Ozonaction by UNEP

7/29/2019 Ozonaction by UNEP

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S p e c i a l i s s u e d e d i c a t e d t oOZONACTIONHCFC Phase out:Convenient Opportunityto Safeguard theOzone Layer and Climate

S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 8


2/24

Success in Limiting Ozone-Depleting Substances

Is also Helping to Mitigate Climate Change

Excerpt from the United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2008 ReportConsumption o all ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and chlorouorocarbons (CFCs), 1986-2006 (Thousands o metric tons o ozone-depletingpotential)

The Montreal Protocol has resulted in the phasing out o over 96 per cento all ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). This quantitative success inthe protection o the ozone layer has also achieved important climate

benefts because many ozone depleting substances controlled under theProtocol are also potent greenhouse gases. It is estimated that, withoutthe worldwide eort to protect the ozone layer, the greenhouse eecto global ODS emissions would have equalled carbon dioxide emissions,currently the greenhouse gas contributing most signifcantly to climatechange. In September 2007, the 20th anniversary o the Montreal Protocol,

governments acknowledged the dual beneft to both ozone protectionand climate change by agreeing to advance by up to 10 years the fnalphaseout date or hydrochlorouorocarbons (HCFCs), currently the most

widely used ozone-depleting substance. They also agreed to providesufcient and stable unding to developing countries to achieve theaccelerated phase out.

The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which rangerom halving extreme poverty to halting the spread o HIV/AIDSand providing universal primary education, all by the target dateo 2015 orm a blueprint agreed to by all the worlds countriesand all the worlds leading development institutions. Goal 7 isEnsure environmental sustainability, which encompasses actionsto protect the ozone layer and comply with the MontrealProtocol.

Each year, the United Nations Secretariat issues an assessmento progress to date . The 2008 report ind icates that a tthis mid-point towards the 2015 target, some key successescan be seen, including the continuing achievement o the globalMontreal Protocol community in eliminating ozone-depletingsubstances. It also highlights how the accelerated phase out oHCFCs under this agreement provides a dual beneit to both ozoneprotection and climate change.

Source: www.un.org/millenniumgoals

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3/24

Tackling the Second Montreal Protocol

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Last September in the treatys birthplace, and at the conclusion oa session stretching late into the night, the Parties to the MontrealProtocol took a remarkable decision: namely to accelerate the reezeand the phase-out o hydrouorocarbons (HCFCs). It was a decisionnot just in avour o the repair o the ozone layer, but also, andperhaps more signifcantly, in avour o combating climate changeas a result o new and emerging science that underlines thesesubstances potent greenhouse eect.

Now, in the dawn o what many have likened to a second Montreal

Protocol, the same Parties have the opportunity to help set the sceneor a resh round o climate change talks scheduled or conclusion atthe crucial UN climate convention meeting in Copenhagen, Denmark,in late 2009.

The eorts and ingenuity o the Parties to the Montreal Protocol have,over 20 years, translated scientifc realities into political decisionsleading to concrete action on the ground.

The experience o this Protocol can act as both guide and inspiringexample o the multilateral system at its best, and in turn should helpbuild confdence and consensus in the run up to Copenhagen.

That confdence will be given an even bigger boost i Article 5countries under the Montreal Protocol take quick and early actiondown the path to ending HCFC consumption and production.

This can be signalled by quick-starting the preparation o their HCFCPhase-out Management Plans and establishing their consumptionbaselines.

Only then will the countries understand the exact magnitude othe challenge and be able to clearly identiy their needs to achieveagreed goals.

The Protocols Multilateral Fund has provided the guidance andfnances to start the process. Implementing Agencies UNDP, UNIDOthe World Bank, and my institution, UNEP are assisting too.

National Ozone Units must now organise the work, make decisionmakers aware o the issue, and get national stakeholders on board.

Developed countries that have already made the transition awayrom HCFCs must show the way by sharing experience, expertise andtechnologies to replace HCFCs.

All o these actions, however, must be taken in the spirit o a new erain which the world embraces the absolute need or green growth growth that casts o the business as usual approach and acceleratesus down the path to low-carbon, resource-efcient economies whereintelligent management o natural and nature-based assets becomesthe norm, not the exception.

Indeed, the accelerated action on HCFCs will achieve maximumbenefts in terms o ozone and climate i the phase-out is accompaniedby serious improvements in areas such as energy efciency and theadoption o alternate technologies.

This also needs to include an honest evaluation o the merits anddemerits o both uorinated and natural rerigerants. The worldhas an unparalleled opportunity to simultaneously eliminate theseozone depleting substances, reap climate benefts, improve energyefciency and stimulate growth in green jobs. The harvest is not onlyenvironmental, but also social and economic.

As the UN agency which is ocussed exclusively on protecting Earthsenvironment, UNEP sincerely hopes that all Parties seize this goldenopportunity to simultaneously protect the ozone layer and assist incurbing greenhouse gas emissions viewed through the lens olong-term sustainability. This is because we do not have the luxuryo a third Montreal Protocol.

As we look orward to the Twentieth Meeting o the Parties tothe Montreal Protocol, which will take place in Doha, Qatar, rom16 - 20 November, I wish the Parties success with implementingtheir historic HCFC decision, and also in ensuring that all Article 5countries successully complete the equally historic phase-out oCFCs by 2010.

Angela Cropper,UNEP Deputy Executive Director,

United Nations Assistant Secretary General,[email protected],

www.unep.org

Lan

dscapeAngela Cropper


4/24

Successful ODS Phase-out in Sweden:

Contemporary Elements for Success

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The problem o depletion o the stratospheric

ozone layer has been in ocus since the 1970s

when Sweden along with USA, Canada and

Norway banned the use o CFCs in aerosol

applications. However, despite awareness

o the detrimental eect o CFCs, global

CFC consumption continued to increase.

In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was signedand since then, additional ODS have been

regulated by amendments and adjustments

to the Protocol. The latest adjustment was

in September 2007, whereby Parties agreed to advance the HCFC

phase-out, including the production and consumption sectors.

Phase-out of ODSSweden pioneered regulation o ODS by proposing an ambitious

phase-out programme or the domestic market. A proposal was

adopted by the Parliament in May 1988 and an Ordinance was issued

mandating a complete phase-out. As use o HCFCs was considered

as an alternative to CFCs within virtually all sectors, an unlimited

growth o HCFC would have deeated the very purpose o the ODSphase-out. Sweden thereby mandated a ban on CFC and HCFC uses,

ater 31 December 1993, in a number o areas including aerosols,

packaging and constructional materials (oams), sterilisation, and

general solvent uses. The bans were combined with prohibition o

imports o equivalent products. The CFC and HCFC phase-out, in

eect, encompassed eight application areas and went well beyond

targets laid down in the Montreal Protocol. Figures 1 and 2 depict

the phase-out o HCFC and development o F-gas, in terms o

CO2-equivalent.

Post phase-out situation and evaluationThe Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) implemented

the programme in close co-operation with the industry. Today wecan look back at a successul phase-out programme. What the

industry regarded as almost impossible to achieve in 1988 is

viewed today as a closed chapter. A harmul group o ODS have

been removed rom widespread use in Sweden without the need

to close companies.

The keys to successThe success o the Swedish programme can be attributed to:

C le ar l eg is la ti on c om bi ni ng r eg ul at or y a nd e co no mi c

instruments;

Deadlinesthatstimulatequickaction.Difcultsectorshadthe

chance o exemption(s);

Industrywasproperlyinformedatthehighestlevel;

Tightdeadlinessetarealchallengeandinitiatedanurgencyto

adapt;

ResponsibilityforimplementationwasputontotheODSusers,

the manuacturers, service enterprises and not on to the parties

selling the substances, or the authorities;

Rapid implementation was rewarded - a quick change was

cheaper than slow adaptation because exemptions were costly

to obtain;

Failure to comply meant that an operation became illegal,

resulting in heavy fnes, possible jail sentence and closure;

Enforcement and supervision could be included in routine

inspections by the existing environmental organisation.

At the end only about 70 exemptions were granted. Almost all

companies succeeded in switching to alternative technologies

beore the set target date.

Environmental permitsAll issued permits incorporated ODS regulation so that restrictions

on use o the ODS were ensured.

Import restrictionsSweden was one o the irst countries in the world to carry out

a systematic and total ban on ODS. The industry then had to

invest in new technologies. To acilitate air competition, import

o products and ormulations o ODS were banned to discourageproduction prohibited in Sweden rom moving abroad. Customs

oicers were provided with a list o products and ormulations to

check and stop.

Husamuddin Ahmadzai

Win

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kNordic Policies on HCFCs

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Requirements on handling ODS andequipment containing ODSIn some situations, the handling o ODS or existing ODS-containing

equipment led to quite large losses o ODS. For such cases, SEPA developed

guidelines to minimise losses o ODS beore the target dates were in orce.

Additional institutional instrumentsAlthough regulatory and economic instruments ormed the basis o

the phase-out programme, complementary action was essential to

make the programme eective. This included an inormation and

research programmes, training, supervision and sanctions, review,

and a signifcant input rom SEPA sta.

The SEPA national ODS group had to be able to feld a vast number

o queries about every aspect o global ozone layer depletion and

the implementation o ODS-ree technologies. To build up this

capacity in a short time we developed a exible organisation linking

specialists in various felds within SEPA.

In addition, SEPA operated an external network o partners in

industry, organisations and various authorities. This unorthodox

organisation just managed to do a great job in a short time.

Husamuddin Ahmadzai,Dept. o Enorcement and Implementation,Swedish Environmental Protection Agency,

[email protected],www.naturvardsverket.se

Wid

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Sw

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DENMARK: All uses o HCFCs are banned except: rigid extruded polystyrene andpolyurethane insulating oam in existing household, commercial and industrialheat transer systems in research, development and laboratories which werepermited until 1 January 2002.

FINLAND: Use prohibition in: Rigidinsulatingfoamorequipmentcontainingsuchfoams; Integral-skin oam or saety applications; Refrigerantsinequipmenttobeinstalledormanufacturedfrom31December

1999; Solvents.

NORWAY: Consumption/production o HCFCs reduced 35% by 1 January 2001,

60% by 1 January 2007, 80% by 1 January 2010, 95% by 1 January 2013 andphase out by 1 January 2015.

SWEDEN : Ban manuacture o HCFCs;

Prohibit use o HCFCs rigid oam insulation; Prohibit use o HCFCs in new rerigeration, heating or other climate units; Prohibit use o HCFC or reflling existing rerigeration, heating or other

climate units rom 1 January 2002; Maximum rerigerant charge limited to 20 kg or high T, 33kg or low T direct

expansion systems.

Source: www.arap.org/regs


6/24

About

the initiativeR e f r i g e r a n t s ,Naturally! Promotesa shit in the point-o - sa l e coo l i n gtechnology in the o o d a n d d r i n kand retail sectorstowards F-gas-

ree rer igerat iontechnologies. Memberc o m p a n i e s a r e

reducing their impact on climate change and ozone depletion by

replacing HCFC and HFC rerigerants with natural rerigerants, byusing HCFC and HFC-ree insulation material, and by reducing theenergy consumption o new rerigerating equipment. This is donethrough substantial eorts or investments to progressively replaceuorocarbons with natural rerigerants in point-o-sale coolingapplications, including R and D, testing, nancial investment,

sta time or public engagement. The members are committed todevelop prospective timetables to move their operation towardsthese goals and to periodically share technical inormation aboutalternative rerigeration within the initiative via regular meetings,special events/workshops, and bilateral exchanges. Further, dataand results are shared with external stakeholders, such as theirwider supply chain, their industry peer groups, government

decision makers, and the public. Currently, more than 300,000hydrocarbon-based reezers by Unilever- Ice cream have alreadybeen installed throughout Europe, Latin America and Asia, as well

as more than 15,000 bottle- coolers and vending machines inChina, Europe and Latin America rom The Coca-Cola Company,Carlsberg and PepsiCo, either operating with CO2 or hydrocarbonrerigerants. McDonalds opened a completely HFC-ree pilotrestaurant in 2004 which allowed it to monitor and test HFC-reeequipment and perormance.

When launched4 years backRefrigerants, Naturally! Hadthreepartners, i.e. the Coca-Cola Company, McDonalds and Unilever.

Presently three more multinationals have joined-in Carlsberg,Pepsico, and IKEA.

Greenpeace and the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) are ofcial supporters and take an active role in the

management o the initiative

1

.

BackgroundHydrochlorouorocarbons (HCFCs) and Hydrouorocarbons (HFCs)are uorinated gases (F-gases) that are widely used as rerigerantsin rerigeration and cooling industry. In particular, HFCs are themost commonly used type o F-gases to replace CFCs and HCFCstwo sorts o gases to be phased out by the Montreal Protocol dueto their ozone- destroying properties. But, like CFCs and HCFCs,HFCs are extremely potent greenhouse gases with a very highglobal warming potential (GWP). They are regulated by the KyotoProtocol.

Refrigerants, Naturally !

Taking Non-HCFC Technologies

to the People

clever cooling vs global warming

An alliance for the food and drink, food service and

retail sectors who require point-of- sale cooling technology

Supported by the United Nations Environment Programme and

1. It all started with an experts meeting convened in Chicago-USA in which UNEP and Greenpeace were requested to provide advice on commonly available alternatives rerigerants that are ozone as well as climate riendly.

Currently, electrical consumption in the residential sector in developing

counties is low in comparison to developed countries, but this is rapidly

changing. For example, in China this is sector accounts or about 10 per

cent o total electricity consumption, compared to about 30 per cent in

developed countries. However, the use o air conditioners by urban residents

has increased rom 8 per cent in 1995 to 70 per cent in 2004 and use

o rerigerators has increased rom 66 per cent to 90 per cent over the

same period. As this growth is expected to continue, the consequences or

the climate o improvements in energy efciency o replacement technologies

can be expected to be considerable (see box on Climatic Advantage

on page 7) and the opportunities or saving energy are great. Potential

reductions in power requirements or air conditioner units derived rom

technology transer rom developed countries would thereore have

signiicant eects. For example, based on calculations rom Chinese warm

provinces1, these could result in reductions in total power generation o

between 15 per cent and 38 per cent in the next 15 years in China2 , that is

o up to 260 TWh equivalent to the output rom about 50 power plants3 -

with corresponding reductions in CO2 emissions.

The potential or energy eiciency improvements in room air conditioners in

developing countries is the subject o a recent inormation paper prepared

by the International Energy Agency (IEA). This paper takes two case studies,

one with a manuacturing capacity (China) and without (Ghana), and estimates

the potential reduction in electricity usage and CO2 emissions through

market penetration o energy eicient appliances.

The IEA study also considers various barriers to penetration o energy

eicient appliances in developing countries and assesses the easibility o

enorcing energy-eicient standards. It concludes that to realise the ull

potential o these energy saving measures, considerable market transormation

is needed in developing countries to acilitate the conversion to energy

eicient air conditioners. The paper suggests that the Cleam Development

Mechanism (CDM) may have a role to play in inancially supporting such

initiatives.

The ull IEA report How to Improve Air Conditioner Energy Eiciency in

Developing Countries can be downloaded rom:

www.iea.org/textbase/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PUBS_ID=1982

kNext Generation Room Air Conditioners Can Reduce Need for Power Plants, at Least Some of Them!

1. Accounting or some 30 per cent o the population2. Energy efciency o air conditioners in developing countries and the role o CDM. IEA Inormation Paper.Satoru Koizumi, International Energy Agency, November 20073. Assuming an average output o 5 TWh per power plant

Linda Ederberg,Refrigerants,Naturally!Secretariat

Linda.Ederberg@rerigerantsnaturally.orgwww.rerigerantsnaturally.com

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7/24

The Real Accelerator of the

(Developing Country)

HCFC Phase-Out: Financing

In order to comply with theac ce le rated HCFC phase-out sche-

dule as adopted in Decision XIX/6,fnancial assistance or all Article 5Parties will be needed and this will

be the main subject o negotiations in Doha in November 2008.

TheTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentPanel(TEAP)ReplenishmentTask Force has calculated the unding requirement or the period2009-2011 (as well as or periods beyond). It started by estimating theHCFC consumption or the period 2007-2012 or separate Parties or orgroups o Parties. The main HCFCs are HCFC-22, used in rerigerationand air conditioning and important or servicing, and HCFC-141b and-142b, used in oam blowing. Cost-eectiveness actors were determi-ned on the basis o US$/kg, using assumptions or capital and operatingcosts. Second conversions were considered eligible; a cut-o date or

eligibility (as or CFCs) was not considered a limiting actor.

A scenario called baseline unding was developed applying two cost-eectiveness actors (based on zero or two years operating costs).Assuming a three-year implementation period, this scenario mainlyaddresses the 10 per cent reduction rom the reeze year 2013 to2015. The unding requirement determined or addressing HCFCconsumption was determined at US $130-180 million including US$63 million or servicing.

A second scenario not only assumes unding the baseline, but allconsumption up to and including the year 2012, which should be

considered the maximum possible. This is because unding a reductionrom growth occurring up to 2012 in just one reduction step to the

reeze level in 2013 is the maximum easible. Compared to the frstscenario, the unding required here would increase to US $306-428million. In the triennium 2009-2011, no unding is assumed to berequired or the production phase-out. For supporting activities suchas Institutional Strengthening, the Compliance AssistanceProgramme o UNEP-OzonAction, the Multilateral Fund Secretariatand The Executive Committee an amount o about US $93 millionwas calculated1.

Parties at the 28th Open-Ended Working Group have requestedthe Task Force to look again, and in a more detailed way, at theimpact o cut-o dates, second conversions, costs or conversionsrom HCFCs to climate-riendly technologies, as well as the impacto exports and multinational shares in companies. On the basis o

the unding estimates or the two scenarios and the additionalinormation, Parties are expected to negotiate an amount o undingwhich should enable Article 5 Parties to comply with the irst 10per cent reduction step o the accelerated HCFC phase-out, byJanuary 2015.

Lambert Kuijpers,Co-chairTEAP,co-chairTEAPReplenishmentTaskForce,

[email protected]

1. The total unding requirement or the period 2009-2011 also includes about US $120 million or existingcommitments and some new projects or (non-HCFC) ODS, as well as or destruction; it could thereore bein the range o US $343 to 640 million.

Lambert Kuijpers

1. Guus J.M. Velders, et. al., The importance o the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate, 104PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 4814 (2007).2. 12 -15 GtCO2-eq: Guus Velders, Side event o UNEPs Regional Ozone Network or Europe & Central Asia,Belgrade, Serbia - October 11, 2007. The U.S. EPA estimates that, through 2040, the HCFC agreement couldreduce emissions by up to 16 billion metric tonnes o carbon dioxide-equivalent. (Previously quoted fgureso potential reductions o 18- 25 billion metric tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq) such as in UNEP NewsRelease. 14 September 2007. Ozone Treatys Role in Combating Climate Change Tops Environment MinistersMeeting in Canada, were based on scenarios proposed by TEAP prior to the agreed HCFC)

Ezra Clark,UNEP DTIE OzonAction,

[email protected],www.unep.r/ozonaction

kClimatic Advantage Further Opportunities to Achieve Climate Benefits

The achievements o the Montreal Protocol over its 20 year history in phasingout the production and consumption o ODS are well known. Its important role inmitigating climate emissions also merits recognition. Since 1990, actions underthe Montreal Protocol in phasing out ODS will have had the additional beneft,by 2010, o reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by about 11 billion tonnesCO2-equivalent per year (GtCO2-eq/yr) - which is 5-6 times the reduction targeto the Kyoto Protocol between 2008 and 2012 - and has delayed climate change

by between seven and 12 years1.

Therecentlypublished2008UNMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsReport(seepg.2)describes how the annual global CO2 emissions in 2005 reached 28 billion ton-nes, a 30 per cent increase since 1990. The recently agreed HCFCs phase-outpresents countries with an historic opportunity to not only reduce the levelso ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere, but also to have a urthersignifcant impact on the climate, as many HCFCs are powerul greenhouse gases.For example, the most commonly used HCFC - Monochlorodiuoromethane, orHCFC-22 - has a GWP o nearly 1800 times that o CO2. I zero or low GWPsubstitute technologies are adopted by countries to replace HCFC usage, the new

controls could deliver cumulative emission reductions o around 12 to 16 billion

metric tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq) over the coming decades2. There isalso an opportunity to gain additional climate benefts rom improved energyefciency and other improvements o the replacement technologies, signifcantlyin appliances, including room air conditioner units using HCFCs.

Lan

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8/24

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China Assesses the Challenge of HCFC Phase-out

Data reported by China under Article 7 o the Montreal Protocol showsthat Chinas HCFC consumption in 2006 accounted or 59 per cent othe total consumption o Article 5 countries and 45 per cent o total

global consumption. In the same year, Chinas production o HCFC was90 per cent o total production o Article 5 countries and 69 per cento total global production.

In the past fve years, HCFC production and consumption in Chinahave increased rapidly. In comparison with 2002, both production and

consumption increased three times, with an annual increase between13 and 38 per cent, and an average increase o 28 per cent in productionand 26 per cent in consumption.

The most widely used HCFCs in China are HCFC-22, -141b and -142b.

Using a scenario that assumes an average annual growth rate o 9 per

cent or HCFC-22, -141b and -142b and 3 per cent or other HCFCs,China would be at risk o non- compliance with the 2013 and 2015Montreal Protocol targets.

ConsumptionProjected Baseline: 22,000 ODP tons (300,000 MT)

Peak in 2012: 27,000 ODP tons (400,000 MT)Dierence: 5,000 ODP tons (100,000 MT)

ProductionProjected Baseline: 33,000 ODP tons (400,000 MT)Peak in 2012: 41,000 ODP tons (600,000 MT)Dierence: 8,000 ODP tons 200,000 MT

Reductionin2015Production: 3,300 ODPs (about 50,000 MT)Consumption: 2,200 ODPs (about 30,000 MT)

China needs to take extensive action to control HCFC growth. Thechallenges include:

Addressinga largeindustrial-economicsectorcomprisingatotal

annual production value o US $100 billion, over 10,000 enterprises

and several million employees. Rapidilyreversinga present annual growth ofmore than20per

cent, and achieving a reeze by 2013 (a reduction o about 80,000MT) and a 10 per cent reduction in 2015 (a reduction o bout30,000 MT).

Overhauling the policy frameworkto meet requirements of the

Protocols Montreal Adjustment on HCFC phase out. Overcoming the low public awareness of HCFC phase-out and

alternative technologies.

China expects to reduce HCFC growth rom 9 per cent to 4 per centthrough making policy interventions, undertaking public awarenesscampaigns, and implementing demonstration projects. The Government

believes that these measures will result in avoidance o an increase o90,000 MT o HCFC consumption beore 2013 and the reeze target andthe 10 per cent reduction target in 2015 will become easier to meet.

Furthermore, China is considering prioritizing the HCFC phaseout in theXPS oam sector because o the availability o alternatives and the highODP value o HCFC-141b.

Overview of sector characteristics in China

RoomAirConditioners Large,rapidlygrowingsector; Morethan65millionroomair-conditionerunitsproducedin2006,

about 75 per cent o the global market; Severaldozenmanufacturers:bigcompanieshavemorethan1000

models;

Almost80,000MTHCFC-22consumedasrefrigerantin2006.

Morethan90percentoftherefrigerantusedinroomairconditionersis HCFC-22;

Current alternative to HCFC-22 is R410A, but this has a high

GWP; HydrocarbonsandHFCblendswithlowGWParestillintheresearch

stage.

PolyurethaneFoams Rapidly growing sector, with a more rapidincreaseexpectedin

the uture due to energy efciency requirements or products andbuildings;

Actual number ofmanufacturing enterprises isnotknown, butcould be several thousands with a large number o SMEs;

Broadrangeofapplications-insulationpanels,blocks,boards,pipe

insulation, spray oam, appliance insulation and insulated trucks/trailers;

About40,000MTofHCFC-141bconsumedin2006;

Current alternativeto HCFC-141bare hydrocarbons, HFC-245fa,HFC-365mc and water.

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HCFC Production and Consumption in China (MT)

0

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9/24

I 9 I

As part o a wider cooperation ramework to help ensure the environmentalsustainability o the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, the Beijing OrganizingCommittee or the Games o the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG) and the UNEP

teamed up to help ensure that this ultimate sporting event was also arecord-breaker in terms o ozone layer protection.

UNEP DTIEs OzonAction Programme assisted BOCOG by providingconceptual guidance on avoiding use o ODS at all Games acilities andvenues; suggestions or specifc implementation activities; and assistance

incooperatingwithotherbodiesinvolvedinozoneprotection.Regularmeetings were held betweeen both organisations to monitor progress andidentiy needed actions, and both met with equipment suppliers or theOlympic venues. BOCOG developed eight main procurement guidelines to

make the Games ozone riendly and provided them to their suppliers.

Ater the procurement guidelines were implemented, the Beijing

MunicipalResearchInstituteofEnvironmentalProtectionconductedasurvey at the end o 2006 that revealed that no CFC-based rerigerantswere being used at the Olympic venues. These data enabled BOCOG to

confrm that they have not only avoided the use o CFCs - two yearsahead o Montreal Protocol schedule - but also avoided the use o HCFCs- 32 years ahead o Montreal Protocol schedule.

Twenty-one o the Olympic acilities installed central air-conditioningsystems. O the 18 venues that had already signed purchasing contracts

atthetimeofthesurvey,14hadoptedforR-134aandtheotherfourhadchosen lithium bromide as a contribution to the CFC phase-out process.Individualairconditioners,mostofwhichrunonR-410A,wereinstalled

in17venues.Inaddition,ninevenuesusedR-134a,R-407Candothercoolants do not harm the ozone layer.

Regardingre-extinguishingequipment,18venueshadsignedpurchasingcontracts or ODS-ree fre-extinguishing products by the end o 2006.

All o them had avoided halon-based substances, opting instead or otherchemicals such as heptauoropropane or ammonium phosphate salt.

The use o carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroorm or cleaning,

laundry and electronic circuit boards was prohibited. Companiessupplying oodstus rom greenhouses were required to avoid the use o

methyl bromide umigants.

The sponsors o this Olympic Game also picked up the ODS-ree baton

and raced to make the event ozone-riendly. The Coca Cola Companyinstalled 4,000 bottle coolers that used non-ODS natural rerigerants.McDonalds engaged to not use any ODS. Haier, promised not to use

any CFCs and developed new rerigeration products, which used naturalrerigerants and employed solar energy.

Gold Medal - Green Medal:Achieving an Ozone-Friendly Olympics

Olym

pic

Stadium-B

eijin

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Chin

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Contact: Xiaouan Yu,Beijing Olympic Committee or the Games o the XXIX Olympiad (BOCOG),

[email protected],www.bocog/ozone

Rajendra Shende,OzonAction, UNEP DTIE,


XPSFoams UseofXPSfoamsasinsulationforbuildingsisincreasingrapidly; Actual numberof manufacturing enterprisesis not known, but

could be over 100 major manuacturing enterprises; MainlyusingHCFC-22andHCFC-142borblendsofthese;

About20,000-30,000MTofHCFCsconsumedin2006; The alternative technology for these HCFC applications is not

currently available in China;

Costofconversionisveryhigh.

RefrigerationandAirConditioningservicing Extensive use of HCFC refrigerants, including HCFC-22, HCFC-

142b, HCFC-123 and blends;

About20,000MTofHCFCsconsumedin2006; The consumption of HCFCs for servicing increases when the

quantity o HCFC-based equipment increases: a critical issue or

the overall HPMP strategy; NeedtoestablishasystemforrecyclingHCFCs,supportedbyregulations.

Solvents MainlyusingHCFC-141b; LargenumberofenterprisesusingHCFCsolvents,butdifcultto

locate them due to their small and medium-scale consumption; About5,000to10,000MTofHCFCsconsumedin2006(estimate);

NotclearaboutsubstitutesforHCFCs.

HCFC Production About30majorproducersofHCFCs; For2007,totalHCFCproductioncapacitywasestimatedat620,000MT; Estimatedoutputforthecontrolleduseswasabout370,000MTin

2007;

Phase-outismorecomplicatedincomparisontoCFCs,andwouldset o a chain-reaction in the chemical industry;

Difcultiesinmanagingandmonitoringduetolargequantitiesofexports and eedstock.

Source : Ministry o Environment Protection, presentation during thecoordination meeting organized in Beijing or HPMP preparation, 19-20 May 2008.

Contact: Yang Lirong,Director, Project Management Division III, Foreign Economic Cooperation Ofce,

Ministry o Environmental Protection, China,[email protected]


10/24

Fluorocarbon Industry Constantly

Tackling Technical Challenges

I 10 I

Since the early days o the MontrealProtocol, businesses that produceuorocarbons and those that manuactureequipment utilizing these compounds havebeen busy identiying new technologiesand developing them to be eective at allthe stages o the CFC and HCFC phase-outs. As the Protocols HCFC phase-outschedule takes shape in all countries overthe next ew decades, industry is ready to

provide sae, efcient, cost-eective, andenvironmentally acceptable solutions to ozone depletion andclimate change.

It was an unprecedented challenge or industry to replace CFCsin the business sectors and in the myriad products that containedthem. There was no single solution to replace the ubiquitous CFCsused as rerigerants, solvents, oam-blowing agents, propellants,and sterilants. Nevertheless, with a huge investment o eortrom experts around the world, business was able to inventnew compounds, such as HFCs, invest billions o dollars, andsuccessully replace CFCs wherever they were used.

The Protocols success depended on the implementation o CFCalternatives such as HCFCs, a set o compounds with signifcantlylower ozone-depletion potential (ODP). As the Montreal ProtocolParties established dates or the HCFC phase-out, business aced

the challenge o repeating the difcult and expensive task oreplacing another widely used compound.

HCFCs continue to be important since they are needed assubstitutes or high ODP CFCs and to service a wide array o air-conditioning and rerigeration equipment or the duration o theuseul lie o these products. While the Parties agreed in 2007 tourther phase down HCFCs, they may be used in new equipmentuntil 2020 in developed countries, and 2030 in developingcountries. In the meantime, business has commercialized some

technologies as alternatives to HCFCs and will stop manuacturingHCFCs within the Protocols time-rames.

In addition to emissions reductions, and recovery/recycling/reclamation, new energy-efcient and cost-eective technologywill continue to be the solution to ozone depletion. Industryhas already implemented some alternatives to HCFCs and willbe ready to meet the Protocols goals with new or improvedsolutions, including HFCs, that protect not only the ozone layer,but prevent unnecessary emissions o carbon dioxide.

Dave Stirpe,Executive Director,

AllianceforResponsibleAtmosphericPolicy,[email protected]

www.arap.org

Dave Stirpe

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ndustry

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I 11 I

Stephen O. Andersen K. Madhava Sarma

Common Sense in Conversion:

Moving Away from HCFCsThe latest provisions o the Montreal Protocol accelerate theHCFC phase-out mandate that Parties should act to protectthe climate while choosing alternatives to ODS. This has putthe burden on the Parties to seek low-GWP HFCs or non-HFCalternatives. The expansion o the Montreal Protocol with aclimate remit provides a new opportunity or environmentalauthorities and NGOs to cooperate on the way orward or boththe ozone layer and the climate. Parties will want to use the mostsuccessul strategies rom the CFC phase-out: corporate andmilitary leadership; product bans, taxes and labels; government/industry partnerships; ample Multilateral Fund (MLF) unding;

inormation clearing-houses and networks; and essential useexemptions where alternatives to HCFCs and HFCs are not yetenvironmentally superior. Implementing agencies will want towelcome opportunities to capture climate and other co-beneftswhile urther protecting the ozone layer.

The strategy to achieve the joint ozone and climate protection goalshould include the ollowing elements:

Fully nance ozone and climate benets atthe MLF (oneMLF window with the fnancial value o climate beneftsreplenished to the MLF by the Parties or carbon-osetfnancing institutions);

UseLife-CycleClimatePerformanceasthemetricforselectingalternatives that satisy saety and health criteria (such asHFC-1234y to replace HFC-134a in vehicle AC);

Favournot-in-kind,naturalchemicals,andlow-GWPHFCswithnear-zero emissions (such as hydrocarbons or CO2 insulatingoam or mineral wool);

Allowcontinued HFC use whereenvironmentally superioralternatives are not yet available at aordable cost (such asHFC-134a or metered-dose inhalers MDIs);

Establishanessential-useprovisionorexemptionfornecessaryand desirable low ODP and low GWP HCFC uses (such as highlyefcient HCFC building air conditioning chillers);

Demandnear-zeroemission,recoveryandrecyclinginserviceand end-o-lie, and ozone and climate osets or essentialuses (making continued ODS and HFCs both climate- andozone-neutral).

This article conveys the perspective o the authors and does notnecessarily reect the views o the Technology and EconomicAssessment Panel (TEAP) or the US Environmental Protection Agency.

K. Madhava Sarma,TEAP Senior Expert Member,

[email protected]

Lan

dscape

Stephen O. Andersen,TEAP Co-Chair,[email protected]


12/24

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Lessons from History:

Meeting the Challenge of Illegal HCFC Trade

It is impossible to assess the risk o illegal trade in HCFCs

without a strong eeling o dj vu. When the Environmental

Investigation Agency began researching the illicit trade in CFCs

in the mid-1990s, it quickly became apparent that the regulatory

controls had unwittingly created avourable conditions or a

thriving black market. These conditions included: production

controls in industrialised countries where demand remained

high; large amounts o installed equipment reliant on CFCs; and

burgeoning production o CFCs in some developing countries.

And history could repeat itsel because similar conditions now

prevail or the trade in HCFCs, prompting ears that illicit

trafc in these chemicals could grow rapidly. Industry insiders

are predicting that, as use o HCFCs is increasingly capped, the

resulting price rises in widely used HCFCs, especially HCFC-

22, could provoke a surge in smuggling within a ew years.

Seizures o illicit HCFCs have already occurred, notably in Asia

and North America, and a US industry coalition has warned

that illegal imports o HCFCs are on the rise. Lessons rom CFC

smuggling trends suggest a rapid rise in trafcking o HCFCs

could occur beore the end o the decade.

So much or the bad news. The good news is that impressive

progress has been made in the ight against CFC smuggling,

and these experiences should leave enorcement agencies

well placed to meet the challenge o illegal trade in HCFCs.

Most o the parties to the Montreal Protocol now have ODS

licensing systems in place, which can be used to monitor

trade in HCFCs. In Asia, these systems have been used to

create an inormal method o prior notiication between

exporters and importers. A huge amount o capacity building,

especially or customs agents, has been carried out around

the world and rerigerant identiiers installed at many ports.

By tapping into these resources and remaining vigilant, the

growth o HCFC smuggling can be curbed, and the mistakes

o the past avoided.

Julian Newman,Campaigns Director,

Environmental Investigation Agency,[email protected],

www.eia-international.org

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Credit:Environm

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Why Destroying ODS Banks is Critical

for Climate and for Small Island

Developing Countries

At the November 2008 Meetingo the Parties to the MontrealProtocol, decisions will be takenon how to collect and destroyODS in discarded products and

equipment, including rerigerators, air conditioners, and oams.These proposals were submitted by Mauritius, the FederatedStates o Micronesia, and Argentina, and were well received atthe Open-Ended Working Group meeting (OEWG) in Bangkok.

These banks o ODS are an important target, containing 400,000or more tons o ODP, and 6 to 20 billion tons o CO2-eq. Collectionand destruction will provide tremendous benefts or the ozonelayer and or the global climate.

The climatic benefts are particularly important or small islanddeveloping States (SIDS), which will be among the frst to suerrom sea-level rise and other abrupt climate changes. Some SIDSwill cease to exist, and all will suer disproportionate impactsrom abrupt climate changes.

Because the tipping points or points-o-no-return or abrupt climatechanges may be as close as 10 years away, Mauritius and other SIDSare aggressively pursuing climate mitigation strategies that have thepotential to delay climate orcing in the short-term. Urgent climatemitigation is needed to delay arrival o the tipping points.

Mauritius is proud to have joined last year with the FederatedStates o Micronesia, Argentina and Brazil and a small group odeveloped country Parties to propose adjustments to acceleratethe phase-out o HCFCs, in a way that promotes climate benefts,including energy efciency.

This joint eort, launched at the 20th anniversary meeting lastSeptember, is the frst initiative in which all countries haveexplicitly agreed to mandatory and enorceable climate mitigation,including ull incremental costs unding or required technologies.The climate benefts will be 16 or more billion tons o CO2-eq, which

compares avorably with the Kyoto Protocols goal o 1 billion tonso CO2-eq below 1990 levels per year rom 2008-2012.

This is on top o the Montreal Protocols other climate mitigation,which has reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 135 GtCO2-eqbetween 1990 and 2010, and delayed climate orcing by up to 12years. When pre-Montreal Protocol eorts to protect the ozonelayer are included, such as voluntary reductions in CFCs anddomestic regulations in the 1970s, the delay in climate orcingis 35 to 41 years. Thus the Montreal Protocol has been playing amajor role in keeping the world rom passing the tipping pointsor abrupt climate changes.

Mauritius and other SIDS see the Montreal Protocol as a air andequitable treaty that can play an expanded role in protecting theclimate system, as well as the ozone layer. We believe that allParties will beneft rom a decision this November to address banks,and we are encouraged by the strong support in the statementrom the Major Economies Meeting in Japan in July 2008, whereleaders o the worlds 17 major economies pledged to continue

to promote actions under the Montreal Protocol on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layer or the beneft o the global climatesystem. The leaders recognized the need or urgent action andcommitted to act without delay to strengthen the MontrealProtocol or the beneft o global climate.

For island States, addressing banks is a critical step the Partiescan take this year to help delay the tipping points or abruptclimate changes, including catastrophic sea-level rise. Successin November will give us a bit more time to solve the broaderclimate change challenge, especially the emissions o CO2 romossil uels, while giving us on-the-ground experience that canhelp us learn how to do more, aster, in the uture.

Sateeaved Seebaluck,Permanent Secretary,

Ministry o Environment, Mauritius,[email protected]

Sateeaved Seebaluck

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Maria Nolan

The agreement in September 2007 to accelerate the phase-out o HCFCs was intended not only to protect the earthsozone layer but at the same time to minimize impacts onthe environment, particularly the earths climate. While thiswill enable the Montreal Protocol to continue its successo reaping the dual benefts o ozone layer protection andclimate, it brings additional challenges to the MultilateralFund and its Executive Committee to adhere to its mandateo assisting Article 5 countries to comply with the MontrealProtocols HCFC phase-out schedule. This will be reected

in its unding policies to support substitutes with not onlyzero ozone depleting potential but also with lower impacton climate change and higher energy efciency. Eorts mayalso be needed to diversiy sources o unding to meet theseadditional needs and optimize environmental benefts.Only seven months ater the historic agreement on HCFCs, theExecutive Committee approved guidelines or HCFC phase-outmanagement plans (HPMPs) and provided the opportunityor each Article 5 country to develop the ramework orits over-arching strategy or total HCFC phase-out. TheCommittee recommended that the strategy be implemented

in a stepwise or staged approach, and that countries shouldtake advantage o the dynamic HPMP guidelines as these notonly enable early action on HCFC phaseout but also retaincountries exibility to take advantage o new technologies asthey evolve. The decisions taken by the Executive Committeeat its recent meetings on HPMP guidelines and on relatedcosts represent milestones in the actions to address majorenvironmental issues.

Stage one o the HPMP needs to cover the HCFC baseline

reeze in 2013 and the 10 per cent HCFC reduction in 2015.To reach these targets the Executive Committee is providingunds or HPMP preparation based on the requirements othe HPMP guidelines to enable countries to develop specifcplans in order to meet the 2013 and 2015 targets. As o July2008, 101 countries have already received unding or HPMPpreparation.

Achieving the HCFC Freeze

and Reduction Targets First Steps

Maria Nolan,Chie Ofcer o the Multilateral Fund Secretariat,

[email protected],www.multilateralund.org

I 14 I


15/24

Anic

ebergf

oatingin

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tica

The 20th anniversary o the Montreal Protocol was clearly a

triumph or both the Parties to the Protocol and the global

community. In keeping with their proactive nature, the

Parties to the Protocol went well beyond celebrating the

success o this truly remarkable treaty. Instead, through

their decision on HCFCs, they took a leap orward in their

eorts to protect both ozone and climate change. By so

doing, they demonstrated that the Montreal Protocol truly

represents a global partnership or global beneits.

In the year since the decision to move orward on HCFCs,

a great deal has been accomplished. In keeping with the

Protocols culture o success and partnership, we have seen

a burgeoning o country and privately driven eorts to

share inormation on environmentally riendly alternatives.

We have also witnessed quick action on the approval o

Multilateral Fund guidelines that are already enabling

many Article 5 parties to begin to map out a strategy or

their HCFC phaseout. Finally, we are monitoring as cutting

edge work is taking place to develop new alternatives

and technologies as well as new initiatives are underway

to enable the Parties to better understand and take into

account the energy eiciency and lie cycle implications

o changes they may make. These and other strong eorts

that will be needed to eectuate the phaseout o HCFCs

are requiring an expansion o or change rom our historic

model. Indeed, the Ozone Secretariat itsel is embarking

on a new path aimed at enhancing our support or the

various regions and regional networks, and to increasing

our work and support in the area o compliance. We

believe that these and other changes taking place in allo the ozone institutions will add to the vitality o our

common eorts and urther assist the parties as they

continue strengthening the Montreal Protocol as a model

multilateral environmental agreement.

No Resting on Laurels for Protocol Parties

Marco Gonzlez,Executive Secretary - Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol,

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),[email protected],

http://ozone.unep.org

I 15 I

Marco Gonzalez


16/24

Summary of Key Decisions Related to HCFCs

Decisions by the Meeting

of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

November2006

XVIII/12:RequeststheTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentPanel (TEAP) to assess measures or addressing ozone depletion,

with a ocus on HCFCs.

September2007

XIX/6: The Parties agreed to accelerate the phase-out oHCFCs production and consumption. For Article 5 Parties the

baseline will be the average o the 2009 and 2010 levels and

the phase-out schedule was set as ollows: Freeze in 2013, 10

per cent reduction by 2015, 35 per cent reduction by 2020,67.5 per cent reduction by 2025, and complete phase-out by 1

January 2030. An annual average o 2.5 per cent or servicing

would be allowed or the period o 2030-2040. This allowance

should be reviewed in 2025.

XIX/8:RequeststheTEAPtoconductastudyaddressingprospects

or the promotion and acceptance o alternatives to HCFCs in

the rerigeration and air-conditioning sectors in Article 5 Parties,

with specifc reerence to particular climatic conditions.

XIX/10: Terms o reerence or the study on the 2009-2011

replenishment o the Multilateral Fund or the Implementation

o the Montreal Protocol. TEAP to prepare a report or the XXth

Meeting o the Parties (MOP) to enable a decision to be made

on the 2009-2011 replenishment o the Multilateral Fund (MLF),

including scenarios indicating eligible incremental costs and

cost-efciencies associated with implementation by Article 5

Parties o the adjustments and decisions relating to HCFCs.

Decisions by the Executive Committeeof the Multilateral Fund

November2006

50/6: Request the Secretariat to prepare a nal report onpriorities or the triennium 2006-2008, beyond the needsidentifed by the model rolling three-year phase-out plan

or the 52nd meeting, taking into account the HCFC surveys

currently under preparation and any relevant available TEAP

reports, and states that the report should provide inormation

on the overall cost and cost-eectiveness o projects and

activities.

July200752/4:RequeststheSecretariattoprepareadiscussionpaper

or the 53rd Meeting on options or assessing and defning

eligible incremental costs or HCFC consumption and

production phase-out activities.

December2007

53/37: Sets the ratifcation o the Copenhagen Amendment asthe prerequisite or accessing MLF unding or phasing out the

consumption o HCFCs and that o the Beijing Amendment as

the prerequisite or accessing MLF unding or the productiono HCFCs. The existing policies and guidelines o the MLF or

unding the phase-out o ODS other than HCFCs would be

applicable to the unding o HCFC phase-out unless otherwise

decided by the Executive Committee. The decision requires that

institutions and capacities developed through MLF assistance

or the phase-out o ODS other than HCFCs should be used

to economize the phase-out o HCFCs and that sufcient

assistance rom the MLF would be provided to guarantee the

sustainability o such institutions and capacities.

53/39: Notes that the anticipated actions required by Article

5 countries to meet post-2010 obligations indicate need orinstitutional strengthening unding ater 2010 and that possible

unding or institutional strengthening support beyond 2010

should be examined, especially in light o decision MOP XIX/6

regarding accelerated HCFC phase-out. The decision requests

the Secretariat to: review possible unding arrangements and

levels or capacity building; explore the extent, nature and

eligibility o any additional measures that might be considered

or unding by the Executive Committee to address activities

or HCFC phase-out consistent with guidelines pertaining

to institutional strengthening activities to be agreed by

the Executive Committee; and to report to the Executive

Committee by the frst Meeting o 2009.

April2008

54/4:Requeststhatinformation (on price data) on all ODS,including HCFCs and their alternatives, be included in country

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programme data reports and that the Secretariat continues

to obtain eedback rom Article 5 countries on the risk

assessment, the general indicators o possible risk o non-

compliance therein, and their ability to achieve compliance.

54/5(b):RequeststheSecretariattoincludeanHCFCanalysis

in uture versions o the compliance-oriented model/three-

year phase-out plan and requests implementing agencies to

include tonnage or all HCFC activities, excluding preparatoryprojects, based on current practices or any modifcations

subsequently approved by the Executive Committee.

54/39: Countries should use the guidelines to develop

stage one o the HPMPs, which would address the reeze in

2013 and the 10 per cent reduction in 2015. For countries

with a servicing sector only, the stage one o the HPMP

and subsequent stages should be consistent with existing

guidelinesforthepreparationofRMPs/RMPUsandwiththe

preparation o TPMPs where applicable, contain commitments

to achieve the 2013 and 2015 HCFC control measures and, to

enable the release o unding, include a perormance-based

system or HPMPs based on the completion o activities in

the HPMP.

Requests the countries to adopt a staged approach to the

implementation o an HCFC Phase-out Management Plan

(HPMP), within the ramework o their over-arching strategy.

In the HPMPs, consideration should be given to HCFC control

measures in legislation, regulations and licensing systems as

part o the unding o HPMP preparation as necessary and

confrmation o the implementation o the same should be

required as a prerequisite or unding implementation o the

HPMP. The HPMPs should contain cost inormation at the

time o their submission based on the most current HCFC costguidelines. The decision encourages exploration o potential

fnancial incentives and opportunities or additional resources

to maximize the environmental benefts rom HPMPs. The

decision requires HPMPs to address the use o existing

institutional arrangements and the role o rerigeration

associations.

July200855/5: Urges the countries with ongoing projects to considerusing the approved unding or conversion to non-HCFC

alternatives where possible. The Secretariat is requested to

identiy projects where conversion to HCFC-based equipmentis still being considered, in order to assess the easibility o

conversion to non-HCFC alternatives.

55/13: Requires that a discount of 25 per cent should beapplied to the survey component o the unding or preparation

o the HPMP to be approved or countries that had received

unding or the HCFC surveys. It determines unding level or

preparation o HPMPs or countries with reported zero HCFC

consumption US$ 30,000, whereby additional unding may

be requested i levels o HCFC consumption greater than

zero were identifed during preparation and reported under

Article 7. Also requests the Secretariat to prepare or the 56thMeeting a cost structure or determining unding levels or

the preparation o HCFC investment and associated activities

with inputs rom the bilateral and implementing agencies. It

requests the Secretariat to apply the cost structure to any

submissions or the preparation o HCFC investment and

associated activities to the 56th Meeting.

55/42: Requests that theopen-endedcontact groupshould

continue to discuss the issues related to the HCFC production

sector at the 56th Meeting.

55/43: Set out an extensive decision on the preparationand submission o initial projects to address HCFC uses in

aerosol applications, oam and rerigeration manuacturing

sub-sectors, fre extinguishers and solvents. The intention

would be to enable the Committee to choose projects that

best demonstrated alternative technologies and acilitated the

collection o accurate data on incremental capital cost and

incremental operating costs or savings, as well as other data

relevant to the application o the technologies.

Bilateral and implementing agencies are invited to submit

demonstration projects or the conversion o HCFCs in the

rerigeration and air conditioning sub-sectors to low-global-

warming potential (GWP) technologies , to identiy all the stepsrequired and to assess their associated costs. Also requests the

Secretariat to approach other institutions with the objective

o identiying individual, regional or multilateral unding

mechanisms suitable or co-fnancing in order to achieve

additional climate benefts and to report to a uture Meeting.

The inormation above is summarized; please consult the reports o theExecutive Committee meetings or the exact text o the respective decisions.www.multilateralund.org/documents.htm and http://ozone.unep.org

kThe Montreal Protocol Whos WhoUNEP DTIE will unveil a new web portal at the 20th Meeting o the Parties inQatar to honor the visionaries, innovators and implementers who are making theMontreal Protocol a global environmental success story.

You have a unique early-bird opportunity to nominate ozone protection championsrom your country or region. Please visit www.unep.r/ozonaction to access theonline nomination orm.

I 17 I

Contact: Yerzhan Aisabayev,UNEP DTIE OzonAction Programme,



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IguassuF

alls-Brazil

Integrating and Sequencing Financing to Protect

the Ozone Layer and Mitigate Climate Change

Suely Carvalho

The acceleration o HCFC phase-out is one o various

obligations under a multitude o Multilateral Environmental

Agreements that developing countries have to implement.

The challenges in meeting the Montreal Protocol 2013 reeze

and the 2015 reduction targets o 10 per cent are many. They

include, among others, the limited time available, the need

to tap into dierent sources o fnance to cover non- eligible

project components, and the easibility o technology transer

to bring desired climate benefts.

UNDP projects have been designed to achieve the combined

objectives o dierent conventions and protocols. Examples

include the removal o barriers to energy efciency investment

in buildings (replacing energy inefcient chillers), and

rerigeration appliance replacement programmes that reduce

ODS demand and save energy. Such projects also look into fnal

disposal o collected ODS (rerigerant and/or oam). Similar

approaches can be applied when addressing the challenges o

HCFC phase-out.

UNDP is helping countries integrate and sequence dierent

sources o unding and, in collaboration with Fortis Bank, has

established the MDG-Carbon Facility to assist with project

development and access to carbon fnance. UNDP has also

spearheaded initiatives or HCFC phase-out management

strategies and action plans, and has designed pilot projects

to validate emerging technologies. As the designated lead

agency in several developing countries, representing over 70

per cent o the HCFC consumption, UNDP stands ready to assist

countries to meet their compliance obligations with dierent

Multilateral Environmental Agreements in a coherent and

coordinated way.

Project development utilizing multiple fnancing sources

requires considerable coordination among partners.

Synchronization o dierent project cycles and fnancial

mechanisms is challenging or the stakeholders, fnancial

partners and agencies involved. Parties to various conventions

need to improve cross-convention interaction and synergies

to enable speedier access to available unding opportunities

(including market-based mechanisms). With that, HCFC

projects under the Multilateral Fund will have a better chance

o delivering the expected benefts or the ozone and climate

regimes.

Suely Carvalho,UNDP,

[email protected],www.undp.org/chemicals

Kilimanjaro - Kenya


19/24

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RajendraShende

Accelerated phase out o HCFCs provides a unique and

convenient opportunity or the world community to address

two o the most threatening issues the world is acing

today: climate change and ozone layer depletion. The UNEP

OzonAction Strategy is to enable 145 developing countries

to avail this extraordinary opportunity. There is now global,

regional and national inrastructure that has been adequately

strengthened and capacity is built in the developing countries

as a result o the experience o the governments and the

industries over last two decades in phasing out CFCs.

It is true that in terms o sheer volume, the amount o HCFCs

that developing countries have to phase out by 2030 is ar

larger than the CFCs that they will have phased-out by 2010.

However, they now have hands-on experience in phasing

out more than 90 % o the CFCs and some other ODSs, and

more than that, they know that while implementing the

Montreal Protocol, they are contributing to other important

environmental and development goals .

UNEP OzonAction has an overall mandate to enable countries

to meet compliance with the Montreal Protocol throughcapacity building and technology support. While implementing

this mandate, UNEP will utilise the lessons learned over

the last 20 years in working with the developing countries

through delivery o its integrated services, such as inormation

exchange on technologies and policies, regional networking

o the National Ozone Units, training o technicians, policy

makers, and customs and monitoring ofcers.

The oundation o this exercise will be laid by developing

the HCFC Phase-out Management Plan HPMP - through

a participatory approach. UNEP OzonAction has gained

experience rom developing Country Programmes in morethan 100 countries. Based on the lessons-learned, UNEP has

developed a guidance manual or the development o HPMPs

which will play a key role in developing HPMPs in nearly 60

countries, including India and China.

The key message that UNEP will be delivering, through practical

case studies, is that the phase-out o HCFCs would not only

contribute to protect the ozone layer but, more than that, it

would make a signifcant contribution to reducing the climate

change. The estimates indicate that globally there would be

opportunity to reduce the emissions by around 12 to 16 billion

metric tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq) over the 2010 2040

period. I this is done in the way that it improves the energy

eiciency o the equipment and appliances using HCFCs -

and this is easible - then advantage could be signifcantlymore. This is strikingly signifcant i we consider that the

target o reduction o emission during the frst Kyoto Protocol

commitment period o 2008-2012 is about 5 billion metric

tonnes o carbon dioxide (GtCO2-eq).

While contributing to solving these two global problems,

countries have an unparalleled opportunity to get additional

benefts by reducing energy consumption. Estimates indicate

that i energy efciency o the room air-conditioning units

improve through technology transer rom developed countries,

the developing countries would together beneft by reducing

their energy consumption in the order o 10 - 40 per cent.Communicating the multiple advantages at the global and local

level will be the key element o UNEP strategy. UNEPs web-

based HCFC Help Center will become a hub or the inormation

on alternative HCFC technologies and policies. UNEP will also

provide the inormation on innovative co-fnancing options

or these activities apart rom the Multilateral Fund.

Ater all it will be a ftting fnale or the story o the Montreal

Protocol i we can tell the world that this is a story not only o

protecting the ozone layer but also o mitigating climate change.

Rajendra Shende,UNEP DTIE, OzonAction,


Convenient Opportunity to Address

an Inconvenient Truth


20/24

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Apan

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S M Si Ahmed

The historical decision XIX/6 on Adjustments to the Montreal

Protocol taken by the 19th Meeting o the Parties, in September

2007, regarding the accelerated schedule o phase-out o

production and consumption o HCFCs, undoubtedly ushers in

a new era and sets resh major challenges or all stakeholders

- including Parties, Protocol bodies, Implementing Agencies,

industry and technology developers and providers - in terms o

unding, availability o acceptable alternatives, environmental

benefts and time rames.

Since the inception o the Multilateral Fund, UNIDO has been

an active Implementing Agency in providing assistance to

Article 5 Parties to meet their ODS phase-out targets through

the development and implementation o phase-out plans and

projects. And, taking advantage o its comparatively strong

standing in the industrial sector, it was among the leaders in

adopting long-term, environmental ODS substitutions in the

oam and rerigeration sectors.

In the HCFC era, the strategic object ive or UNIDO is to continue

assisting Article 5 countries in meeting their obligations in a

sustainable manner. To achieve the above strategic objective,UNIDO considered the ollowing:

Participate in ongoing discussions regarding the

development o new policies and guidelines related to

HCFC phase-out;

Review and upgrade the capacities of the UNIDO

Montreal Protocol team to respond to HCFC phase-out

requirements;

Buildstrongtieswithandestablishanetworkoftechnology

providers;

Strengthen ties with Article 5 partners and build their

capacities in HCFC phase-out related areas using allavailable means;

Buildandstrengthenpartnershipswithotherimplementing

agencies in order to integrate eorts to achieve a more

coordinated and eective programme implementation.

Based on the above, UNIDO organized a seminar in Vienna

on Alternative Substances and Technologies to Phase Out

HCFCs in Article 5 Countries and Countries with Economies

in Transition during the period 18-20 February 2008.

Participants included representatives rom Article 5 and non-

Article 5 Parties, experts rom academia and industry, sister

implementing and bilateral agencies, the Multilateral Fund

(MLF) Secretariat and the Ozone Secretariat.

It is believed that the exchange o inormation that took

place during the seminar has enabled UNIDO, implementing

agencies and the countries concerned to better understand

the requirements or preparation o their HCFC phase-out

management plans (HPMP).

The 54th and the 55th Executive Committee meetings approved

unds or UNIDO to prepare HPMPs in 33 countries. And UNIDO

will spare no eort in working with partner countries and

other implementing agencies to meet the challenge.

S M Si Ahmed,UNIDO,

[email protected],www.unido.org

Strategy on HCFCs: Technology and Partnership


21/24

I 21 I

Topic

alIslan

dSteve Gorman

The Parties to the Montreal Protocol took a decision a year

ago which has changed the course o our work by introducing

new challenges as well as opportunities. Decision XIX/6 on

accelerated HCFC phase-out has set in motion a second phase

o ODS phase-out, whereby Article 5 countries will ace their

frst Protocol obligation in ewer than fve years.

What is dierent in this phase is the context. HCFC production

and consumption trends indicate high growth in Article 5

countries,particularlyintherefrigerationsectorwhereR-22represents80percentofallconsumption.R-22isinabundant

supply at low cost and likely to remain so.

Already, HCFC consumption in metric tonnes has exceeded

200 per cent o peak CFC consumption, a trend that will aect

phase-out costs. Additional expense arises rom the act that

more investment will be needed to achieve the same ODP

reduction levels. This is because HCFC is only 10-20 per cent

a s p o t e n t a s C F C a n d m o s t e q u i p m e n t u s e d o r

HCFC-based product manuacturing is relatively new due to

recent conversion rom CFC-based technology.

The World Bank believes that the question o fnancing will

be critical to countries success in controlling HCFC. The

Multilateral Fund is to cover incremental costs, however not

all phase-out costs will be incremental.

By recognizing the link between HCFCs and climate change,

Decision XIX has prompted the Bank to look at how GEF and

carbon fnance can be leveraged to boost HCFC phase-out

eorts. Improved energy efciency in new equipment, control

o HCFC production and ODS destruction all have considerable

promise or generating additional resources considering the

considerable climate benefts that will result.

Through its expertise in fnancial engineering, the Bank can

help countries tap into a number o unds, such as the new

Climate Investment Fund and Carbon Partnership Facility

within the Bank, to complement Multilateral Fund assistance.

The Bank will also use experience with sector and national ODS

phase-out plans to support countries in developing exible,

programmatic approaches that generate environmental

co-benefts through a combination o policy and investment

interventions. With careully designed and phased programmes

that make the most o the climate and ozone inter-linkages,

HCFC phase-out is achievable.

Steve Gorman,The World Bank,

[email protected],www.worldbank.org

Landscape - South Arica

Blending Past Experience with Fresh Ideas

for the HCFC Phase-out


22/24

Fast-Track Climate Mitigation:

the Montreal Protocol Shows the Way

I 22 I

To keep the climate system rom passingtipping points or abrupt and irreversibleclimate changes, it is it critical to pursueast-track mitigation strategies in the near-term, starting immediately. Such urgentactions complement eorts to develop apost-2012 climate treaty to address mid-and long-term climate goals.

Several ast-track climate mitigation

strategies are available, which also providesignifcant co-benefts. These include: strengtheningthe MontrealProtocolto captureadditional

climate mitigation, which also benefts the ozone layer; reducing emissions of black carbon, or soot, which also

benefts public health; reducing precursors for tropospheric ozone, which also

benefts public health; sequestering carbon in biochar, which also improves soil

productivity, while producing carbon-negative bio-energy, sequestering carbon in forests, which also benets local

communities, wildlie, and biodiversity; increasing energy efciency, which also reduces costs,

increases competitiveness and energy independence, andcreates job, and;

expandingtheuseofrenewableenergysources,whichalsoincreases energy independence, creates jobs, and protectspublic health.

The Montreal Protocol is a model or achieving near-termclimate benefts. By successully phasing out 97 chemicals thatharm both the ozone layer and the climate system, the MontrealProtocol has produced a net 135 billion tons o CO2-eq. in climatemitigation, and delayed climate orcing by up to 12 years.

Last years adjustment to accelerate the phase-out o HCFCs has the

potential to produce an additional 16 or more billion tons o CO2-eq.in climate mitigation, and accelerate recovery o the ozone layer bythree years. This years proposals to collect, destroy, or saely storebanks o ODSs rom discarded products and equipment can producestill morean estimated 6 billion tons o CO2-eq. by 2015, dependingupon how much is actually recovered, and more thereater.

Further climate mitigation could be produced i HFCs wereregulated under the Montreal Protocol, where they could bephased-out, rather than under the Kyoto Protocol. The MontrealProtocol has the expertise and experience to phase out HFCs,and they should be added to the list o controlled substancesnext year and phased-out as quickly as easible. Otherwise HFCswill be used as substitutes or HCFCs, and contribute to climatechange.

RequiringtheuseofLifeCycleClimatePerformance(LCCP)is

critical or capturing more o the Montreal Protocols climatemitigation potential, including the climate benefts o the HCFCphase-out. LCCP measures both the direct climate impacts othe substance, as well as the indirect climate impacts romenergy use, which can be up to 80% or more o total climateemissions.

Finally, in addition to its direct climate mitigation, the MontrealProtocol has important lessons to share with the climatenegotiators, including its start and strengthen approach, itsability to disaggregate the ozone problem into manageablepieces, its quick-response Technology & Economic AssessmentPanel and Technical Options Committees, its successul fnancial

and technology transer mechanism, its dedication supportingstrong national ozone units in 146 developing country Parties,its ast adjustment process, and its comprehensive complianceassistance approach.

Success with the Montreal Protocol and other near-term mitigationstrategies are essential to buy the international community timeto negotiate, ratiy, and implement a post-2012 climate treaty,and time to replace existing high-carbon technologies with newlow-carbon technologies and otherwise undertake the changesnecessary to achieve our mid- and long-term climate goals.

Durwood Zaelke,President, IGSD: www.igsd.org,

Director, INECE Secretariat: www.inece.org

Durwood Zaelke


23/24

I 23 I

Highlights of TEAP/TOC Reports on HCFCs

HCFC phaseout is seen as one o the most signifcant activitiesthat would contribute to Ozone Layer protection and Climateriendliness. Following are the highlights rom reports oTechnology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP)/TechnicalOption Committee (TOC) and Special Report on Ozone andClimate(SROC)byIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC) and TEAP. AsperSROCreportintheyear2006,thedemandofHCFCs

in developing countries in 2015 would be about 2.3 timesthe 2002 consumption levels. Without any interventions, thebanksofHCFCsinthesecountriesinRACandFoamsectorin

2015 would be 2.2 times and 2.3 times, respectively o the2002 levels (ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007);

Evaluationsusingthe approach previouslyadopted bytheScience Assessment Panel to assess the inuence o actorson ozone recovery (return to 1980 levels o EESC) show thataccelerated HCFC phase-out can advance ozone recoveryby up to 3.3 years based on a mid-latitude assessment andby about 7.1 years, i certain other practical measures areadopted. (ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007);

Intherecentpast,blendsbasedonHydrouorocarbons(HFCs)with minor quantities o Hydrocarbons (HCs) are being usedin the market as alternatives to HCFCs in servicing. (TEAPReport,Volume1,May2008) ;

Foam applications notonlyresult indemand increase butalso contribute to a large bank o ODSs deerring emissionsto the atmosphere. (TEAPReport,Volume1,May2008) ;

Service sector is one of the major contributors to HCFCdemand and emissions. It is estimated that leakage ratecould be more than 50%, annually, or servicing equipmentdepending upon age o equipment. (Report of the TaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007) ;

HCFCsareusedinfeedstockapplications(notcontrolledin the Montreal Protocol)in manuacture o PTFE (in caseo HCFC-22), Vinylidene luoride (in case o HCFC-141b)and pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals (in case

o HCFC-123).(ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007) ;

TheCleanDevelopmentMechanismwillcontinuetoplayakeyrolein ensuring that HFC-23 emissions rom HCFC-22 production do notcontribute unnecessarily to greenhouse gas emissions. It will alsobe necessary to avoid CDM revenues remaining with the HCFC-22

producers to prevent on-going market distortions. Thereore, co-operation between countries hosting HCFC-22 production wouldbe very valuable in ensuring a level playing feld (ReportoftheTaskForceResponsetoDecisionXVIII/12,August2007).

List o the HCFC-related reports :Report of the Task Force on HCFC issues (With particularocus on the impact o The Clean Development Mechanism)andEmissions Reduction benefitsarisingfromearlierHCFCphase-out and other practical measures, August 2007.

ReportoftheTechnologyandEconomicAssessmentPanelVolume 1, May 2008.UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/4 Co-chairs consolidated issues paperon proposals or accelerated phase-out o HCFCs.

UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/4/Add.1 Co-Chairs Paper with reectionson the inormal consultation on the proposals to phase outHCFCs, Montreal, 28 July 2007.

UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/5 Analysis and calculations on thevarious scenarios or accelerated HCFC phase out contained inthe proposed adjustments o the Protocol Submission by theEuropean Community.

UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/6 Analysis and calculations on thevarious scenarios or accelerated HCFC phase out contained inthe proposed adjustments o the Protocol Submission by theUnited States o America.

UNEP/OzL.Pro.19/INF/8 Analysis and calculations on thevarious scenarios or accelerated HCFC phase out contained inthe proposed adjustments o the Protocol Submission by theMultilateral Fund Secretariat.

The inormation above is summarized; please consult the respective reports orthe exact text:

http://ozone.unep.org/Assessment_Panels/

Contact: Balaji Natarajan,UNEPDTIE-ROAP,

OzonAction Compliance Assistance Programme,[email protected]

Country

Road


24/24

GTZ ProklimaNatural Refrigerants: Sustainable Ozone- andClimate-Friendly HCFC Alternatives

Replacement of R22 in the commercial and industrial refrigeration

and air-conditioning sector poses a big challenge or developing countries in

planning and implementing the accelerated HCFC phase-out. The articles in

this handbook demonstrate that natural rerigerants have proven to be energy

efcient, economically easible and environmentally riendly replacements to

HCFCs andcan be utilizedin various systems thatpreviously used R22. The

handbook contains 31 articles by individual authors covering the ollowing issues:

policiesandlegislationonF-gasesandrelatedissues(Part2);

atechnicalassessmentofnaturalrefrigerantsindifferentapplications(air- conditioning, commercial and industrial rerigeration and heat pumps) (Part 3);

case studies by manufacturers and end-users providing insights into market

developments, and examples o successul conversions to natural rerigerants

(Part 4).

www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz2008-en-natural-refrigerants.pdf

New OzonAction Education Pack forSecondary Schools

This guide, targeted or secondary school students (13-15 years old) includesteachers book, students book and Ozzy and Zoe Ozone Collection and contains

an entire teaching and learning programme, based on the basic knowledge,

practical skills and participation, to enable teachers and children to learn about

simple solutions to protect the ozone layer and saely enjoy the sun.

www.unep.fr/ozonaction/information/educationpacksec_school.htm

Ozzy Goes Island Hopping

The ourth issue o the Ozzy Ozone: Deender o our Planet comic book series,

entitled Ozzy Goes Island Hopping eatures ozone depletion and climatechange with a special ocus on HCFCs. Ozzy Goes Island Hopping is a joint

publication o UNEP, UNICEF, UNESCO and the World Organization o the Scout

Movement with the participation o the governments o the hosting islands.

HCFC Help Centre

In response to the growingneed for informationabout alternatives toHCFCs - particularly in the context of the upcoming preparation anddevelopmentofHCFCManagementPlansinArticle5countries-theSwedishEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyandUNEPOzonActionhaveestablishedaweb-basedHCFCHelpCentrethathelpsNationalOzoneUnitsandindustryinthosecountriesmakesounddecisionsaboutpoliciesandtechnologytoendtheirrelianceonHCFCs.Theaimofthisinformationserviceistoraisetheawarenessofindustryandgovernmentsindevelopingcountriesabout

commercially-availablealternativestoHCFCsandhelpconvincethemaboutthebenetsofadoptingsuchtechnology.

The HCFC Help Centre provides links to selected existing inormation romaround the world. It is a living site that is updated regularly. UNEP welcomes

suggestions or new inormation that should be considered or inclusion on thesite (please send suggestions to [email protected]).The web site is available at www.unep.r/ozonaction/topics/hcc.asp

Useul web links :HCFCTrendsAnalysiswww.unep.fr/ozonaction/information/trends/index.htmA visual analysis o the historic HCFC consumption and production trends inover 140 developing countries.

InternationalTechnicalMeetingonHCFCphase-out(Montreal,5-6April2008)

ec.europa.eu/environment/ozone/workshop_montreal.htmA technical meeting organised by the European Commission held on 5-6April 2008 in Montreal, Canada that provided inormation on cost-eectiveand environmentally riendly alternatives to HCFCs in the rerigeration/air-

conditioning and oam sectors.

New publicationsThis special issue is produced by the

OzonAction Programme and fnanciallysupported by the Montreal Protocol

Multilateral Fund.

The special issue is published once a year

inArabic,Chinese,English,French,Russian

and Spanish; Available online at

www.unep.r/ozonaction/news/oan.htm

Special Issue Team:

Vinitaa Apte, James Curlin,

Samira de Gobert (Publication Manager),

Anne Fenner and Mugure Kibe Ursulet

Editor: Catriona Child

Please send comments and material or

publication to:

Mr.RajendraShende,

Head OzonAction Branch

United Nations Environment Programme

Division o Technology, Industry and

Economics (UNEP DTIE)

15, rue de Milan - 75441 Paris Cedex 09,

France

Tel : +33 1 44 37 14 50

Fax : +33 1 44 37 14 74

[email protected]/ozonaction

The content o this special issue is provided

or inormation and do not necessarily

represent the policy o UNEP.

Design and production by:

100watt, Saint Martin Bellevue, France,

Tel. +33 4 50 57 42 17

Fax: +33 4 50 57 71 27

[email protected], www.100watt.r

Ozonaction by UNEP

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