Drinking Waterworks”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24:293-305 (2002)

114. von Gunten, U. and E. Salhi, “Bromate in Drinking Water. A Problem in Switzerland”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 25: 159-166 (2003)

115. Elovitz, M. S. and U. von Gunten, “Hydroxyl Radical/Ozone Ratios during Ozonation Processes. I.. The Rct Concept”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 21: 239-260 (1999)

116. Craik, S. A.; D. W. Smith, M. Belosovic and M. S. Chandrakanth , “Efficient Inactivation of Cryptosporidium Parvum in a Static Mixer Ozone Contactor”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 25: 295-306 (2003)

117. Qui, Y.; C-H Kuo and M. Zappi, “Ozonation Kinetics of Six Dichlorophenol Isomers”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24: 123-132 (2002)

118. Benitez, F. J.; J. L. Acreo; T. Gonzalez and J. Garcia, “Application of Ozone and Advanced Oxidation Processes to the Treatment of Lye-Wastewaters from the Table Olives Industry, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24: 105-116 (2002)

119. Rice, R. G., “Ozone and Anthrax – Knowns and Unknowns, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24: 151-158 (2002) 120. De Smedt, F.; S. De Gendt, M. Claes, M. M. Heyns, H. Vankerckhoven and C. Vinckier, “The

Increasing Importance of the use of Ozone in the Microelectronics Industry, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24: 379-390 (2002)

121. Sleeper, W. and D. Henry, “Durability Test Results of Construction and Process Materials Exposed to Liquid and Gas Phase Ozone”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24: 249-260 (2002)

122. Gordon, G. and B. Bubnis, “residual Ozone Measurement: Indigo Sensitivity Coefficient Adjustment”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24: 17-28 (2002)

123. Smilanick, J. L.; D. M. Margosan and F. Mlikota Gabler, “ Impact of Ozonated Water on the Quality and Shelf-Life of Fresh Citrus Fruit, Stone Fruit, and Table Grapes”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 24: 343-356 (2002)

124. Benbelkacem, H., S. Math”E and H. Hebellefontaine, “Oxidation of Crotonic Acid Solutions: Comparison of Two Methods for the Determination of the Rate Constant”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 26: 415-429 (2004)

125. Schulz, C., C. Clarkson Davis, T. Bonacquisti and R. Navratil, “The Impacts of New CT Requirements for Designing Ozone Systems for Cryptosporidium Inactivation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 27: 129-139(2005)

126. Berne, F., G. Chasson and B. Legube, “Effect of Addition of Ammonia on the Bromate Formation During Ozonation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 26: 267-276 (2004)

127. Wang, F., M. Gamal El-Din and D. W. Smith, “Oxidation of Aged Raw Landfill Leachate with O3 Only and O3/H2O2: Treatment Efficiency and Molecular Size Distribution Analysis”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 26:287-298 (2004)

128. Ikehata, K. and M. Gamal El-Din, “Aqueous Pesticide Degradation by Ozonation and Ozone-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review (Part I)”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 27: 81-113 (2005)

129. Ikehata, K. and M. Gamal El-Din, “Aqueous Pesticide Degradation by Ozonation and Ozone-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review (Part II)”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 27: 169-200 (2005)

130. Ikehata, K. and M. Gamal El-Din, “Degradation of Recalcitrant Surfactants in Wastewater by Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes” Ozone Sci. Eng. 26: 327-344 (2004)

131. Takahashi, N., Kumagai, T., “Application of Ozonation to Dyeing Wastewater Treatment – Case Study in Hishiwaki Treatment Plant”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30: 440-446.

132. Loeb, B., “Author Index for Volumes 1-30 (1979-2008), Ozone Sci. Eng. 31:111 (2009) 133. Tsuno, H., K. Arakawa, Y. Kato and H. Nagare, “Advanced Sewage Treatment with Ozone under

Excess Sludge Reduction, Disinfection and Removal of EDCs, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30: 238-245 (2008) 134. Matsumoto, N. and Watanabae, K., “Foot Prints and Future Steps of Ozone Applications in Japan,

Ozone Sci. Eng., 21: 127-138 (1999) 135. Ono, Y., I. Somiya and T. Kawaguchi, “Evaluation of Genotoxic Potency on Substances Contained in

Night Soil and its Reduction Performance by Ozonation”, Ozone Sci. Eng 17: 195-203 (1995) 136. Kishimoto, N., T. Matasutani, Y. Yasuda, M. Asano and H. Mizutani, “Ozonation Combined with

Electrolysis of Night Soil Treated by Biological Nitrification-Denitrification Process, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30: 282-289 (2008)

137. Mizuno, T., H. Tsuno, H. Yamada and D. Takeshima, “Removal Characteristics of Organic Pollutants in Sewage Treatment by a Pre-Coagulation, Ozonation and Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide Process”, Ozone Sci. Eng.30: 263-274 (2008)

138. Murai, A., N. Tahara and T. Nakajima, “Method for Making Higher Concentration Ozone than Supplied O3 Derived from Condensing Process Using Ozone Storage under the Same Conditions”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 28:149-155 (2006)

139. Murai, A., T. Nakajima and N. Tahara, “Verification of Ozone Clusters (O6 & O9)”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 25:211-221 (2003)

140. Vilve, M., T. Teemu, M. Sillanpää, “Ozonation for the Degradation of Organic Compounds from Nuclear Laundry Water, Ozone Sci. Eng., 30: 256-262 (2008)

141. Sánchez-Polo, M., E. Sahli, H. Rivera Utrilla and U. von Gunten, “Combination of Ozone with Activated Carbon as an Alternative to Conventional Advanced Oxidation Processes”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 28: 247-260 (2006)

142. Jarvis, P., S. Parsons, R. Smith, “Modeling Bromate Formation during Ozonation, Ozone Sci. Eng., 29: 429-442 (2007)

143. Ikehata, K., J. Naghashkar and M. Gamal El-Din, “Degradation of Aqueous Pharmaceuticals by Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Review, Ozone Sci. Eng., 28:353-415 (2006)

144. Snyder, S., E. Wert, D. Rexing, R. Zegers and D. Drury, “Ozone Oxidation of Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water and Wastewater”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 28: 445-460 (2006)

145. B. Ning, N. Graham, Y. Zhang, M. Nakonechny and M. Gamal El-Din, “Degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by Ozone/AOPs”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 29:153-176 (2007)

146. K. Gromadzka and J. Nawrocki, “Degradation of Diclofenac and Clofibric Acid using Ozone-Loaded Perflorinataed Solvent”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 28: 85-94 (2006)

147. Yargeau, V., C. Leclair, “Impact of Operating Conditions on Decomposition of Antibiotics During Ozonation: A Review, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30: 175-188 (2008)

148. Gagnon, C., A. Lajeunesse, P. Cejka, F. Gagné, “Degradation of Selected Acidic and Neutral Pharmaceutical Products in a Primary-Treated Wastewater by Disinfection Processes”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30:387-392 (2008)

149. Menéndez, S., J. Cepero and L Borrego, “Ozone Therapy in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30: 398-404 (2008)

150. Cardis, D., C. Tapp, M. DeBrum and R. Rice, “Ozone in the Laundry Industry – Practical Experiences in the United Kingdom”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 29: 85-100 (2007)

151. Rice, R., “Century 21-Pregnant with Ozone”, Ozone. Sci. Eng. 24:1-16 (2002) 152. Naito, S., and H. Takahara, “Ozone Contribution in Food Industry in Japan”, Ozone. Sci. Eng.

30:425-429 (2006) 153. Menéndez, S., J. Cepero and L. Borrego, “Ozone Therapy in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art”,

Ozone Sci. Eng. 30; 398-405 (2008) 154. Fujiwara, K., M. Kadoya, Y. Hayashi and K. Kurata, “Effects of Ozonated Water Application on the

Population Density of Fusarium oxysporium f. sp lycopersici in Soil”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 28: 125-127 (2006)

155. Vijayanandraj, V., D. Prasad, N. Mohan and M. Gunasekaran, “Effect of Ozone on Aspergillus niger Causing Black Rot Disease in Onion, Ozone Sci. Eng., 28: 347-350 (2006)

156. Steffen, H., R. Rice, “The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection Technology for Microorganism and Insect Control using Ozone, UVC, and Dipole-Electrical Air Jet Spray Technologies – Technical Basis and Possible Chemistries Involved”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30: 216-227 (2008)

157. Steffen, H., R. Rice, “The PhytO3 Tech Crop Protection Technology – Trial Results in a 2,700 Ha (6,500 acre) soy Farm in Brazil”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 30: 210-215 (2008)

158. Sopher, C., G. Battles and E. Knueve, “Ozone Applications in Catfish Processing”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 9: 221-228 (2007)

159. Wei, K., H. Zhou, T. Zhou and J. Gong, “Comparison of Aqueous Ozone and Chlorine as Sanitizers in the Food Processing Industry: Impact on Fresh Agricultural Produce Quality”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 29: 113-120 (2007)

160. Roustan, M., R. Wang and D. Wolbert, “Modeling Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Parameters in a Continuous Ozone Bubble Column”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 18: 91-115 (1996)

161. Jakubowski, C., B. Atlkinson, P. Dennis and G. Evans, “Ozone Mass Transfer in the Mixing Zone of a Confined Plunging Liquid Jet Contactor”, Ozone. Sci. Eng. 28: 131-140 (2006)

162. Baawain, M., M. Gamal el-Din, K. Clarke, and D. Smith, “Impinging-Jet Ozone Bubble Column Modeling: Hydrodynamics, Gas Hold-up, Bubble Characteristics, and Ozone Mass Transfer”, 29: 245-260 (2007)

163. Rakness, K., “Ozone Side-Stream Design Options and Operating Considerations”, Ozone Sci. Eng. 28: 231-244 (2007)

164. Mizuno, T., H. Tsuno and H. Yamada “A Simple Model to Predict Formation of Bromate Ion and Hyprobromous Acid/Hyprobromite Ion through Hydroxyl Radical Pathway during Ozonation”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 29:33-11(2007)

165. van Leeuwen, J (Hans), A. Sridhar, A. Harrata, M. Esplugas, S. Onuki, L. Cai and J. Koziel, “Improving the Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants with Ozonation During Biological Wastewater Treatment”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:63-70(2009)

166. Ried. A., J. Mielcke and A. Wieland, “The Potential Use of Ozone in Municipal Wastewater”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:415-421 (2009)

167. Ramseier and von Gunten, U. “Mechanisms of Phenol Ozonation – Kinetics of Formation of Primary and Secondary Reaction Products”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:201-215 (2009)

168. Baawain, M. S., M. Gamal El-Din and D. W. Smith, “PIV/PLIF Study of Impinging Jet Ozone Bubble Column with Mixing Nozzles”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 32:99-112 (2010)

169. R. Munter, “Comparison of Mass Transfer Efficiency and Energy Consumption in Static Mixers”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 32:399-408 (2010)

170. Rakness, K. L., E. C. Wert, M. Elovitz and S. Mahoney, “Operator-Friendly Technique and Quality Control Considerations for Indigo Colorimetric Measurement of Ozone Residual”’ Ozone Sci. Eng., 32:33-42 (2010)

171. Rahman, M. F., E. K. Yanful, S. Y. Jasim,, L. M. Bragg, M. R. Servos, S. Ndiongue and D. Borikar, “Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Drinking Water: Part I: Occurrence and Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Lake Huron Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 32:217-230 (2010)

172. Rahman, M. F., S. Y. Jasim, E. K. Yanful, S. Ndiongue and D. Borikar, “Advanced Oxidation Treatment of Drinking Water: Part II: Turbidity, Particles and Organics Removal from Lake Huron Water”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 32:295-304 (2010)

173. Stickland, W., C. D. Sopher, R. G> Rice and G. T. Battles, “Six Years of Ozone Processing of Fresh Cut Salad Mixes”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 32:66-70 (2010)

174. Guillen, A. C., C. P. Kechinski and V. Manfroi, “The Use of Ozone in a CIP System in the Wine Industry”. Ozone Sci. Eng., 32:355-360 (2010)

175. H. Katoaka, M. semma, H. Sakazaki, K Nakamuro, T. Yamamoto, S. Hirota, K. Tazuya-Murayama and A. Ichikawa, “Proinflammatory Event of Ozonized Olive Oil in Mice, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:238-247 (2009)

176. Rice, R. G., M. DeBrum, D. Cardis and C. Tapp, “The Ozone Laundry Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Proper Application of Ozone in the Commercial Laundry Industry”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:339-347 (2009)

177. Rice, R. G., M. DeBrum, J. Hook, D. Cardis and C. Tapp, “Economic and Environmental Benefits of Ozone in Ozone Laundering Systems”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:348-356 (2009)

178. Rice, R. G., M. Debroom, J. Hook, D. Cardis and C. Tapp, “Microbiological Benefits of Ozone in Laundering Systems”, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:357-368 (2009)

179. Leitzke, A. and C. von Sonntag, “Ozonolysis of Unsaturated Acids in Aqueous Solution: Acrylic, Methacrylic, Fumaric and Muconic Acids:, Ozone Sci. Eng., 31:301-308 (2009)