Oxfam Rising to the Call

8/6/2019 Oxfam Rising to the Call

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Good Practices

Tis Chapter presents the Good practices selected by the Project Management Board based on the agreedselection criteria o a good practice, as ollows:

• Integrates the impact of climate change

into addressing and managing disasterrisks and utilizesscience-based inormationand/or culturally appropriate technology and indigenous adaptation and disastermanagement knowledge that promotescommunal access and benets

• Demonstratesbottom-upapproach,multi-stakeholder participation and entry strategy,and community ownership (participatory,

people-driven with community buy-in andsocial acceptability)

• Incorporatessustainabilitystrategies(withidentied resources) and clear exit strategy with potential or replication (cost eectiveand doable using indigenous adaptationknowledge and materials i possible)

• Adopts clear monitoring and evaluationstrategies with baseline inormation as

basis or measuring impact; and identiestangible and measurable results withevidence-based outcomes

• Demonstrates transparency andaccountability in procedures and processes

• Includes capacity building and/oreducation, especially or the most

vulnerable groups.• Is gender sensitive, addressing both the

issues and needs o men and women, boysand girls, highlighting the transormativeleadershiproleofwomeninDRR-CCA



Strengthening ood disaster

awareness and resiliency of

schools and communities

through the School

Hydrological Information

Network (SHINe)

Province of Bulacan1



FloodsarethenaturaldisasterthatmostaecttheprovinceofBulacan.Awidearea o the province is inundated annually. Te provincial government o Bulacan,particularly its Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Oce(PDRRMO),undertheguidanceofthePampangaRiverFloodForecastingandWarning Center (PRFFWC) of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical andAstronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA), maintains and operates anetwork o rainall, river and ood stage observation stations within the provinceas part o its ood disaster mitigation and management program.

InresponsetotheincreaseinthefrequencyandseverityofdisastersinBulacanduring the last ve years, particularly those relating to hydrometeorological origin,thePDRRMOandtheDepartmentofEducation(DepEd)inBulacaninitiatedtheSchoolHydrologicalInformationNetworkorSHINeinthelastquarterof2008.SHINewasadaptedfromtheideaofPRFFWC,whichlendsactivesupporttotheinitiative.

In responding to the need formore awarenessonhydrometeorological relateddisasters,mainly oods, SHINe seeks toaddress the adverse eectsof climate

changeinBulacan’smostvulnerableareas.eprojectisinsupportofDepEd’sprogram o a “climate change-enhanced curriculum” and is consistent with theunderlying principle that disaster awareness should begin in schools.

efocusofSHINeisthesecondaryschools,initiallythoseintheupstreamareas,and eventually, the rest o the schools in the province.

Te schools are provided with digital rain gauges and/or river stage monitors, anda tropical cyclone tracking map, and selected student groups are oriented, trained

and supervised to complement the program. Te students also receive urtherinputs on climate change and related disaster risk reduction. Te program aimsthat the increased awareness o climate change instilled in the students will beechoed or transerred to their peers, amilies and eventually, communities.

Te program aims to create an inormation/data network vital to disaster risk reduction. Te data and inormation collected can be used in a variety o waysincluding inrastructure development, arm planning and agriculture development.

Te schools in the remote upland areas were the rst eyed or implementationo the project as these are the areas likely to experience the immediate eects

Summary



o impending oods and landslides. o date, a total o nine secondary levelschoolsandabout350studentsareinvolvedintheprogramannually.eSHINegroup activities o Bulacan province can be access through its website at www.bulacanshine.webs.com.

Project DescriptionBulacanisfoundinthesoutheasternsectionofthecentralplainsofLuzon(RegionIII),alongthePampangaDelta.Givenitsgeographiclocation,itisoenvisitedbycatastrophe,bothnaturalandman-made(AnnexB).eprovinceexperiencestwotropicalcycloneseveryyear.Itisalsowithinaregionwhereoodingiscommon,with massive oods taking place at least once or twice annually.

From theperiod 2003 to2007, the province experienced eight strong tropical

cyclones.Damagetoproperty,bothagricultureandinfrastructure,amountedtomorethanPHP265Million.

Te province’s proneness to ood is continually being addressed by the provincialgovernment through structural and non-structural means, and on both annualandlong-termbasis.SHINe,whichismanagedbythePDRRMO,isoneofthenon-structural approaches that proved eective in terms o ood disaster awareness,mitigation and prevention, particularly at the high school level.



Project Goals and Objectivese essence of SHINe is disaster awareness through the school’s hydrologicalmonitoringactivities.Itempowerstheschoolandcommunitytoprotect,prepareand make them resilient against the disastrous eects o oods.

SHINe’sgeneralobjectivesareto:1. Enhancedisasterawarenessoftheschoolpopulacethroughregular

hydrological monitoring, and maintain a high level o schoolpreparedness at all times, thereby preventing loss o lie and damageto property.

2. Coordinate and provide timely hydrological information to thePDRRMO, andmunicipal and barangayDisasterRisk ReductionandManagementCouncils(DRRMCs)forecientoperationsofthe

ood warning system in the province.3. Develop long-termstrategiesontheprovincialandnational levels

based on the data and inormation collected rom the network o SHINeschools.

Project HistorySHINeisanoshootoftheCommunity-BasedFloodMitigationandManagementProgram (CBFMMP) of Bulacan province begun in 2005 by the PDRRMO.However, because theCBFMMP’s oodmitigation andpreparedness activitieswere mostly limited at the provincial level, SHINe was re-conceptualized forBulacan province in 2008 in light of local limitations including the need forbarangay-level training in hydrological observations and disaster (hydromet-related) preparedness. Te program was primarily meant to enhance and augmentthe data o the local disaster councils gathered rom the local ood warning systemmanagedbythePDRRMO.

GuidedbythePRFFWC,theprovincialgovernment,specicallythePDRRMO,beganSHINeinthelastquarterof2008aspartofitsenhanceddisastermitigationand preparedness program.ePDRRMO remained steadfast and committedto its goal o maintaining a ood-resilient Bulacan, providing or the unding,logistics, personnel and monitoring o the program.

SHINestartedoutinthreesecondaryschoolsfoundinthefar-ungmountainous,partly isolated, areas of the province. It was roundly accepted by the schoolcommunityandwithintwoyears,SHINeexpandedtoatotalofninehighschoolslocated in various parts o the province that are all active with their monitoring

activities.



The SHINe Program PartnershipTe provincial government o Bulacan is the lead agency managing and supportingtheprogram.ePRFFWC,themainproponentoftheSHINeconcept,providesthe technical plans or program implementation and all related activities. Te

provincialDepEdsupportstheprogrambycoordinatingandinformingthetargetschoolsoftheSHINeactivities.Italsoparticipatesintheevaluationofthestudents’presentations or various seminars and conerences. Te respective municipal andbarangay-levellocalgovernmentunits(LGUs)whereSHINeisbeingimplementedworkhand-in-handwithPDRRMOduringtheinstallationofgauges,planningor peace and security around the stations and other such activities. Te primary beneciary, the targeted SHINe school, conducts continuous monitoringwhenever possible and transmits the data to the PDRRMO, especially duringinclement weather, which can then use this data or the enhancement o ood

disaster warning, awareness and mitigation in the province.

ResultsLastyear(2009),duringthepassageoftropicalcyclonesKetsana(“Ondoy”)andParma(“Pepeng”),morethan30peopleinBulacandiedanduptoPhp500millionworth o property, in terms o agriculture and inrastructure, was damaged. Teloss could have been worse, i not or the continued exchange o inormation anddatabetweenthePDRRMO,thelocaldisastercouncilsandtheSHINegroups.

SHINe’s gains and accomplishments for theschool and the community in theprovince include:

• e hydrological monitoring equipment (rain gauge and/or riverstage, tropical cyclone tracking board) set up in the schools ormpart o the school’s science development program and activities.

• Hydrologicaldatathatcanbeusedfortheprovince’sdevelopmentplans including inrastructure and agricultural upgrading iscontinuously available, and many more such applications.

• eresultingincreaseintheschool’sandthecommunity’sawarenesso the hazards o hydrometeorological disasters such as oods andlandslides helps prevent loss o lie and reduces damage to property.

• e program empowers the school and the community to acttogetherbefore,duringandaerdisastrousoodevents.

• SHINe sharpens the students’ inclination to the sciences andprovides an avenue or inter-school dynamics and social activities.



Role and Participation of WomenWhileSHINeismainlya school-basedprogram,womenplayanimportantrolein its implementation. Majority o the parents who attend the schools’ Parents-TeachersAssociation (PTA)are themothers. Likewise, therearemorewomen

teachers than men in both elementary and secondary schools in Bulacan.

OneSHINeactivityisapresentationduringameetingofaPTAdesignedtoimpressto the audience the need or disaster awareness and mitigation not only within theschool but also in the community. Te mothers and teachers working togethercan be a conduit to help urther motivate the students to be more concerned withthe natural environment, to amiliarize themselves with the issues behind disastermitigation in their community, and initiate other activities that will reduce one’sshare in global warming. Women have also been instrumental in conveying and

communicatingtheSHINeprogramswithinthecommunity.

Key Implementation Steps

KeystepsthatledtotheimplementationofSHINeintheprovinceofBulacan:

1. Creation and organization o SHINe echnical Working Group(WG)

e SHINe TWG is chaired by PDRRMO of the provincialgovernment, which initiated the program. Te WG is composedo other provincial, regional and national agencies such as theprovincial DepEd and the provincial Planning and DevelopmentOce(PPDO),theOceofCivilDefense-RegionIII,thePRFFWCofPAGASA,themunicipalandbarangayDRMMCsandtheocials

oftheSHINeschools.

e TWG oversees the establishment of SHINe in schools andthe conduct of activities. It helps in the provision of timelyhydrometeorologicaldatatotheschool’spopulace,thePDDRMOandlocalDRMMCs.

2. Selection o SHINe school/s and adoption o a Memorandum o Agreement (MOA) between the PDRRMO, DepEd and selected

school/s or data and inormation exchange



eTWGselectedtheschoolswhereSHINewouldbeestablished.Te schools rst eyed were those in the upstream o river watershedsin the province’s mountainous areas, specically San Miguel,Maasim,andAngatRivers,alllyingontheeasternside.

Te rationale behind the choice o schools in the upstream o watersheds was to be able to augment rainall observations atupstream sections and buy lead time or the low-lying areas in timeso typhoons and other adverse weather conditions.

3. Acquisition o the digital rain gauges, materials or the sta gaugesand inormation boards such as maps or rophical Cyclone (C)tracking, and presentation supplies or SHINe group orientation

workshops

e PDRRMO exercises sole responsibility in acquiring the raingaugesandotherequipmentneededasitistheonefamiliarwiththerequiredtechnicalspecications.eequipmentprocuredwereasrecommendedby thePRFFWC.Digital raingaugescost aboutPHP10,000each,whilethematerialsneededtomakeandassemblethe sta gauges cost about PHP1,000pervemeters.

4. Installation o digital rain gauges and/or river gauges andinormation boards in the SHINe schools

ePDRRMOinstalledtheraingaugesinstrategiclocationswithinthe school grounds per the recommendation of the PRFFWC.Likewise, sta gauges were also installed in schools that are adjacentor near rivers or river monitoring.

Te schools provided an inormation board as their counterpart

in the program. Te inormation board was used or posting theTC trackingmapand announcingSHINe-related activities in theschool. Te board was also the medium used or warnings and otherdisaster-related inormation that needed to be relayed to the schoolpopulace.

5. Formation o the SHINe groups that would undertake orientationand training in rainall and river stage observation, C tracking and data exchange



The information board

had to be in strategic

locations. At the Akle

High School, this was

in front of the main

building where all

students could refer

during adverse weather

conditions.

einitialgroupwascomposedofabout30students,teneachfromrst to third year levels. Members were oriented on climate changeand ood disaster awareness and mitigation, and trained by thePRFFWCintheobservationofrainfallandriverstagemeasurements.eyalsohadtoundergoaworkshoporganizedbythePDRRMOonC tracking and plotting the C’s path onto the inormation board.

e idea behind30 students is thatone studentper day shall beresponsible or recording rainall and/or water level observations

at designated times. Te group elects a president and lls in otherpositions for better organization and management of SHINeactivities.

6. Regular monitoring and recording o hydrological data (rainalland river stages), and monitoring and tracking o C as it movesover the Philippine Area o Responsibility by each SHINe group

isisthemainactivityofSHINeprogram.SHINegroupmembers

observe rainall and/or river stage levels regularly, according to apre-arrangedschedule.Duringnormalweatherconditions,thedataistransmittedtothePDRRMOonamonthlybasis.However,duringinclement weather, the transmission o data is hourly, i possible, orat any time possible during a disaster. Te inormation is relayed tothePDRRMOandlocalDRMMCsbyphoneorSMS.Atanymomentduringatyphoon,thePDRRMOensuresthatthephonesofSHINegroupmemberscarrytheminimumphoneloadstosustainSHINedata transmission.



7. Comeback visitation by PDDRMC to SHINe schools

Te comeback visitations serve as the mechanism or eedback from the SHINe group regarding SHINe activities and issues, as

well as the concerns and problems encountered during monitoring.Italso servesasthevenuefor themembers’developmentoftheirpublicspeakingabilities.ForthePDRRMO,ontheotherhand,thecomeback visits are necessary to ensure the program’s sustainability and continuity even i there has been no occurrence o a ood in theprovince or a period o time.

8. Creation o SHINe group websites and newsletters; regularmeetings and presentations

e SHINe groups are encouraged to create their own websitesnot only as a venue or timely inormation during adverse weatherconditions in their area o concern, but also or updates on theiractivities. In addition, the SHINe groups are also encouraged torelease newsletters within the school or network as a presentation o their activities.

eSHINegroupisexpectedtopresentthe activities linedupin

relationtodisasterawarenessandmitigationinonePTAmeetingaway o disseminating inormation on ood disaster awareness andmitigation throughout the community.



9. raining o selected incoming reshman or the SHINe schoolgroups

Aer a year of activities has passed, ten incoming freshmen are

selected to ll in or the next batch o observers. Te senior membersact as the acilitators and conduct the orientation and training to thenew members. Te senior members guide and manage the group’sactivities and sees to the growth and development o the group inrelation to the school and the community.

10. Regular maintenance o equipment and analysis o rainall and/or water level data

ePDRRMOisresponsibleforthemaintenanceofallequipment-- the rain gauges and river gauges – installed in the dierent schoolsand along dierent points o the river channels. Likewise, it is thePDRRMO, under the guidance of the PRFFWC, responsible forchecking, reviewing and analyzing the database o rainall andwater levels. Te inormation processed is vital not only as researchmaterial but as basis o updates o early-warning alerts regardingoods and possibly landslides within Bulacan.

11. Conduct o SHINe school conerence

ePDDRMOshallorganizeanannualconferencethatwillfocuson SHINe school group dynamics to possibly harmonize thedierent school groups into one cohesive unit that will continually support the ood disaster awareness and mitigation activities o theprovince. Te conerence also serves as opportunity or the groupsto socialize with one another. Various activities that encourage thegroups’ socialization and integration are being planned, including

competitions in essay-writing, poster making, etc.

Te event will highlight each school’s achievements andaccomplishments, and will most likely all within the celebration o the“NationalDisasterConsciousnessMonth”inthecountrywhichis July.

econferencewillalsobeameansofsustainingtheSHINeschoolgroup as this will be a learning activity that the respective school

groups shall prepare or annually.



Presentations by students of their observations at J. Russell High School (top) and essay writing contests (bottom) are part

of the annual conference for the SHINe school group.



Implementation

Steps

1. Creation and

organization of SHINe

TWG

2. Selection of SHINe

schools and MOA

between PDMO,DepEd and schools

3. Acquisition of rain

gauges and materials

for staff gauges and

information board

4. Installation

of gauges and

information boards in

the SHINe schools

5. Formation of

the SHINe group;

orientation and

training

6. Regular monitoring

and recording of

data (rainfall and

river stages); regular

monitoring and TC

tracking

7. Comeback visitation

to SHINe schools

8. Creation of

websites and

newsletters; conduct

of regular meetings

Expected Output

TWG composed

of PDMO, DepEd,

PPDO, Ofce of Civil

Defense- Region

III, ofcials of

target schools and

PRFFWC; Formulation

of strategies and

activities

MOA between PDMO,

DepEd and school

ofcials

Equipment and

related materials for

installation

Gauges and

information boards in

the respective schools

SHINe school group

trained in monitoring,

observation and

related tasks

Daily hydrological

data; rainfall and

water level database

SHINe school group

presentations; activity

and issue discussions

SHINe websites,

newsletters and

sustaining activities

Timeframe

2 days

1 day

1 week

1 day / school

1 day presentation

and training / school

Continuing activity

1 day / school (annual

or bi-annual)

Continuing activity

Responsible

Persons / Units

PDMO, Ofce

of the Provincial

Administrator

PDMO, DepEd and

school ofcials

PDMO

PDMO, PRFFWC

PDMO, PRFFWC and

SHINe group

SHINe school group,

PDMO

SHINe group, PDMO,

PRFFWC

SHINe group, PDMO,

PRFFWC

Resources Budget

Required

Commitment of

personnel; related

materials – P2,000

Related materials –

P1,000

Rain gauge – P10,000

each; Staff gauge –

P1,000 per 5 meters

(depends on the

number of schools)

Fuel and related

materials – P2,000

per school (depends

on the number of

schools)

Participants’

commitment, meals

and related materials

– P10,000 per school

Transmission load:

P1,000 per event

(during inclement

weather condition)

Related materials –

P5,000 per school

Related materials

during meetings –

P3,000 per school

Matrix of Key Implementation Steps



Capacity and preparedness o the PDMO sta.eBulacanPDMOhasbeen proactive and unwavering in its desire to provide the best services interms o disaster mitigation and prevention. Te sta has as its disposala new set of water rescue and other accident-related equipment and

underwenttrainingontheuseofthese.Asawhole,theprogramhewsto a high standard o service through continued training and rereshercoursesinordertobereadyatalltimes.ecreationofBulacan566,whichis similartoRescue911 intheUS,demonstratestheprovincialgovernment’s seriousness to achieve this goal.

Students show more inclination or monitoring and observationthan barangay personnel.SHINewasbasicallyano-shootfromtheprovince-wide community-based ood mitigation and management

program mainly participated in by barangay-level personnel. Tis task has become an issue among some barangay tanods, however, as they donotbelievethisispartof theirresponsibilities.Inthecourseoftheprogram, the students have demonstrated a better grasp o the issue and adeeperappreciationoftheconceptofresponsibilitytothecommunity.Inaddition,thestudentsarestilleagertolearnandacquirenewknowledge,especially those scientically inclined.

Strong relationship between PRFFWC and provincial government.

OneclearindicationofthesuccessofSHINeinBulacanisthestrongtiesdevelopedbetweenPRFFWCandthePDMO.esharingoftalent,dataand inormation between the two entities, especially during inclementweatherconditions,iscontinuous,tothebenetofboth.ePRFFWChas rendered invaluable support or every capability-developmentactivitythePDMOhasorganized,includingtheprovisionoftrainingandsharingofknowledgeandskills.Ontheotherhand,PDMOhasmadeitsresourcesavailabletothePRFFWCwheneverpossible,particularlyor the latter’s post-ood surveys and eld works within, and at times

outside the province o Bulacan as well. Te partnership has been solid,as it should be between government agencies at all levels.



Bulacan’s Hazard and Vulnerability shows a big part of the province to be ood prone, particularly in the western and

southern portions.

Annex C. Hazard and Vulnerability Map



The Critical Role of

Climate Information:

From Disaster Risk

Reduction to Agricultural

Development

Climate Field SchoolDumangas, Iloilo2



Summary

eClimateFieldSchool(CFS)isaagshipprojectundertheClimateForecast

ApplicationforDisasterRiskReductionandClimateChangeAdaptationProgram.eCFSwasdesignedtoenhancethecapacityofextensionworkers,ruralwomenand armers to understand and apply climate inormation in order to reducedisaster risk and adapt climate change to arm production and overall agriculturaldevelopment.

eClimateForecastApplicationProgramaimstoestablishsustainableend-to-end systems that will generate locally tailored climate inormation tools and buildthe communities’ capacity to apply these inormation and tools to mitigate the

impacts o disaster, whether natural or manmade.

emunicipalityofDumangasisoneofthecoastalmunicipalitiesinIloiloprovince.(Dumangaswasreclassiedfromathird-classtoarst-classmunicipalityin2010.)In2002,theDumangasAgro-Meteorologicalstationwasestablished.estationplayed a major role in the use o climate inormation such as climate orecasts andweather advisories or disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.

rough collaboration with Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)

nancial assistance in the amount o PHP180,910wasraisedfortherstbatchofparticipantsintheCFStrainingheldfromJulytoSeptember2007inthreetargetbarangays.Here,88farmerparticipantsgraduatedfromthecourse.

Te positive impact o the training on the armers prompted the local governmenttorequestforanotherfundingforasecondbatchofCFSscholars.ecourselastedfromJulytoSeptember2008,andwasattendedbyfarmersfromanotherthreebarangays.Some93farmers-participantsgraduated.

IntheimplementationoftheCFS,theLocalGovernmentUnit(LGU)ofIloilocollaborated with various stakeholders such as provincial government, ADPC,US Agency for International Development (USAID), Philippine AtmosphericGeophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), farmers,rural women and sherolk.

Te importance o such a tool as climate inormation to development, disastermanagementandagriculturalplanningwasconsidered.Tothatextent,theCFSguided the livelihood endeavors and decisions o the dierent sectors directly

aected by the issue o climate change -- armers, rural women, and sherolk -- to increase production.



Italsofocusedoninstitutionalizingend-to-endclimateinformationgenerationtoenhance disaster preparedness and climate change adaptation.

Project Goals and ObjectivesTe CFS or armers aims to:

• Enable the participants to understand dierent climate-relatedrisks in agriculture and the cropping system in the municipality o Dumangas;

• Impresstheimportanceofclimateinplantgrowthanddevelopmentas well as its relationship to plant pests and diseases;

• Familiarizeparticipantswiththeweatherparameter,andtheweatherinstruments that inuence plant growth, including temperature, air

humidity and soil water content;• Integrateweatherandclimate informationintotheformulationof

development, disaster management and agricultural developmentplans.

Project HistoryFoundatthetailendoftheJalaurRiver,thetownofDumangasishighlyvulnerableto weather disturbances and its development is oen hampered by perennial

ooding, putting to waste millions o pesos’ worth o property, road and bridgesand other inrastructure, as well as crops, shery products, poultry and livestock andmerchandise. In addition, the town periodically suers from drought (ElNiño)duringthedryseason,whichdepressesproductionandreducesincome.

Believing that the best way to cope with disaster and climate change is to havethorough knowledge o disaster risks and climate change phenomena, inNovember2002,thelocalgovernmentofSulanganinitiatedtheestablishmentofanagro-meteorologicalstation,orAgrometstation,inpartnershipwithPAGASA,

theADPCandUSAID.

WiththeestablishmentoftheAgrometstation,aCommunity-BasedFloodandDroughtForecastingandWarningSystem(CBFDFWS)wouldlaterbeformalized.Te initial investment o the project o PHP2millionwasfundedbyPAGASA.eLGU, on the other hand, contributed the lot and the building sta, and providedpersonnelthatweretrainedbyPAGASA.eprovincialgovernmentalsoassignedtoaugmenttheworkersassignedtotheAgrometstation.



InDecember2004,arepresentativefromtheADPCandaweatherspecialistofPAGASAconductedaone-dayFocusGroupDiscussionamongstakeholdersinBarangayMaquinaondisasterriskreductioninagriculture.Fromthatactivity,theideaoftheCFSprospered.

Two years aer, in August 2006, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)on the implementation of theCFSwas signedbetween ADPC, the provincialgovernment of Iloilo and theLGUof Dumangas.eCFSprogramaimed toestablish sustainable end-to-end institutional systems or the generation andapplicationoflocallytailoredclimateinformationandtools.Italsosoughttobuildthe communities’ capacity to apply the climate inormation they have gathered inreal time to mitigate the impacts o drought, oods and typhoons.

ResultseCFSisalearningprocessandprovedtobeaneectivetooltoimprovefarmer’scapacity in understanding climate inormation, and applying this knowledge toagricultural planning and coping strategies that will minimize the risks caused by extreme climate events and hazards.

eCFSprojectbasicallystartedwithinternalcapacitybuilding,thatis,atwo-dayseminar-workshopentitled“ClimateForecastApplicationforManagingClimateRiskinAgricultureatDumangas,Iloilo.”HeldinDecember2006,thiswasattended

by municipal planning coordinators, municipal agriculturist, representativesof the irrigators’ association, and farmers fromdierentmunicipalities.ADPCrepresentatives,ocialsfromIndramayu,IndonesiaandsomePAGASApersonnelserved as acilitators and resource persons.

efollowingyear,inJune,atrainingtodevelopCFSfacilitatorswasattendedby15provincial- andmunicipal-levelagricultural technologists.Attendanceofthisone-weektrainers’trainingwasarequirementforthoselookingtobecomeresourcepersonsorfacilitatorsfortheCFS.eparticipantsdevelopedtraining

modulesanddrewupplansfortheactivitiesoftheCFS.

AerlocalcapabilitieswerehonedforthepursuitoftheCFS,betweenJulyandSeptember2007,therstbatchofCFSparticipantswastrainedforatotalof12weeks (oneclassperweek) in threeselectedbarangays:Sulangan,Bacong-P.D.MonfortSouthandNandingLopez.Inall,88farmerscompletedthetraining.

efollowingyear, themayorofDumangasandotherLGUocialsheld talkswithADPContheimplementationofthesecondbatchofCFSparticipantsthat

weretocomefromthreeotherbarangays,namely,PalocBigque,PulaoandBantud



Fabrica. Ninety-three farmers graduated from this round of training. For thissecondphase,thecurriculumwasrenedtofocusonRiceProductionTechnologywithIntegratedPestManagement.

Alltold,therewere181CFSgraduatesthatcompletedthecoursein12weeks.erewere88graduatesintherstbatch,and93forthesecond.

efarmers participation in theCFS has signicantly improved their capacityin the application o climate orecast to planting strategy, management o plantgrowth, pest and diseases control and cropping patterns.

e CFS was a product of collaboration between the Provincial AgriculturistOce(PAO)whichhelpedintheformulationofCFScurriculumintheinitial

implementation;theDepartmentofAgriculture(DA)whichprovidedtechnicalsupport in the orm o inormation and education materials, and resource persons;eLGUwhichwasresponsiblefortheactualimplementationoftheCFSandcounter-parting;eUSAID/ADPCwhichprovidedfundsfortheprogram;andPAGASAwhichlenttechnicalsupportanditsfacilities.

Te punong barangay and kagawad (villageheadandocers)wereresponsibleforthe mobilization and selection o armer participants and ensured the venue ortheCFSintheirbarangays.efarmerbeneciariesweretheparticipantsinthe

project.

e CFS is considered an important input in rice production in Dumangas.FarmersapplyingknowledgegainedinCFS,particularlyinagriculturalplanningand decision making, edged other armers in terms o higher yield/productionand lower production costs.

Top Rice Producing Municipalities, Iloilo Province 2008

Overall Production (Irrigated and Rain-fed)

in metric tons

1. Dumangas 43.496

2. Pototan 43.146

3. Cabatuan 38.959

4. Barotac Nuevo 37.924

5. Sara 35.534

6. Barotac Veijo 33.930

7. Dingle 32.419

8. Passi City 31.474

9. Lambuanao 29.540

10. Santa Barbara 28.327



Most of CFS farmer-participants shared their experiences, knowledge andskills with neighboring armers, thereby improving arming practices in themunicipality as whole. In turn, this contributed to increased production thatmadetheprovinceofIloilonumberoneinthewholeWesternVisayasRegionin

riceproduction(942,286metrictons)andmadeDumangasoneofthetoprice-producingmunicipalitiesintheprovincein2008(43,4906MT).

eCFSbeneciarieslearnedtomanagetheirfarmactivitiesbyusingclimateorecasting and inormation as guide. With greater awareness o climate orecastinginormation, new technologies and innovations in rice arming were applied, andproduction losses caused by climate hazards were minimized. Te participantslearned to assume a more scientic approach to climate orecasting, which at timespromptedthemtoshitoothercropssuchasvegetables,corn,mungbeanand

watermelon.

In short, the CFS introduced more ecient farming practices and improvedproductivity.

Key Implementation StepseimplementationoftheCFSinDumangas,Iloiloinvolvesthefollowingkeyimplementation steps:

1. CoordinationwiththeLocalChiefExecutive,Sangguniang Bayan,(Provincial Board) and Barangay Ofcials

•CFSProjectProposal

2. CoordinationandcollaborationbetweenLGUandfundingagency(ADPC)

•Fundsourcing •MOUbetweenLGUandADPC

3. Formulation o training design •ExecutiveOrderorResolutiondesignatingtheCFSfacilitators •Trainers’Training–AgriculturalTechnologists

4. Coordination with punong barangay and barangayocialsfor: •Targetparticipants •Trainingvenue •Demonstrationfarmforeldworkshop



Annexes

Annex A – MOU/Resolution



Annex B – CFS Curriculum Guide

1. Climate,PestandDiseases,CropGrowthandDevelopment

2. CroppingSystem/PatternandClimate-RelatedRisks3. Understanding Weather and Climate and Climate Parameters4. Weather and Climate Information Products and Forecasts

Generation5. Forecast Interpretation, Translation and Communication and

IncorporatingClimateForecastsinDecisionMaking6. LearningandImplementingtheRiceIntegratedCropManagement

System“PalayCheck”7. SummaryofKeyChecksandAssessment,Monitoring,Analysisand

Improvement



Summary

SaintBernardisoneofthesixtownsdubbedas“Pacictowns”ofthenorthern

partofSouthernLeyte.emunicipalitywascreatedthroughExecutiveOrderNo.84ofthelatePresidentRamonMagsaysayin1954.St.Bernardisa4thclassmunicipalitywithatotallandareaof10,020hectarescomprising30barangays.Te community’s main economic activities are arming and shing.

Geographically,SaintBernardisvulnerabletoalmostalldisasters.Seventypercento its total land area is prone to all hazards except volcanic eruptions, as shownbythemulti-hazardmapsoftheHazardsMappingandAssessmentforEectiveCommunity-BasedDisasterRiskManagement (READY).eREADY project,

supportedbyAusAidaimstoempowerthemostvulnerablemunicipalitiesandcities in the country and enable them to prepare disaster risk management plans.

emulti-hazardmapsforSaintBernardincludeEarthquakeInducedLandslideHazardMap,FloodHazardMap,GroundRaptureHazardmap,GroundShakingHazardMap, LiquefactionHazardMap,Rain-Induced LandslideHazardMap,StormSurgeHazardMapandTsunamiHazardMap.

Seventeenofthe30barangays (villages) are at risk to at least ve natural hazards

and76.6%oftheareaisoodprone.Itsproximitytoapathwayoftropicalstormandmonsoonswas cited as the cause of landslide and frequent ooding.eexposureoflargelypoorhouseholdstomultiplehazardsmadeSaintBernardahigh-risk municipality.

etragicGuinsaugonlandslidein2006claimedthelivesofatleast1,000people,mostly women and children. Te devastation was so sudden and complete thatthe whole barangay was buried in minutes. Tis gave ull alarm to the entireconstituents and the local government to be more vigilant in observing precursors.

Prior to the Guinsaugon landslide, the appreciation o the threat posed by localhazards was low due to the absence o hazard assessment. Te disaster coordinatingcouncil at the municipal and barangay levels had no clear-cut systems andprocedurestocarryeectivelyandecientlytheirdisastermanagementmandates.Nocontingencyplansandearlywarningsystemswereinplace.

Trough the strong political will o the local government, a disaster risk management programwas initiated.Oneof theprogram’s deliberatemeasures

was the institutionalization o a ood early warning system. Tis project aimed toreduce the impact o disasters by automatically transmitting data o rainall volume




e successful implementation of Saint Bernard’s ood early warning systeminvolved the ollowing key implementation steps:

1. Reactivation o the MDRRMCroughanexecutiveorder,andwiththeassistanceofPAGASA,theMDRRMCwas reactivated by the Municipal Local Government Ocer with a view toidentifying and assessing the risks in setting up the FEWS devices. CAREPhilippinesprovidedcapacity-buildingtrainingandsomeequipmentfunding.

2. Identication o ood-prone areasehazardmapoftheREADYprojectidentied23ofthe30barangaysofSaint

Bernard,representing76.67%pfthemunicipality,tobepronetoooding.Floodmarkers were installed or monitoring purposes. Funding support came romACCORDunderCAREPhilippinesaswellasGTZ.

3. Strategic planning e MDRRMC conducted a strategic planning workshop as well as regularmeetings with concerned stakeholders including the barangay chairs.

4. Development o a disaster management program and identication o

unding requirements

eMDRRMC’sregularmeetingsledtotheformulationofthemunicipaldisastermanagementprograms,contingencyplan,andoodcontingencyplan.ereaer,project proposals were ormulated to address the plan’s institutional and budgetary requirements.

5. Partnership-building with national government agencies, NGOs andpeople’s organizations

6. Integration o a disaster risk management program into the LGU’s executive-legislative agenda

Tis phase included the determination o annual budget appropriations.

7. Community trainings on disaster risk management; drills and contingency planning to evaluate the gaps and issues encountered in the operation

8. Installation o manual rain gauges, sta gauges and tide gauges with theassistance o PAG-ASA



Tis step included the designing o the early warning communication ow andidentied persons in charge, rom data gathering up to nal dissemination.

Tese devices were monitored by duly trained volunteer observers in designated

barangays. Te data gathered was transmitted by radio to the operation center.

9. Installation o a telemetered device as back-up monitoring o the manualrain gaugesGTZconductedasurveytoensureecientandaccuratedatagatheringofrainfalllevels to determine the extent o ood and volume o water that would warrant thesignal or an evacuation. Te data gathered by the telemeter in the mountainousareas, specically Barangay Bantawon, which is electronically transmitted to theoperation center, determines the volume o water and the lead time beore the

oodreachesthelowlands.AMemorandumofAgreement(MOA)wassignedbytheLGU,CAREPhilippinesandGTZdeningthetaskandresponsibilitiesofeachin ensuring eective operations o the early warning system.

10. Creation o a disaster risk management oce also as operation centerIt was determined that a municipal disaster risk management ocer andearly warning system ocer would be tapped from existing LGU employees.Meanwhile,tworadiooperatorswerehiredbyshisforthe24-hourmonitoringfunction.Emergencycallsareeasilyandpromptlyacteduponbythismechanism.

ASangguniang Bayan (municipal board) resolution approved the creation o thisdisasterriskmanagementoce.

11. Distribution o hand-held radios to barangays or immediate disseminationAnMDRRMCresolutionwasmadetoauthorizethedistributionandinstallationofa base radioand repeater.Meantime,anMOAwassignedby thebarangaysand the LGU prescribing the rules and responsibilities on the use o the radiocommunication setup.

12. Installation o automatic weather station or localized weather orecast atthe operation centerA generator was acquired to ensure continuous monitoring of humidity,temperature, wind direction and wind velocity even when power supply is notavailable.

13. Installation o a specic computer program (Weatherlink 6510USB DataLogger and Sofware kit or VantagePro2) that automatically logs in the datagathered by the weather station

As well, the program installed recorded ood monitoring data and weatherupdatesfromPAG-ASAthroughinternetaccess.



14. Community trainings and drills to assess gaps and problems in theoperationAseriesoftrainingwasconductedtodevelopthecapacityofindividualsgatheredfrom the MDRRMCs and concerned BDCCs in the dierent aspects of the

operation.

15. Contingency planning Contingency plans were drawn up to assess the worst-case scenarios and gap, anddevelop measures to address issues.

16. Securing legislative and institutional support or the ood early warning systemAresolutionbytheMDRRMCprovidedfortheinstitutionalizationoftheearlywarning system by the Sangguniang Bayan. Te project would be nanced

according to the ollowing cost-sharing:

10% LGUtechnical person and labor cost (LGU)

90% NGO

Te budget allocation or this project was clinched by the LGU’s executive-legislativeagenda, annual investmentplanandMillenniumDevelopmentGoal

(MDG) where disaster risk reduction was incorporated for funding from therevenue allocation and local revenue generation. Te total cost the project reachedPHP987,500.

Analysis and Lessons LearnedSeverallessonscanbelearnedfromtheexperienceofSaintBernardinsuccessfullyestablishing a ood early warning system:

1. Strong political will is necessary to the success of the project,

especiallyduringapoliticaltransitionphase.Itwasalsodiculttocombat the culture o complacency o the people though at somepoint, the tremendous setback rom a tragedy like the Guinsaugonlandslide persuaded the people to be more cooperative.

2. e project demands of LGUemployees a correct perspective ofgovernment service, that is, the willingness to go the extra miletonish their tasks. Multi-sectoral participation is also required.DuringtheformulationoftheBarangayDevelopmentPlans,active

participation rom all sectors in the community was solicited on



the argument that it is the people in the community who knowbetter what their needs and problems are. Farmers, business,women’s group, senior citizens and others were obliged to attend theassemblies.Consequently,allsectorswerewellrepresented.

3. Women in the barangays actively participated in the risk assessmentand contingency planning, assisted in the conduct o drills, andengaged in advocacy, especially as community trainers.

4. “Tose who have less in lie must have more in law.” Tis tenet o listening to the most vulnerable basically guided the conduct o the project. Concretely, this meant the adoption o a rights-basedapproach to disaster risk reduction where the less ortunate and

people at risk (older people, children, persons with disabilities,women and people living in hazard-prone areas) were assigned therst priority to be served.

5. ransparency and accountability to beneciaries are imperative andforemost.Accountabilityandtransparencytodonorsfollow.

6. e inclusion of disaster risk reduction and climate changeadaptation into the local development planning was achieved

through the mechanism o the executive-legislative agenda, whichensures a harmonious relationship between the executive andlegislative departments in the municipality.



Annexes

Annex A: Communication Flow Saint Bernard

Early Warning System



Annex D: Hinabian-Lawigan Flood Early Warning Network



The demarcation of

sanctuary areas as

strategy in climate

change adaptation

Fish sanctuary and

marine reserve area Ambao, Hinundayan, Southern Leyte4



Summary

Barangay Ambao is one of seven coastal barangays of the municipality of

Hinundayan, province of Southern Leyte, which is composedof a total of 17barangays.Ambaoisalongthenationalhighway,aroundtwokilometersfromthetownproper.Itisaccessiblebyalltypesoflandtransportation.

At 32.5 hectares, the Ambao Fish Sanctuary andMarine Reserve Area spanspractically the entire coastal area o the barangay, which is an estimated two-kilometer coastline. Te core zone is the entire inside area o the sanctuary whilethe buer zone is ve meters away rom the boundaries on all sides.

Te idea o eective management, production and conservation o marineresources in the municipality, particularly the establishment o a marine protectedarea(MPA),waspromptedbythedecliningcatchofthesherfolksinthelocalityas observed over the years. In September 1999, the Bureau of Fisheries andAquaticResources(BFAR)conductedanunderwaterassessmentinconsultationwithresidentsofBarangayAmbao.Aerapublichearing,theMPAwasociallyestablishedinApril2000.LedbythebarangaycouncilandrepresentativesoftheLocal Government Unit (LGU), the community organized activities advocatingthe importance o marine protection, conservation and management.

Community support was evident such that even children were aware o theimportanceoftheMPAsandparticipatedintheirsurveillance.eyweretaughtto report to the management council any intrusion into the MPAs that theyobserved.

By 2008, it became a learning/education destination such that students fromdierent parts o the region visited it or coastal resource education. Later,communities and coastal resource management practitioners rom other provinces

also visited the site. Tis led to community-based tourism-related livelihoodopportunities, such as ood catering, that, in turn, redounded to supplementary income or women

Project DescriptionAnunderwaterassessmentconductedbytheregionaloceofBFARinSeptember1999 to address the depletion of marine resources and sh catch of marginalsherfolk ofBarangayAmbao, found that the locality qualied tobedeclared

amarine protected area (MPA).eareawas declared anMPA the following



year throughBarangayOrdinanceNo.1, later amendedby theComprehensiveMunicipalFisheriesOrdinanceNo.2007-65.

Project Goals and Objectives1. o conserve coastal resources in response to the adverse impact o

climate change;2. Toincreaseshstockstowardsfoodsecurity;and3. o allocate areas as breeding and spawning ground o marine

resources.

A Prole: Hinundayan, Southern Leyte

Land Area: 6,108 hectares

Population: 12,885 (2008 Census)No. of Households: 2,866 (2008 Census)

Ave. Household Size: 4.5

Income Class: 5th class municipality

IRA: 27,761,037 (2009)

Economic Activities: farming and shing

Project HistoryInmid-1999,theOceoftheProvincialAgriculturistofSouthernLeyteadvisedits municipal-level counterpart in Hinundayan of an ongoing project of theregionalBFARtoestablishMarineProtectedAreas(MPAs)region-wide,andoftheidenticationwithinHinundayanoftwosuchpossibleshsanctuaries.eideawaspresentedtotheLocalChiefExecutiveandsomeSangguniang Barangay(village council) members, particularly those belonging to the Committee onAgricultureandFisheries.Aerdeliberations,theLGUagreedtothedeclarationofMPAsasthispromisedtobeasignicantcontributiontotherehabilitationof

localsheryresources.Localocialsnotedthedwindlingcatchofsherfolkdueto damaged marine ecosystems resulting rom the use o destructive and illegalshing methods. Te proposal suggested the possibility o rehabilitation o boththe environment and the locals’ livelihood.

AteamofexpertsfromBFARthensurveyedtheareaandidentiedBarangayAmbaoas one of the two potential sites in themunicipality. Consultations atdierent levels – provincial, municipal and barangay – ensued. Te Barangay Council draed an ordinance for a Fish Sanctuary and Reserve Area. Public

hearings and consultations were conducted through barangay assemblies. Abarangay ordinancewas nalized and approved inApril 2000 establishing the



Ambaosh sanctuary,whichhas a total areaof 32.5 hectares.e intent wasto rehabilitate the shery habitats and increase sheries production to alleviatepoverty.

Project ResultsWithintwoyearsofitsocialdeclarationasamarineprotectedarea,theAmbaoFishSanctuaryandMarineReserveAreawasassessedbypersonnelfromVisayasStateUniversity(VSU).efollowingweretheobservablechangesinthearea:

• Localcapacityinenvironmentalprotectionincreased,evenamongthe children. Majority o constituents learned the value o coastalsheries resource management programs and welcomed the project.Proo o this was their direct support to the program.

eperceptionsurveyconductedin2008revealedthatahighlevelo awareness in the community which translated to a similarly highlevelofcommunitysupport.Evenchildrenwereenrolledinprojectmonitoring. Some children even tagged alongwith their parentsduringmeetingsontheMPA.

• ebiodiversityofmarineresourcesexpanded.ecoverageoflivecoral, or example, increased. Te excellent condition o the rees is

evidentinthearea’scoralcoverof55%(BernarditaGermano,LocalResourceEcologicalAssessment,2006).ecoralsinthesanctuaryareinbigcolonies.esanctuaryhostsmosttypesofsocorals,veofthesixfoundintheprovinceofSouthernLeyte.ereefisdominated by branching Porites and Montipora.

Mounds o corals heads are also common (Cesar, et al., LocalResource Assessment, Leyte State University, 2004). Marineinvertebrates such as sponges, ascidians, and anemone abound;

some Bryozoans, ridacna, Conus and Lambis can also be seen.

Dominant species of seaweeds found were the phaeophytes,chlorophytes, rhodophytes and ve species o seagrass. Teseprovided34.2%cover.

• eshcatch(catchperuniteort)increasedtotwotothreekilosin an hour, a radical change rom the community’s experience in thepast -- in the time o rampant illegal shing methods -- when there

was barely any catch, despite a ull day o shing.



Asmany as 60 species of reef shes and 43 seagrass sheswererecordedbyLeyteStateUniversitysurveyoftheAmbaoMPA.etotal number of species ranges from 47 to 60.e target speciessighted(14-16)wereofagoodsize,i.e.,morethan20cm.inlength.

Te area has also been ound ideal habitat now or lobsters.

Majorityofthesherfolkhavearmedthisincrease,stressingthatshing now has become a more viable livelihood because not only does it take less time but also allowed them to earn more cash to beable to buy other basic needs.

• earea’senhancedmarinebiodiversitywasbenecialnotonlyashabitat or the sh but or also because o the protection this oered

from tornados, typhoons and other natural calamities. e 80%improvement o coral cover was perceived to add to the resiliency o marine resources as well as o the community that depends on theseor their subsistence.

• e project introduced the benets of eco-tourism in the area.Especiallywhentheareabeganreceivingcitationsandawards,italsobegan attracting more and more visitors wanting to learn rom theprocesstheprojectunderwentinordertoreplicateit.Inaddition,

the local women’s group gained additional income through cateringservices rendered to visitors.

Amongthecitationstheprojecthasreceivedarethetoprecognitionduringthe2009SearchforChampionsoftheSeasinSouthernLeyte,theBantayDagatWatchtowerfromtheGTZ,and3rdplacerinthe2009NationalSearchforMostOutstandingMarineProtectedArea.

• eareadrewincreasedsupportfromtheprovincialgovernment,line

agencies,anddevelopmentorganizations.eAmbaoshsanctuaryserved as pilot area or assessment studies in marine protectedarea management conducted by the Visayan State Universityin collaboration with the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationoftheUniversityofRhodeIslandCoastalResources,andtheprovincialgovernmentofSouthernLeyte.

• In addition, thecatcher’s feeoeredan in incentive to encouragereportsofviolationsofrestrictionswithintheMPA,alsobecoming

means or the barangay to generate income rom the nes.



Key Implementation StepsTe success o the implementation o the project involves the ollowing key implementation steps:

1. OrganizationoftheTechnicalWorkingGroup2. SiteidenticationfortheestablishmentofMPA3. Bio-physical site assessment4. Community/BarangayconsultationandMPAinformation

and education campaign5. FormulationoftheMPAordinance6. ImplementationoftheMPAordinance7. OrganizationofFishSanctuaryManagementCouncil8. FormulationandimplementationoftheMPAManagement

Plan9. IntegrationoftheMPAManagementPlanintotheBarangay

DevelopmentPlan10. Monitoringandevaluation

1. Organization o the echnical Working GroupA technical working group (TWG) was created to oversee the legal technicalaspectsandadministrativerequirementsofestablishingamarineprotectedarea.eTWGwas tasked todra amunicipal ordinance in consultationwith the

municipalsheriesandaquaticresourcesocethatwouldfacilitatethecreationofMPA.

Te WG was composed o the ollowing persons and organizations:• MunicipalMayor• MunicipalAgriculturist• SangguniangBayanCommitteeonAgricultureandFisheries• AgriculturalTechnician-Fisheries• MunicipalFisheriesandAquaticResourcesManagementCouncil

(MFARMC)• BarangayDevelopmentCouncil

2. Site identication or the establishment o MPATe site identication was conducted by the barangay council together withconstituents interested in rehabilitating and conserving their coastal resources.

3. Bio-physical site assessmentebio-physicalsiteassessmentwascompletedbyateamofexpertsfromBFAR

whosurveyed theareaandidentiedBarangayAmbaoasoneoftwopotentialsites in the municipality.



4. Community/Barangay consultationand MPA inormation and education campaigneLGUinitiatedconsultationswiththeFARMCsatbothmunicipalandbarangaylevels.eBarangayCouncildraedanordinancefortheestablishmentofash

sanctuary and reserve area. Public hearings and consultations were conductedthroughbarangayassembliesandpurokmeetings.Otherinformation,educationandcommunication(IEC)activitieswereconductedinschools,students’forums,and sectoral gatherings o the sherolk and armers.

Te assessment results were ed back to the communities constantly to provideawareness and increase appreciation o the project among stakeholders. Later, boththe barangay and management council o the sanctuary would receive signicantIECsupportintheformofinformationmaterialsandparaphernalia,suchasMPA

boundary markings and tarpaulin posters, to urther promote the project.

5. Formulation o the MPA Ordinanceedraofanordinanceforashsanctuaryandreserveareawasdiscussedinpublic hearings and consultations. Te ordinance was nalized and ultimately approvedinApril2000.iswaslateramendedbytheComprehensiveMunicipalFisheries Ordinance No. 2007-65 which integrates the original ordinanceestablishingtheMPAwithotherprovisionsrelating tothemanagement ofthemunicipalwatersofHinundayan.

6. Implementation o the MPA OrdinanceWith proper management and consistent implementation o the program, the area’smarine biodiversity increased, as did the sh catch. Tis in turn strengthened localawareness and capacities in environment protection. Te project won citations inthe2009ChampionsoftheSeasinSouthernLeyteandthe2009searchforBestMarineProtectedArea.Lastly,theareabecameaneco-tourismdestinationforthose wanting to learn more about best practices in coastal and marine resourcemanagement.

7. Organization o Fish Sanctuary Management Council (FSMC)An FSMC was created as amechanism that would concentrate solely on theimplementation and management of the Ambao Fish Sanctuary and MarineReserveArea.



Legend:

MFARMC - Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management CouncilBFARMC - Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council

LCE - Local Chief Executive or the Municipal Mayor

FSMC - Fish Sanctuary Management Committee

MFLET - Municipal Fishery Laws Enforcement Team

OMAS - Ofce of the Municipal Agriculture Services



eAmbaoFSMC leads themanagement oftheMPA,with support from thebarangaycouncil,theOceoftheMunicipalAgricultureServices,andthelocalpolice.

eFSMCoen conducted advocacy and awareness activities through purokmeetings and barangay assemblies. Te LGU supervised the project and shoulderedthe costs o markers, uel and maintenance o patrol boats, and capability-buildingactivities.

eresponsibilityofdailypatrolsissharedinbyFSMCmembers,thebarangaycouncilandcommunityvolunteers.TwomembersoftheFSMCthattrainedinshery laws enorcement cooperate with the municipal sh wardens in periodicseaborne patrols.

8. Formulation and implementation o the MPA Management PlanTis plan was ormulated and implemented last year through the initiative o theProvincialEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesManagementOce-CoastalFisheriesResourcesManagementUnit (PENRMO-CFRMU).Because the planocused only on the sh sanctuary itsel, it allows or all the necessary elements o amarineprotectedarea.StrictimplementationoftheplanbythemunicipalandbarangayLGUsandFSMChasresultedintheaccumulationofnescollectedfrom violatorsofMPAprovisions.

9. Integration o the MPA Management Plan into the Barangay Development PlanisstepiscrucialasitincludesthenancialaspectofanMPA.AbudgetallocationiskeytoasuccessfulMPA.

10. Monitoring and evaluationeAmbaoMPAwasassessedyearlyfrom2002to2004bypersonnelfromVisayasStateUniversity.iswasfollowedbyasurveyconductedjointlybytheVisayanStateUniversityandNationalOceanic andAtmosphericAdministrationof the

UnitedStatesentitled“EnhancingManagementEectivenessofMPAs:RegionalCapacityBuildinginIndonesiaandPhilippines.”

Te sanctuary had been also a subject o researches by some students or theirthesesandsimilarrequirements.

Meantime, the area has also been visited by those wishing to learn more on themanagement o sh sanctuaries and marine protected areas.



Securing local governmentcommitment in thedevelopment process

Participatory, community-based, multi-stakeholder approach to disaster riskreduction and climate

change adaptationSan Miguel Island, Tabaco City, Albay 5



barangaycouncilsinthevevillagesofSanMiguelIslandfromJanuary2008toJanuary2009.

Research Durationewholeprojectcoveredtotalof12months,brokendownintoninemonthso action research and three months o dissemination and documentation. Teprocess can be classied divided into ve phases:

• Phase1:PreliminaryActivities(1month)• Phase2:LiteratureReviewandDataGathering(1.5months)• Phase3:ModuleDevelopmentandImplementation(4months)• Phase 4: Advocacy for Integration of DRR/CCA into Local

DevelopmentPlanningProcesses(2.5months)

• Phase5:ReportPreparationandDisseminationofResearchResults(3 months)

Project ResultsDuringthevalidationworkshop,aMemorandumofUnderstanding(MOU)thatlaiddownthefollowingpriorityprojectsfortheyear2009wassignedbythecitygovernmentofTabaco,representativesofvebarangaysofSanMiguelIsland,theAlbayprovincialgovernment,PRRManddonorpartners:

1. Water System• ComprehensivewatersystemplanforSanMiguelIsland• Needforexternalfundsourcing

2. Livelihood Skills raining

• Alternative livelihood training in partnership with TechnicalEducationSkillsandDevelopmentAuthority(TESDA)

• On-the-job (OJT) assistance aer a series of trainings to acquire

accreditationandpotentiallivelihoodfromTESDA

3. Sanitary oilet Facilities• Installationof690sanitarytoiletsforhouseholds/familiescurrently

without these• Rebuildingof891sanitarytoiletsforhouseholdswithunsafetoilets



4. Eco-waste Management• Promotionofindigenousmaterialsinsteadofplastic.• Recyclingplasticmaterialsbyturningthemintodécoraspartofa

livelihoodprojectinacommunityinSanMiguel

• Productionofbiodegradablesintoorganicfertilizers 5. Agri-Fishery echnology

• RehabilitationoftheshsanctuaryinBarangaySagurong 6. Mangrove Reorestation

• Mangroveplanting to befundedbyAlbayProvincialgovernmentfortheCRABSclimate-proongproject(Note:CRABSstandsforCagraray,Rapu-Rapu,BatanandSanMiguelIsland.)

7. Upgrading o San Miguel Island Main Health Center

• ConstructionandRehabilitationofSanMiguelIslandmainhealthcenter

Key Implementation StepsA. Conduct o courtesy calls and area visit or key stakeholdersecourtesycallsandareavisittookplaceduringthelastweekofJanuary2008.Te inormation gathered with the help o various agencies during this time

contributed to the area analysis and secondary data gathering, and to the validationofaninitialstakeholderanalysiscompletedinmid-November2007.

Courtesy call on the city mayor



Meeting with the head of Albay Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council

With the local communities of San Miguel Island



B. Data gathering and training module developmentDuringtheperiodofFebruaryandMarch,moreresearchanddataoninternational,national and local disaster management practices were gathered. Tis knowledge,combined with the experience o the project trainers and acilitators, ormed the

basis o a training designed or health workers, police, conict resolution workers,nutritionsta,daycareworkers,andtheyouthcouncilandocials--thedierentsectors active in emergency management.

Te project team developed a three-day our-in-one training module adapted romfourexistingtypesoftrainingmaterialsbasicallyonClimateChangeAdaptation,DisasterRiskReduction,ParticipatoryCoastalResourceAssessment,andLocalDevelopmentPlanning.ismodule,includingvariousparticipatorytoolsandmethodologies, were being utilized during the series o community training

workshopsinvecommunitiesofSanMiguelIsland.

C. Conduct o community training/workshops in ve barangays/villages o San Miguel IslandAmajor activityofthe projectwas the communityworkshopson“IntegratingDisasterRiskReductionandClimateChangeAdaptationintoLocalDevelopmentPlanning” held in ve barangays/villages in San Miguel: Hacienda, Agñas,Sagurong,VisitaandRawis.eworkshops sought toenhance the knowledgeand skills o local communities in adapting to climate change and responding to

disasters; and to build the awareness and capacity o these communities on climatechange and disaster risk reduction.

Aerthetraining,theparticipantswereableto(i)describethebasicconceptsand elements o climate change; (ii) discern the relationship between hazard and vulnerability;identifythedierentaspectsofDRR;(iii)discoverthelinkbetweenDRR,climatechangeadaptationandsustainabledevelopment;and(iv)establishmechanisms or integrating their recommendations into the local developmentplans.

erstdayoftheworkshopfocusedonCCAandDRR,togetherwithhazardmapping. Te second day ocused on the participatory assessment workshopsincluding vulnerability and capacity assessment, timelining, stakeholder mappingand roles using venn diagrams, risk mapping, and indigenous mechanisms orearly warning systems and coordination mechanisms. Te third day started with aRiskland,agamedevelopedbyUNICEFandISDRtoconsolidateandstrengthenthe learnings rom the previous two days. Tis was ollowed by issue identicationand prioritization, and solution identication. A session was held on local

development planning, ollowed by action planning so the solutions identied areintegrated into the local development plan.



e rst of workshop was in Barangay Hacienda on 5-7May 2008.is wasattendedby25communitymemberswhogaveapositiveevaluationoftheactivityand identied urther training in adaptation and risk reduction solutions as aneed.Eachdayoftheworkshopendedwithareviewandfeedbacksession,ontop

o an overall assessment on the last day. Tese meetings were designed to reviewthe workshop, adopt changes to the session ow and content based on discussionpoints raised during the day and plan or the next batch o workshops.

esecondworkshopwasheldinbarangayAgñason21-23May2008,with33participants.Alsoinattendancewerethepurok(villagezone)presidents.

ethirdworkshopwasheldinBarangaySagurongon26-28May2008.Itwasattendedby30participants,aswellasBantayDagat(SeaWardens)togetherwith

theChairpersonoftheMarineFisheryReservefoundinthebarangay.

e Agñas and Sagurong workshops similarly had daily recap and feedbacksessions.Duringtheportiononfacilitationtips,asaformofon-the-jobtraining,the mentors handed over acilitation o the session began with the mentors handingover the task o acilitation to the project leader and assistant project leader.

efourthworkshoptookplaceon2-4July2008inthedaycarecenterofBarangayVisita.Atotalof35participantswereinattendance.

elastworkshopwasinBarangayRawison7-9July2008.irty-oneresidentsattended.

Againthefeedbackfromtheparticipantswasencouraging.

D. Presentation and validation o research resultsAstheculminatingactivityofthecommunityassessmenttraining/workshopsandthe action research project, a conerence was organized to validate the key ndings

andrecommendationstootherstakeholdersfromTabacoCityandtheAlbay. Te objectives were:

• Validating the results/outcomes of the community trainingworkshopsconductedinthevebarangaysinSanMiguelIsland;

• Deepeningtheappreciationoftheneedtointegrateclimate/disasterriskreduction(CDRR)intothecitydevelopmentplanning(CDP)process;

• Exploring ways of integrating these ndings into the decision-

making process and;• CraingaplanofactiontointegrateCDRRintothecitydevelopment

plan and budget.



Atotalof49participantsattendedtheconference,comingfromgovernmentlineagencies(AlbayprovinceandTabacoCity),thebarangaycouncilsofSanMiguelIsland,people’sorganizations,academeandnon-governmentorganizationsbasedin the locality.

Te conerence was divided into ve major sessions:1. Te presentation o consolidated results o the barangay/village

workshops, ollowed by an open orum;2. A workshop on integrating CDRR into the city development

planning and budgeting process;3. Actionplanning;4. Identication, prioritization and pevelopment of project ideas/

concepts; and

5. SigningoftheMOUwhichcontainedcommitmentsfromthecityand provincial governments to incorporate the CDRR solutionsidentied by the barangays into their development plans andbudgets.

E. Dissemination o project results and report generationResults of this actionresearchproject including lessons learnedand analyticaltools will be documented, disseminated and promoted in other program areasofPRRMinpartnershipwithvariousLGU’sandotherstakeholders.Atpresent,

PRRM covers 17 provinces in the country that are prone tonaturaldisasters,including extreme climate events. Peer mentoring o the community and LGUocialsandtechnicalstaintheprojectareaswillbeusedasastrategytofacilitatepossible replication in other similar ecosystems. Te process o dissemination willbe done through publications, workshops, conerences and through the internet.

Indicative Project Costs



Analysis and Lessons LearnedBased on the results o the barangay workshops, the team identied the ollowingas inputs into the planning process:

• e impacts of climate/disaster risks, including low agriculturalproduction and sh catch, rising sea levels and water shortage, thespread o diseases or children due to the spread o disease and oodshortage crisis.

• e community’s physical vulnerabilities including structuralweaknesses, e.g., poor housing.

• Inadequateorlackinghealthandemergencyfacilitiesaswellasearlywarning systems or health and peace personnel.

• eclimate/disaster-relatedissuescommontothevevillages:low

agricultural production and sh catch, environmental degradation,high price o basic commodities and lack o disaster-related training,livelihood opportunities, and health and medical acilities.

• Indigenousmethodsofweatherforecastingandhome-growncopingmechanisms such as “bayanihan”.

• Absence of disaster plans and inactive Barangay DisasterCoordinatingCouncils(BDCCs).

• PRRM’slong-termpartnershipwiththeLGUandislandcommunitiesto acilitate project implementation and tap their participation,

knowledge and inormation.

Te signicant ndings o the stakeholders’ validation workshop were:

1. Stockholders gained better understanding of the importance ofintegrating climate/disaster risk reduction (CDRR) into the citydevelopment plan and planning process.

2. e results/outcomes of the community training workshopsconductedinthevebarangaysinSanMiguelIslandwerevalidated.

3. Te means o integrating these into the decision making processeswere planned.

4. Aplan of actionon integratingCDRR into the city developmentplanningandbudgetingprocesswascraed.

5. A Memorandum of Understanding was signed by the citygovernmentofTabaco;AlbayProvincialGovernment;PRRMandother donor partners.



Annex

Annex A – MOU/Resolution



Recommendations for Improvement1. Expand the timeframe of the community workshops from three

days to our days to give more time to small group activities andpresentations.

2. Allowmore time at startup phase for training of facilitators anddocumenters.

3. Ensure eectiveness and eciency of the training and capacitybuilding by addressing the constraining actors (e.g., more balancesectoral representation, time management.



Integrated farming for

food security and reduced

disaster risk vulnerability

May Bigas Na, May

Ulam Pa Rice-Duck

FarmingZamboanga del Sur 6



SuccessfulreplicationexperiencesoftheprojectincludeinDumingagwheretheLGUexpandedtherice-duckfarmsfrom10hectaresto100hectares,inGingoogCity where the Sanguniang Panglunsod earmarked countryside developmentunds not only or a rice-duck arming project but its expansion as well.

Ducklings slide from the

duck house to the rice eld

Ducklings feed on insects

and weeds



The search for new farming

technologies suitable to

ood-prone communities

Diversied farming

systems combining rice

with other high-value cropsSiay, Zamboanga Sibugay 7



country’sgoalofself-suciencyinriceandinpromotinggreateraccessoffarmersto agricultural technologies, PhilRice,which is attached to the Department ofAgriculture,ledseveralresearchandstudiestomitigatetheeectofachangingandunfavorableenvironmentonfarmyieldsinthePhilippines.Itdevelopedthe

NSICRc194(knownasSubmarino1),aricevarietythatcansurvive,growanddevelopevenaer10daysofcompletesubmergenceinwateratvegetativestage.Te agency also introduced Palayamanan Model, an integrated arming systemthat can provide additional income to armers during o-seasons.

Tese technologies were packaged and introduced to the communities o Barangay Saliniding, Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay through a collaborative project betweenPhilRice-SAIVandSAM-Ipil.

Te pilot project aimed to:• EstablishademonstrationfarmwhereSubmarino1ricevarietywill

be tested in terms o adaptability and productivity;• Providetrainingprogramsinrice-basedfarmingsystems;• EstablishaPalayamananmodelatthebackyardofeachbeneciary;• Promotemobileagricultureandoptimizelandproductivity;and• Introduceotherlivelihoodopportunitiesdependingontheresources

available in the locality.

Project HistoryPalayamanan is a diversied rice-based arming system coined rom the words“palay” – a Filipino term or rice at any stage prior to husking, and “yaman,” whichtranslates to “wealth.” Palayamanan combines rice with other high-value crops,as well as trees, sh, poultry, livestock, and arm waste recycling. Tis strategy wasconceptualizedinPhilRicetoprovidefarmerswithadditionalincomesourceswhile waiting or the rice harvest. Farmers who ventured into this arming systemound it benecial because o increased availability o ood or the household,more income sources and reduced production risks.

Submergence-tolerant rice varieties have been developed by PhilRice inpartneshipwithIRRIsofarmerscanproduceandharvestriceundernormalorsubmerged conditions. Tese new rice lines are high-yielding varieties inusedwithsubmergencetolerancegene(sub1)discoveredfromtheIndianricevarietyFR13A.einnovationwasactuallyaresultofthecollaborativeprojectofDA-PhilRice andIRRIentitled“Implementationplans todisseminate submergencetolerantricevarietiesandassociatednewproductionpracticestoSoutheastAsia”fundedbyJapan’sMinistryofForeignAairs.



e PhilRice-SAIV (formerly known as PhilRice Agribusiness IncubationServicesforEnterprises),theprogramthataimstohelprice-basedmarginalizedcommunities, saw the need to test new technologies such as submergence ricelinesandPalayamananmodelaslongastheanypossibleshisresultingfrom

successul experimentation would not orce the community to alter traditionalways o arming.

InAugust2008,PhilRice-SAIVcollaboratedwiththeSocialActionMinistryofIpil(SAM-Ipil)totesttheadaptabilityandproductivityofsubmergence-tolerantrice varieties and to establish Palayamanan model arms where the componentsaremadeappropriatetotheood-proneareaofBarangaySalinding.

ResultsAersixmonthsofprojectimplementation,theprojectdeliveredthefollowingaccomplishments:

• Established a demonstration farm where Submarino 1 (a ood-tolerant rice variety) was compared with traditional varieties.

» Althoughthenewvarietysurviveddespitebeingsubmergedinoods rom our to six weeks, the traditional rice variety used by thecommunity still oered the highest average yield. Te community

learned in the course that the commonly used variety can producebetterthanSubmarino1.



• EstablishedaPalayamananmodelfarmin14households» More diverse and nutritious ood or the households becameavailable.» From zero extra income, the communities earned additional

income rom the Palayamanan harvest surplus. Children o thebeneciaries said they sell the surplus to neighbors or recess money or school.

» Neighbors aresettingup their ownPalayamanan aer seeingthe benets o a vegetable and herb garden.

» erewasahigh71%estimatedadoptionrate.

The Palayamanan Model set up by a beneciary in his backyard.

• Optimized land productivity through the provision of plantingmaterials or the cultivation o idle backyards/gardens and thepromotion o mobile agriculture or a more secure ood source inthe event o ooding.» Because o the new production methods introduced, the

beneciaries did not worry much where to get ood in times o ooding.



Mobile agriculture: The beneciaries planted vegetables in sacks so they could easily move their gardens to safer places in

times of ooding.

• Enabledbothfarmersandcommunitydevelopmentworkersthroughthe training programs in rice-based arming systems

» Eleven representatives from Social Action Ministry of Ipilattended the TrainersTraining Program on the Establishment ofFarmers’ Field Schools to gain knowledge in rice and diversiedarming systems.

» SAM-Ipilre-echoedwaslearnedtothecommunityofBarangay

Salindingtohelpfarmersimprovetheirknow-howinricefarmingand suggest ways to increase arm income.

• Introducedother livelihoodopportunities suchaskalamansijuiceand kalamansi soap production, thereby encouraging householdmembers, especially women, to become entrepreneurs.» en household members were given a kalamansi soap andkalamansi juice production training workshop because kalamansi isalways available in their backyards.



Training in kalamansi soap production

» Aer thetraining program, the beneciaries themselvestookthe time to research on soap-making or product diversication anddevelopment.

» Aerthetraining,thebeneciariesbecamemorecondentto

use their own creativity or additional income.

Key Implementation StepsTe ollowing strategies account or the eective implementation o this

collaborative project:

a. Pre-Implementation Procedures

• Identication of project partners

BarangaySalindingisalow-lyingcoastalcommunitynearthebiggestriveroftheprovince,SibugueyRiver,makingitvulnerabletooodsduringheavyrains.eDisasterManagementProgramofSAM-IpilaimstoenhanceBarangaySalinding’scapacityindisasterresilience.

SAM-Ipilpartneredwiththelocalgovernmentaswellasinstitutionstomitigatetherecurringoodproblem.eSocialActionMinistry



saw the need to introduce ood-resistant arming technologies inthe community with the help of PhilRice. St. Joseph Parish wastappedasaprojectpartnerbecause it iswhereSAM-Ipil isbased,and can train sta who can eventually lead project implementation

sustainably. Marian College was also tapped because o the students’continuous study and initiative tomake Salinding a communitycompletely prepared against ooding. Te local government o Salindingwasalsoidentiedasapartnerbecauseitcouldleadindesigning and implementing policies to make the barangay andsimilar communities become disaster-resilient.

• Preliminary visit to the area

An initial visit was conducted in August 2008 to work with the

SocialActionMinistryofIpilinassessingtheareaanditsresources,the beneciaries and the possible networks that can be tapped orthe implementation o the project to ensure project sustainability.Field demonstration site or the testing o submergence tolerant rice

varieties was identied. Market scanning initiative was also done todeterminethechanneloffarmproducecomingfromBrgy.Salinding.Preliminatry discussion with the identied project partners (St.JosephParish,MarianCollegeandLocalGovernmentofSalinding)ledtothedesignofthe6-monthprojectimplementationplan.

b. Actual Implementation Procedures

• Conduct of Focused Group Discussion with the beneciaries

A Focused Group Discussion with the target beneciaries wasconducted to gather data on the household’s income, ood source,arming practices and rice production in the area. Baseline data areimportant because this serves as the basis in assessing the project’simpact.

Te beneciaries were also oriented about the project not only aspart o building a harmonious working relationship but in respect o their right to know the proponents’ plans or the area and to makethem aware o what they can contribute or the project’s success.

• DRR Orientation/Seminar

BecauseBarangaySalinding is frequentedbytyphoon andoods,the community was provided with a brie orientation on disaster risk

reduction(DRR).isisforthepeopletobecomeawareofDRRand



developaplanofactivitiesthatmightinuencebarangayocialsinreorming policies to reduce the vulnerability o the community.

• Rice-Based Farming System Seminar

Development workers from SAM-Ipil attended the rice-basedarming system seminar with modules ocusing on organic ertilizerproduction, piggery and poultry production, rice-sh productionandvegetableproduction.SAM-Ipilthenre-echoedwhatwaslearnedto the communities. Farmer consultants in the area were assigned toserve as advisers/extension workers o the armer community.

• Putting-Up of Demo Farm

ecommunitypreparedthelandon9-11September2008withthe

traditional way o tilling (use o animal labor instead o machine).wenty plots were prepared to test the adaptability and productivity o dierent submergence-tolerant varieties in the area. Farmer’straditional seeds were also planted in plots were submergence-tolerantvarietiesfailedtogerminate.Actualobservationwasdoneto compare the traditional with the new varieties.

PhilRiceexpertsvisitedthesitemonthlyaspartofmonitoringanddocumentation. Te responsibility o taking care o the demo arm

was handed over the community. Weekly monitoring was perormedbySAM-Ipil.

• Setting-up of Palayamanan Model and promotion of mobile

agriculture

Te aim o this activity was to optimize the beneciaries’ garden assourceoffoodandextraincome.Itwasassumedthatthisactivitywould allow the communities to innovate and learn better ways o

vegetable production through the experience they will gain in theirown backyard.

Mobile agriculture was promoted in the area as a response to thecommunity’s common problem o ooding.

equestionofwhattocultivatewasposedbeforethebeneciaries.Te community identied all the vegetables they wanted to growintheirgardens.PhilRice-SAIV thenprovidedthe seedswith the

ollowing controls:



1. Te beneciaries should have attended the training programs; 2. eamountofseedsrequestedshouldmatchthesizeofthe

garden area; 3. Aslongastherewerenoplotsandnopreparedsoilinsacks/

coconut shells, no seeds would be distributed; and 4. Seedsshouldnotbegiventorelativesorfriends.

• Conduct of alternative livelihood seminar and skills training

Alternative livelihood activities such as kalamansi soap andkalamansi juice production were introduced as possible sourceso extra income and to allow the community members to exploretheir creative potential. Tis endeavor also benchmarked existingproducts and optimized the use o available resources within their

vicinity.

• Impact assessment

o evaluate the project and to know its impact on the community,an impact assessment was done through interviews with thebeneciariesonemonthaerprojectimplementation.elearningsfrom the activities were recorded. Data such as adoption rates,increased ood security and additional income were taken intoaccount to veriy i the project changed the lives o the community

or the better signicantly.

Analysis and Lessons LearnedTe ollowing were the lessons learned while carrying out the project:

• Climate change is uncontrollable. Submergence-tolerant rice varieties planted in the demonstration site or testing experienceddrought during its rstmonth. September, however, was a rainymonth or the past years.

• Not all varieties brought by PhilRice in the area germinated.TraditionalvarietiessuchasRaelineandB-26wereplantedinthe

vacant plots instead. Tis circumstance led to the comparison o newand traditional varieties.

• Projectpartnersaswellasbeneciariesshouldbecooperativeandresponsible for proper implementation of theproject. If problemsurace in the demonstration arm, the eld sta assigned must havethe initiative to solve it.

• Mistakes are learning avenues. e project did not force the

community toalter traditional farming systems. In fact, it let the



community do things their way, so as to respect the existing cultureinthearea.Insomeactivities,thebeneciariescommittedmistakesbut these did not stop them rom taking the additional step to learnand nally achieve the ideal result.

• Technologiesmustbe location-specic.eprojectresultsshoweda bigger yield in the traditional rice variety compared with thesubmergence-tolerant rice variety planted in the demonstrationsite inBarangay Salinding, Siay inZamboangaSibugay. Series oftests must be done beore new technologies can be promoted andrecommended in the area.



Local action for global concerns

Appropriate solid waste

management technologies

to reduce greenhouse gas

emissions waste management

and recycling center Bais City, Negros Oriental 8



wastecollectionand segregationgradually.ecitynowcollects around4,000tonsMSW/year, whichare forwarded to theWMRC.Meantime, the recoveryo organic waste, which is processed at the municipal composting acility, couldincreasetomorethan30%ofcollectedwastesidebysidethereductionofleachate

andGreenHouseGases(GHG)emissions.

Although the eects of the new waste management project on disastermanagementandclimateadaptationwerenotconsideredinitially,thenewWMRCis credited or providing local expertise, an organizational system, a centralwaste management acility using appropriate technologies and inrastructure,including an environmental monitoring and early warning system. Te set up o anewenvironmentalocehascontributedto thestrengtheningenvironmentalmanagement practices within the LGU and the community.

Anothermilestonewasthecity’sformulationofanewlocalwastemanagementordinancein2008whichprovidesguidelinesandstandardsforgoodgovernanceand fair treatment ofwaste generatorsbased onadequatewasteusers fees. Inturn, the municipal compost production, which supplies a soil enhancer called“BaisFriendlySoil,”supportstheLGU’sreforestationprogramdesignedmainlyfor upland farmers. As a result, local farmers are reducing chemical fertilizerapplication.

AlthoughtheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)isavailabletoLGUs,thesmaller local governments such as Bais City’s may not be able to participate or ahostofreasons,butprincipally,forthe lackofeconomiesofscale.Nevertheless,appropriate but lower-cost solutions are available. Among these is landllrehabilitationwiththeuseofaneco-ecientsoilcover.Bioltrationasanaturalandin-situprocessischeapandeasy,yetecientinreducinglandllgasemissions.OtherGHGssuchasmethane,hydrogensuldeandammoniacanbeoxidizedbyspecialized microorganisms.

ObjectivesBais City set the ollowing objectives to enhance the local solid waste managementsituation:

• Raiseawarenessamongresidentsandwastegenerators;• Improvethedeliveryofbasicservicesatthecommunitylevel;• Increasematerial recovery andespecially the recovery of organic

wastes;• Mobilizethecommunitytoinspireresidentsandotherstakeholders

take active part in waste avoidance and waste segregation at source;



Te project planning, construction and landll operation was supported by theGermanDevelopmentService,whereasactualdevelopmentandconstructionoftheBentonite-enhancedclay-linerwasassistedbytheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology (DOST) through the Industrial TechnologyDevelopment Institute

(ITDI).

b. Local waste generationEarlierwastecharacterizationstudiesestimateBaisCity’saveragewastegenerationat0.48kg/cap/dayforurbanhouseholdsand0.35kg/cap/dayforruralareas.Intotal, thecityproducesaround13,000 tons/yearofdomestic-typewaste. Fromthat, 61% is classiedorganicwaste; 6%, used paperand cardboardpackages;3.3%,glass;2.1%,metals;and7.5%,plasticwaste(hardplastics,bags,foil).eremainderwasamixedfractionofne-grainedmateriallessthan2cmingrain

size such as sweepings, ashes, ne organic materials, soil-like materials and small,broken waste components.

Atpresent,theWMRCservesonlyeightofthe35barangaysthatformthelowlandpartofthecity.isrepresents35%oftotalhouseholds.Allotherbarangaysarehardly reached by waste collection due to lacking road development.

c. Design and unctions o the WMRCeWMRClies4kmnorthwestofthecitycenter.esitecoversanareaofve

hectares, with three hectares or landll establishment and two hectares or theoperation o a composting acility; a waste water treatment plant with a totalstoragecapacity of820 cubicmeters; amaterialrecovery facility;and anocebuildingwithsanitationfacilities.Otherinfrastructureareawatersupplysystemwithdeep-wellpumpanda7,000-literstoragetank,threerainwatertankswithatotalstoragecapacityof25,000liters,aperimeterfencewithtreeplantations,energy supply, operation roads, entrance gate and storage.

So far, the WMRC serves only public waste collection. Incoming trucks are

inspected and waste volumes assessed by ocular inspection and recorded.

edevelopmentofaBentonite-enhancedclaylinerwassupportedbytheDOST.eclaylineritselfhasapermeabilityof1.54by10-6cm/sinamixtureof90%hostsoilfromthelandllareaand10%Bentonite.

elinerconstructiontookplaceinthedryseason(FebruaryandMarch2003).Acriticalaspectofclaylinerconstructionisthereachingoptimumwatercontentin order to achieve best compaction and barrier properties. Te nished clay-liner

wassampledandanalyzedbytheDOST,whichprovedtocomplywiththelegallyprescribed permeability actor.



Aernalclaylinercompaction,a0.15metersandprotectionlayerwasappliedto cover the clay liner and protect it against drying. Finally, a gravel drainage layerof0.3mthicknesswasplacedontopofthesandprotectionlayer.However,thelocally available gravel or the drainage layer had a relatively poor sorting with too

manynes.Hence,theenvisionedperformancetodrainoutleachateofthelandllmay be suboptimal in the longer run.

d. Waste processing Inthebeginningofoperation,around10,000to12,000cubicmetersofsolidwastewerecollectedanddeliveredannuallytotheWMRC.By2004,thevolumeofwastecollectedanddeliveredtotheWMRCwasaround13,436cubicmeters,ofwhichonly12%oforganicwastewasrecoveredandprocessedintoorganicfertilizeratthe composting area.

ewastediversionincreasedsomemoreovertimesuchthatby2008,thefacilitywasprocessing1,000tonsoraremarkable31%wasterecoverybysegregationatsource and recovery o organic materials at the composting acility.

Although the material recovery continues to increase over time, a signicantportion o mainly ne organic waste is still disposed together with residual wasteat the landll.

Te compost products are sold to various arm operators and upland armers atminimal cost. Te pricing is supported a subsidy scheme especially intended ormarginal armers and supported through the city’s various agricultural productionprograms.

Te increased organic waste segregation and recovery is supported by several wastemanagementenforcers,whoassistininformationdisseminationandvariousIECactivities, coupled with the installation o waste segregation receptacles at variousstrategicpointsinthecity.Inaddition,billboardsillustratingpropersegregation

were set up in strategic places such as the public market.

e. Landll operationsFinancial constraints limit landll operations to the use o a backhoe, instead o a more costly bulldozer. Te backhoe, moreover, not only compacts and coversincoming waste but also gathers cover soil rom the next landll cell, besidesperorming other excavation work.



The city has already acquired an adjacent seven hectares, which could be used in case waste disposal is still needed in the

long-term.

The sketch shows

the outline and main

components of the

leachate collection/

treatment facility at the

WMRC Bais City.

Generated leachate rom waste disposal is collected via the gravel drainage layerat the landll base, orwarded to a central collection pipe and released to a pre-lteringunitwhichconnects toa 200-metertank.etank, inturn, isdividedinto our compartments or a treatment process that includes both physical(sedimentation) and biological (oxygenation) treatment, including recirculationand back-spraying o the leachate with the use o a small pump station.



reated leachate is orwarded to a sealed buer pond that allows or inter-storageand natural treatment o efuent. Within this pond, nutrients are utilized by asmall wetland where a larger portion o the stored water is evaporated. o avoidclogging, small catchment basins along the main leachate drainage pipe were

established. Tese are regularly checked and i needed, desludged, similar tothe rst tank o the treatment acility, which serves as sedimentation tank. Tegathered sludge is disposed at the landll.

Althoughsomewastepickersstartedtovisitthelandllillegallyinthebeginningo the landll operation, the local government managed to integrate a group o around10wastereclaimers(volunteers)byallowingthemtoenterthesiteundercertain conditions, such as ollowing simple work saety precautions and workingin teams or at least tandems.

Results

a. Monitoring and mitigation o gas emissionsClimatechangeisnowanurgentglobalconcern,followingthesigningoftheKyotoProtocolin1997.Atpresent,itisestimatedthataround4%ofallanthropogenicgreenhousegasemissionsaregeneratedbythewastemanagementsector.Sincearound90%ofallGHGcontributionsaregeneratedbywastedisposal,strategies

toavoidorrecycleorganicwastes,ortocapture,utilizeandtreatGHGemissionsrom waste disposal are being explored and applied ar and wide in industrializedcountries, but only to a signicantly less extent in developing countries.Uncontrolled waste dumping is still practiced in many developing countries,resultinginhigherGHGemissions.

Asonesolution,theKyotoProtocolproposedtheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM), which allows developing countries to initiatemitigation measures bybeneting rom carbon credits and technology transer rom industrialized

countries.Unfortunately,CDMasanoptionishardlyappliedinthePhilippinesandotherdevelopingcountriessofar.Itisfearedthatespeciallysmallandmedium-sizedmunicipalitieswithlessthan100,000residentswillnotbeabletoparticipateinCDMbecauseoflackofeconomiesofscale.

An alternative solution to reduce landll gas emissions is microbial methaneoxidation.Bioltrationasanaturalandin-situprocessischeap,easyandecient.



Atotalof21pointswasmeasuredcoveringanareaofaround0.2hectare.

The following sketch shows the measurement grid but also indicates the areas and time of waste disposal at the various

monitoring points and lled landll units.

eresultsoftheGHGmonitoringindicatethatthelandllunitslledpriorto2008generatedandemittedGHG,withveryhighmethaneconcentrationsofupto68%detectedatmeasurementpoint15withinthelandllareasoperatedfrom2006–2007.

ecomparativelyhighGHGvaluesdetectedarenosurprise,froma scienticpointofview,sincelandllsusuallyturnanaerobictwotothreeyearsaerdisposal.

Tis means that due to compaction and degradation o organic waste componentsthrough the absence o oxygen, methane generation developed gradually and may remainoverthemediumtolong-term,dependingonthequality,quantityandbiodegradability o disposed organic waste.

b. Proposed establishment o an eco-ecient landll coverInordertoaddresstheissue,theLGUdiscussedmitigationmeasuresandavailablesolutions.eoptiontoestablishaneco-ecientsoilcoverforlledlandllunitswas considered. Previous research has established that soil strata with natural

compactionandsucientorganiccontentareabletoreducemethaneemissions



Te main targets o water system monitoring are the leachate efuent rom thelandll, the monitoring pond, two small creeks located upstream and downstreamoftheWMRC,theshallowgroundwatermonitoringwells,andthedeepwellforwater supply.emonitoring includes observation ofwater levels, pH levels,

temperatures, conductivity and oxygen concentrations.

Sofar,thedatagathereddoesnotindicateanywatercontamination.Temperature valuesofleachatevariedfrom28to33degreesCelsiusduringthemonitoringperiod.Inaddition,theestablishedbarriersystemsatthesanitarylandllaswellastheleachatetreatmentsystemfunctionedproperly.Noabnormalwaterchemistrywas detected rom the points o surace water and shallow and deep groundwatermonitoring wells.

d. Financing the programTe city government used its local annual development und to develop theWMRC,andonlythelandacquisitionwasnancedbyabankloan.Sincestartof the project in 2001, the highest annualbudget incurredwas in 2006 whenoperational costs rose with the institutionalization of the environment ocethathandles themanagement andoperationoftheWMRC.Itwasduring thistime moreover that ull operation o the landll commenced and that activitiesto increase waste diversion intensied. Furthermore, an additional compostingbuilding was also constructed at this time.

e. Community involvement and additional employmentSincestartofconstructionandovertheyearsofoperatingtheWMRC,theprojecthas beneted many residents rom the surrounding communities includingCambanjao,thehostbarangay.Since2003,atotalof444laborerswereemployedfromtheadjacentbarangayofValencia,182ofthemmale,and262,female.eyareassignedmanuallaborattheWMRClikeproductionofcompost,housekeeping,maintenance and vegetation maintenance.

In addition, 97 laborers fromthe hostbarangayCambanjao beneted throughemploymentwiththedevelopmentoftheWMRC.Ofthisnumber,60weremen,and37,women.

Insum,atotalof541personswereemployedattheWMRCwithin2003to2009,ofwhomaround48%weremenand52%,women.

Asidefromtheworkers,17registeredwastereclaimersdependedonthelandllfortheirlivelihood.ematerialrecoveryfacilitylocatedattheWMRCservesas

the drop-o point o the reclaimed recyclable materials prior to pick-up by scrapbuyers.



In order to ensure occupational health andwork safety of the reclaimers, thecitygovernment, throughtheCityHealthOce incoordinationwith theCityEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesOceprovidedthemcost-free,anti-tetanustoxoid vaccination.

Project BenetseWMRCprojectand enhancedsolidwastemanagement programprovided various benets:

a. For the MSWM system• Enhancedwastesegregationatsource• Reducedwastedisposal• Recoveryoforganicwastewithcompostproduction

• Enhancementofworksafetyandoccupationalhealthforinvolvedworkers

• Formulationofanewlocalsolidwastemanagementordinance• CompliancewithRepublicAct9003

b. Socio-economical benets• IncreasedinvestmentattractivenessoftheLGU• Increasedpublicawarenessandparticipation• Skillsdevelopmentofinvolvedworkers

• Integrationoflocalwastepickers• Increasedmaterialrecoverytosubstituteprimaryresources

c. Environmental benets• Leachateandgasemissioncontrol• Controlofvectorsandlandpollution• EliminationofGHG,especiallymethane,fromwastedisposal• Reduction of chemical fertilizer application through compost

production

• Soil enhancement, especially increased organic content (carbonsink) in local armlands through compost application

Analysis and Lessons LearnedBais City is one o the ew LGUs that implemented the new waste managementlegislation. Te approach to establish a Bentonite enhanced clay-lined landllby utilizing appropriate technologies proved successul. Local labor andequipmentcouldbeadjustedtotheconceptandused inimplementation.As a

result, dependence on expensive equipment and imported materials as wellas oreign technologies was reduced. Tese cited benets are validated by the



successul operation o the landll or over a period o seven years. Te preerreddevelopmentalapproachtotheproject’snancingrequirementsprovedsuccessfultoo.

eenvironmentalbenetsoftheWMRCaremultifold.Generated leachate iscollectedandtreatedinacomparablysimplemanner.Euentthatisoccasionallydischarged usually correlateswith heavy typhoon rains. During the ve yearso operation, no indication o surace or groundwater pollution was observed.However,theavailabilityofeldequipmentandexpertisetoconductandevaluateenvironmental monitoring remains a bottleneck. Likewise, the lack o standardproceduresandqualiedlaboratories,aswellasserviceprovidersforconsultancyandenvironmentalmonitoring,hindersecientmonitoring.

Inthemeantime,theLGUaddressedissuesrelatedtoGHGgenerationfromwastedisposal and proposed to pioneer a low-cost, appropriate technology by testing theeectivenessofaneco-ecientsoil.

Replication PotentialBaisCitydemonstratedthattheenhancementoftheMSWMsystem,especiallyresidual waste management, is easible and can be maintained, even with restrictedbudgets and in the context o a developing country.

AsoneofthemainthreatstosustainthestartedWMRCproject,thelowcostrecovery rom waste generators and service users needs to be emphasized. Mostmunicipalities in the Philippines tend to provide waste management services out o theirannualbudgetandfailtocollectuserfees.Althoughtherenancingofalow-cost landll seems easible, the Bais City experience suggests some cost recovery diculties.Asofnow,sevenotherLGUsintheVisayasregionhaveadaptedorare poised to employ a similar approach and established similar low-cost landlls.



ReferencesChanton,J.P.andPowelson,D.K.(2009).MethaneOxidationinLandllCoverSoils,isa10%DefaultValueReasonable?JournalEnvironmentalQuality,No.38,pages654-663.

Department ofEnvironment andNaturalResources(2006).Guidelines ontheCategorizedFinalDisposalFacilities(SanitaryLandlls).DENRAdministrativeOrderNo.10,Seriesof2006,QuezonCity,Philippines,6pages.

El-Fadel,M.;Findikakis,A.N.andLeckie,J.O.(1997).EnvironmentalImpactsofSolidWasteLandlling.JournalofEnvironmentalManagement,Vol.50,pages1-25.

LocalGovernmentUnitsBaisCity (2008). BaisCity Integrated andEcologicalSolidWasteManagementOrdinanceof2008.OrdinanceNo.45,Seriesof2008,BaisCityLocalGovernmentUnit,Philippines,21pages.

Martienssen, M.; Kaiser, A.; Schirmer,M.; Graf,W.; Kutschke, S.; Schulze, R.and iede, K. (2009). Untersuchungen zum Einsatz von Rekultivierungs /MethanoxidationschichtenaufDeponiendesLandesSachsen-Anhalt.MüllundAbfall,6pages.

Paul,J.G.(2003).ImplementationofaClayLinerLandllinBaisCity,NegrosOriental.AnnualConferenceoftheSolidWasteAssociationofthePhilippines(SWAPP),October6-8,2003,DumagueteCity,Philippines,21pages.

Ramke,H.G. (2001). AppropriateDesign andOperation of SanitaryLandlls.International Conference on Sustainable Economic Development and SoundResourceManagementinCentralAsia,Tashkent,Uzbekistan,30pages.

RepublicofthePhilippines(2001).RepublicAct9003–eEcologicalSolidWaste

ManagementActofthePhilippines2000.EleventhCongressofthePhilippines,irdRegularSession,releasedonJanuary26,2001,Manila,Philippines,43pages.

Republic of the Philippines (2002). Implementing Rules and Regulationsof Republic Act 9003. Department of Environment and Natural Resources,DepartmentAdministrativeOrder34of2001,Manila,Philippines,65pages.

Steinho,M. (2006). Preliminary Assessment ofGreenHouseGas Emissionsassociated with activities in Bloomington, Indiana: Inventory and Trends.

EnvironmentalCommission,InternalReport,Indiana,USA,18pages.



Indigenous

Peoples’ Practices

is special feature of Indigenous Peoples’ case study giveemphasisontheimportanceofIPpracticesindisasterriskreduction and climate change adaptation.



The codication

and integration of

indigenous practices

into disaster risk

reduction and climate

change adaptation plansProvince of Benguet 9



Framework for DiscussionTe resiliency o indigenous communities in relation to disaster risk reductionand climate change adaptation is maniested in their “traditional saety nets” suchas the ood and medicines gathered rom the orests, the networks o mutual

aid within the community, and belie systems that have contributed to mentalhealth and conict resolution.1Oneofthebestexamplesofsuchasafetynetisthe indigenous peoples’ strong spiritual link to their domain, as seen in theircenturies-old knowledge systems in orest and resource management, resulting inthe rich bio-diversity o their territories.

For these communities, the orest is essential to their survival, being a source o their ood, livelihood, water and now, carbon credits. Te use o orest resources isgoverned by the unwritten community rules, yet water and carbon credits are ree

ofchargetothelowlandssurroundingnon-indigenouscommunities.However,inthe past, and to some extent until now, as a result o development aggression, thatis, the western paradigm o extraction o resources that government systems andprocesses adhere to, these saety nets have not been accorded the same valuationand respect accorded by the indigenous communities.

Instead, the domains of indigenous communities have been reduced to beingmere instruments to enrich corporations and the elite, paving the way or theencroachment o large extractive industries such as mining, logging and/or orest

and agricultural plantations, and subsequent militarization. e IndigenousPeoples’RightsAct(IPRA)orRepublicAct8371waslegislatedpreciselybecauseo existing discriminatory national legislation that violates the rights o indigenouscommunities to ownership over their domain and to decide the priorities o theirdevelopment.WiththepassageoftheIPRAinOctober1997andthemandatedrecognition o their rights, there is hope o urther strengthening the resiliency o indigenousculturalcommunitiesorindigenouspeoples(ICCs/IPs).

AstheindigenouspeoplesofBokod,amunicipalityintheprovinceofBenguet

innorthernPhilippines,declaredofforestprotectionintheirAncestralDomainSustainableDevelopmentandProtectionPlan(ADSDPP):

Predisposed by an imprint o witnessing the “ecological rape” o the vast orestlands and ripped o powers to deend or protect it rom destructive exploitation,theIPcommunitiesofBokodhavevirtuallybeenrelegatedtotakeapassivestanceon orest protection as may be consistent with its indigenous knowledge systemsandpractices(IKSP)onnaturalresourcemanagement….Subsequentlywiththelong denied recognition o their ancestral rights to ownership o their ancestral

1 Carol J. Colfer, Human Health and Forests: A Global Overview of Issues, Practice and Policy (United Kingdom:

Earthscan), 2008, p. 355.



domain, the people o Bokod can hardly believe that at long last, they can now takeholdoftheirtitletotheirterritoryastheIPRAprovides.2

IPRA provides for the recognition of the indigenous peoples’ immemorial

ownership and control over their domain. Under the law, the titling o domains/lands, the ormulation o the ancestral domain sustainable development andprotection plan (ADSDPP) and the Free Prior InformedConsent (FPIC) areprocesses o empowerment to strengthen the governance systems o indigenouscultural communities in resource management.

eimplementingmechanismofIPRAistheNationalCommissiononIndigenousPeoples(NCIP),whichistaskedtoprotectandpromotetheinterestandwell-beingofICCs/IPswithdueregardtotheirbeliefs,customs,traditionsandinstitutions.

eICCs’peculiardenitionofownership, asstipulatedinSection3 ofIPRA,emphasizes that domains and lands are the material basis o cultural integrity, andare thereore communal in nature. Because the territories belong to all generations,the care and conservation o land and natural resources or uture generationsare an inter-generational responsibility. Te titling o the indigenous peoples’territories encompasses the physical as well as spiritual space.

is paper focuses on the resiliency of the IP communities of Benguet with

completed domain titles and ancestral domain management protection plans ascan be gleaned rom their traditional saety nets. “Te ocus on resiliency meansputting greater emphasis is on what communities can do or themselves and howto strengthen their capacities, rather than concentrating on their vulnerability todisaster or their needs in an emergency.”3

Benguet ExperienceIn the Cordillera Administrative Region, 11ADSDPPs have been formulated,packaged and reproduced, ten o which have been adopted and integrated into

local government plans, except in ublay.

Benguet is located in theCordilleraAdministrativeRegion and shares a veryuniquecharacteristiccommontotribesinthisregion.Itistheonlyregionwithahomogenous population o indigenous peoples. Benguet province has 13 ancestraldomains, each with a recognized IndigenousPeoples’Organization (AD-IPO)responsible or the management o the aairs o their respective domains. Tese

2 Tublay Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plan (ADSDPP), 5 January 2008, p. 105.3 John Twigg, “Characteristic of a Disaster-Resilient Community: A Guidance Note,” August 2007, p. 6 (unpublished).



IPOswerefullyinvolvedinthepreparationoftheirrespectiveADSDPPs,withtheassistanceofNCIP-CAR.4

Benguet is also the watershed cradle or headwaters or the lowland areas and has

three dams that generate electricity or the Luzon grid. Benguet is also host tothe country’smining industry. In 2006alone, revenues frommining reachedastunning P4 billion. Te gure comes rom only two o the many mining rmsoperating in the province, Lepanto Consolidated Mining Corporation and PhilexMines.

Yet,theprovince’sminingvigorhasnottranslatedtoabetterqualityoflifeoftheBenguet people, simply because the bulk o the mining rm’s taxes are not paiddirectly to the province. Like many other mining operations around the country,

LepantoandPhilexhaveprincipalocesintheCityofMakati,aset-upthatmakesMakati the main mining tax beneciary.5

Benguet is legendary for its goldwhich the Spaniards attempted toexploit byattempting to conquer the Igorots in the name of religion and the King.eSpaniardsdeclaredthatalllandsbelongedtotheKing--theinfamousRegalianDoctrine.eSpaniardswerefoughtobytheIgorotsoftheCordilleras,whichexplains why they were able to retain their cultural distinctness. As a result,however,theIgorotsbecameobjectsofdiscrimination,labeledbytheSpaniardsas

pagansandlaterbytheAmericansasprimitiveandbackward.SuchbiaseswouldinuenceaswelltheFilipinolowlanders’attitudetowardsIgorots.

eAmericanswere able togain foothold in theCordillerasby exploiting thegold mines o Benguet, obtaining private titles over some o their claims undertheParityRightsagreementinthe1900sandagain,underthe1935Constitution.UnderthePhilippineadministration,IgorotlandswerethenconscatedthroughlawssuchasPresidentialDecree705thatconverted80%oflandsintheCordillerastostateownershipfollowingpassageofapolicywhereterritories“18degreesin

slope are classied as orest lands and thereore inalienable.” Most o the land inBenguetfallsundertheCordilleraForestReservation.But,byvirtueoflaw,theStateownsallnaturalresources.

NCIP Interventione formulation of the Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development andProtectionPlan(ADSDPP),asfacilitatedbytheNCIP,isaprocessofindigenous-based research with the participation o the entire community, led by the elders.

4

National Commission on Indigenous Peoples-Cordillera Administrative Region, “Executive Summary,” Terminal Report on the NPC-FAB, June 2009, p. 9.5 Wikepedia: The Free Encyclopedia, Benguet , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benguet#Economy. Accessed 17 February

2011.



Mankayan (the site of one of the largest mining companies in the country, Lepanto)

Weakness: the pollution of waters and land with mining waste from both

large and small-scale mining; the depletion of mineral resources; patented

mining claims and proclamations within watershed areas; and insecurity of

land tenure are threats4

Atok (has registered its Certicate of Ancestral Domain Title-CADT)

Strength: the intact traditional practice of respect for elders is a strength

Weaknesses: the people’s very small farm holdings and the impact of the

full implementation of the Agreement on Agriculture in the GATT-WTO,

which is killing the vegetable farm industry5

Kabayan (where Mt. Pulag, a protected area, is found)

Strengths: the surrounding natural resources, intact cultural heritage,

kinship and traditional institutions, strong peoples’ organization, and Local

Government Unit cooperation

Threat: the conicting policies on natural resources management and

tenurial instruments viz the Regalian Doctrine as against the Native Title

Doctrine6

Tuba (the only domain whose boundaries have not yet been settled)Strengths: the presence of, and respect for, traditional elders; a supportive

local government; and the community’s awareness of forest conservation

Weaknesses: the ability of outsiders to secure paper titles over their lands;

a conict with the lowland non-indigenous areas’ claim over the communal

watershed; the GATT-WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture; mining applications;

and lack of information on the IPRA7

Bugias Strengths: issuance of the CADT and ancestral land titles; representation

of the indigenous peoples in local governance, settlement of suits through

customary laws, full support of LGU to the IP community, ordinances on

water conservation, water pollution prevention, illegal logging and the

prohibition in hunting migrating birds

Weaknesses: absence of consultation regarding government proclamations

over forest areas, which led to rampant illegal logging 8

DomaintitlingundertheIPRAisinaccordancewiththenativetitledoctrine,whichreferstopre-conquestrightstolandsanddomainasfarbackasmemoryreaches.eICCs/IPsassertthattheirterritorieshaveneverbeenpubliclands.Te domain comprises not only the physical, but also the spiritual, space o the indigenous communities, including sacred sites and burial grounds. Tecommunal orests identied by tribes as their “muyong”; the traditional miningareas where gold was extracted by usok (lode mining), abukay, sawil/dawil orsayo; swidden arms usually called uma or nem-a; backyard gardens called ba-ang ; hunting grounds ; coastal and inland waters and other natural resources areevidenceoftheICCs’ownershipclaimfromthestart.ebasisfordelineationisthe traditional boundaries, also called by some tribes as the beddeng .

enative title doctrine has overturned the Regalian Doctrine under presentPhilippine jurisprudence.



Belief Systems Documented in the ADSDPP

Approval o the SpiritsTe protection o domain resources is evident in two common views among the

indigenous peoples in Benguet. Te rst is the absence o any distinction betweena orest and a watershed as all orests unction as watersheds.7 Te second belie system is that the orests are inhabited and guarded by spirits:

• Inayan or ear o divine sanction or a wrong or sinul act whichis associated with ear o wrath o the spirits, e.g., i trees are cutwithout their permission8

• Paniyew o a sacred prohibition as oremost guide. Te ancestorswere careul in cutting down a tree and engaging in earthwork suchas digging a deep canal.9

Tey needed to secure the permission o the spirits through a ritual, indicatingthat wanton destruction was taboo or them. Elam or greed was greatly abhorred.Becauseofthe“paniyew,”theIPswerenevergreedy,takingonlywhatwasneededrom the orest and clearing only what was needed or cultivation.10

Land ManagementTe concept o land use was traditional knowledge among the indigenouscommunities. Tere were major classications based on type o management:

individually managed, clan managed and community managed.

AnIPmembergottoownlandbyworking,developingandimprovingit.eimprovement eatures or proos o ownership include the payew or riceeld, uma or swidden arm, visual trace o a stone wall or a single ence pitch ( palitek), thetrunk o a dead tree, pasturelands (estancias) and burial place (dubok/luklok).11

In Bakun, the clan-ownedmuyong is understood to be or the benet o thewider environment as it contributes to the total well-being o the community and

ecology.12 Tere are however traditional practices o maintaining the muyong suchas a source o uel, timber, nutrition, grazing area, and animal and bird sanctuary.

Land UseOnlythebranchesareharvested,specicallythelowerandbiggerbranches.Bydoing so, the tree is encouraged to grow upwards, making the timber straighter.Deceasedanddeformedtreesareweanedoutandusedasfuel.e muyong is7 Bakun Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan (ADSDPP), March 2004, p. 31.8 Kibungan Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan (ADSDPP), 17 May 2004, p. 22.9 Buguias ADSDPP, October 2008, p. 31.10Ibid, p. 32.11Atok ADSDPP, p. 34.12 Mankayan ADSDPP, p. 68.



maintained as tree arms so members o the community will not have to go tothe pristine orests or timber. Te muyong also provides rattan and bamboo orencing, basket weaving, nutrition and medicine.

Tere are rituals and taboos associated with the selection o areas or swiddenfarms, and the cultivation and harvest of rice.e IPs basicallymaintain twotypesofvegetablefarms:inKibungan,thereisthenem-a or swidden arm; andinSablan,theba-ang or baeng or backyard garden. Both types have one commoneature, crop diversity.13

Swiddenfarmsaremaintainedforanaverageoffouryears,andthenletofallowor about six years to allow the soil to regenerate. Most swidden arms are locatedaway rom residences and are planted with crops o high cultural value such as

camote and gabi.

Te Bokod domain is home to the amous indigenous technology o agroorestry,i.e., homelot agroorestry or home gardens (baeng ). Tese are planted to ruit treesand vegetables o dierent layers o canopy with multiple and mixed cropping. 14

IntheKanankanaey-BagodomainofBakun,thekabite or riprap technology thatinvolves the lining o stones, tted together on top o the other without the supporto clay or mortar, is practiced. Te ripraps orms terrace that produce leveled

plotsthatretainfertilesoil.Suchterracescanholdwatersothattheareacouldbe planted to rice. erracing is also done in between slopes and gullies to preventsoil erosion and collect topsoil or crop production. Te community reers to theterracing technology as a practice that tamed their tough mountainous territory.15

Common Property In all the domains, the recognition of traditional responsibilities to the forestin termsofprotection, conservationand development isanunwritten law.Anadditional explanation or this is the belie that orests are inhabited by spirit

dwellers. Communal orests serve as watershed or the community and wherenobody is allowed to introduce any improvement.

Te Bakun people consider their lands as saguday16 or inheritance rom theirancestors, which must be passed rom one generation to the next.

InAtok,theman-ili or umili have exclusive rights over their water and watershed.e watershed is protected by the community. Kaingin burning or any form

13 Kibungan ADSDPP, p. 23.14 Bokod ADSDPP, p. 41.15 Bakun ADSDPP, p. 44.16 Ibid., p. 42.



of cleaning or clearing is not allowed.Even the construction of houses in thewatershedareaisdiscouraged.Residentsvowedthatifnecessary,theywill fenceo the area (aladan). Te dierent barangays have identied and maintainedtheirrespectivewatershedareas.Noindividualisallowedtodeclaretheareafor

exclusive use because this is reserved or community use.17

Common to all the domains is the belie that water is biag (lie) and spirits live inand guard the bodies o water.18 Water is kataguan or kabiagan di amin, i.e., wateris vital to the survival o everyone, be it or domestic or irrigation use. Water is aprime necessity.19 Springsandwater sourcesaremanagedandprotectedby thecommunity through ree labor ( garates).

InSablan,somebarangayswithruggedterrainhaveinstalledwatersystemsby

constructing indigenized suspended pipe networks secured by steel wires. Fromthe spring, water is attached to the main tank through a transmission pipe.Distributiontankscompletewithwheredistributionpipesareconstructednearclusters o households. Waterworks associations are ormed to maintain andoperate the water system. Maintenance tasks include cleaning the surroundingso the water source, the repair o tanks and pipelines, and tree replanting. Localordinances have been passed to penalize individuals who vandalize, steal ordestroy the ow o water.20

Irrigation systems are also communal property. In Mankayan, the systemis repaired and cleared o vegetation at least once a year or when needed. Temaintenance usually takes days and aected armers are expected to help. Tosewho do not help are sanctioned.

Mutual Help Systems in Resource ManagementOn the part of the indigenous communities, the cohesion of the communitystrengthens their resiliency, and this can be seen in various orms o traditionalcommunity cooperation or mutual help systems.

InallthedomainsofBenguet,whetherKanakanaeyorIbaloy,theirtermsforthecommunity mutual help system are almost the same.

InAtok,communallabororthemutualhelpsystemneighboursareexpectedtohelp and be helped is called the aduyon.Duringplantingandharvestingseasons,a armer asks a neighbor to help and the armer is expected to return the avor.

17 Atok ADSDPP, pp. 38-40.18 Mankayan ADSDPP, p. 74.19 Ibid, p. 40.20 Sablan ADSDPP, p. 38.



InBuguias,membersofthecommunityperformconstructionthroughthe albubu or bayanihan system where members are obliged to help in the construction andmaintenance o the diversion dam (saep), the irrigation system (colocol ) and canals.Trough the albubu, they likewise assist in land preparation, sowing until harvest.

Irrigationsystemsandwellsbelongtotheentirecommunity,andeverybodycanmake use o the irrigation as long as the amily helps in the construction andmaintenance o the structures. Te elders o a community rebuke anyone ound tohave deliberately destroyed the irrigation system.

ConclusionAmongtheIbaloysinTuba,Benguetoneleadersaid,“Inourcommunity,awan timabisin (nobody goes hungry). When the community learns about a amily whois in dire need o ood, it is always the case that the community provides them

withtheirbasicneeds.Incaseswhereafamilyisinneedoflandtotill,withthepermission o the landowner, and provided the land is idle, they can till this toprovide themselves with ood.”24

Te indigenous peoples’ worldview especially on the mutual help system is the bestindicator o the resiliency o indigenous communities. angible evidences o thesesystem are the existing natural resources among others the maintenance o thecommunal orests and the “rice terrace arming acknowledged to be sustainableworldwide.”25

Climate change adaptation has already been practices by indigenous communities.More so mainly and simply because o their worldview that resources are or thenext generation. Perhaps it is the attitude the outside world that needs changingandadaptationtotheIPwayofthinking.

eNCIPplaysapivotalroleinensuringempowermentthroughthemeaningfulparticipation o the indigenous cultural communities in all o the processes andproviding political/sacred-cultural space26throughtheIndigenousPeoplesRights

Act(IPRA)andtranslationofsaidprocessesintoinnovativetools,policiesandlegislations.

24 Excerpts from the interview of Rose Labutan (woman leader of Ibaloy tribe of Tuba), September 2010, Baguio City.25Kibungan ADSDPP, p. 23.26 From an interview of Easterluna Canoy, an anthropologist working among the indigenous peoples of Bukidnon, August

2010, Quezon City.



Typhoon Ketsana

(Ondoy) Experiences

Two (2) stories from two (2) organizations of theirexperience during the onset of Typhoon Ketsana(Ondoy)in2009.etragicexperiencetoitsbuildingback better towards resilient community.



Background of the CommunityPurok3 inBarangay Bambang,LosBaños,Laguna isa ood-pronearea. It isa Laguna Lake shoreline community with a large creek that runs through thepopulatedsection.Amajorexitpointofthewaterrun-ofromMt.Makiling,this

creek -- because o heavy siltation -- overows and oods major portions o thebarangay during heavy rains and typhoons. But many inormal settlers have set uptheir homes in the area, the lake being a source o many livelihood opportunitiessuch as shing and small-scale farming. In 2000, only about 38 familieswereregisteredasresidentsofthearea,butthishadincreasedtoaround150families-- around750persons -- by 2009.e labor force prole includes employees,bus, jeepney and tricycle drivers and operators, shermen/armers, and teachers’associations.

Bambang is a “vulnerable” site that experienced heavy ooding and damage duringTyphoonKetsana.EventheBambangElementarySchool,whichcouldhaveservedasanevacuationcenter,wassubmergedbecauseofthearea’slowelevation.Infact,most o the shoreline residents were rescued by crossing over the topmost portiono the school ence as they were trapped by the waters that rampaged and owedover the creek. Te ground oor o some houses was completely submerged andboats had to be used to erry residents to the evacuation center gym. Te bridgeconnecting them to the main barangay center was also impassable.

The Kabalikat Civicom Los Baños Chapter eKabalikatCivicom (KB LosBaños) provided the needed assistance at theheight of Typhoon Ketsana. KB Los Baños was organized in December 1990“toenableradioenthusiaststoactivelyparticipateinpublicassistance…duringcalamities and emergencies, or whenever there is a need to ensure public comortand convenience”. Te group’s objectives include:

• to foster cooperation among those involved in community radiocommunication,

• todevelopdedication,disciplineandprofessionalismincommunityservice, and

• topromotethebayanihanspirit,mutualhelpandcooperationamong various government agencies and civic-minded organizations by bringing its services closer to the community.

KBLosBaños’PlanofAction,called“OperationKabalikat,”mandatesthegroupto assist and coordinate with government agencies and other social welare

agencies o the government in times o national calamities and emergencies. Tegroup should also encourage the participation o radio enthusiasts in times o emergencies/accidentswherepublicassistanceisrequired.



KBLosBaños is anorganization that capitalizeson the volunteer spirit of itsmembers. Tey are among the civic organizations pioneering on deployment o disasterandrescuevolunteersevenbeforethePDRRMActof2010cameout.

Membershipisdiverse.“Wecomefromallwalksoflife…therearebusinessmen,employeesfromthegovernmentandprivatesector,nurses,politicians,OverseasFilipinoWorkersandevenout-of-schoolyouth.Ourmembers’ageprolestartsat18yearsandup.We,however,givedueimportancetoeducationandeveryoneisurgedtonishatleasttheirhighschool,”saidoneocer.

egroupworkscloselywiththeDepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment(DILG) and theMunicipalGovernment of LosBaños, Laguna. An agreementwithDILGrecognizesKBLosBaños’commitmenttorendercommunityservices,

particularly along the lines ofRelief DisasterOperations,Medical and DentalMissions,andRescueandRadioCommunicationMonitoring.AmorespecicagreementwiththemunicipalgovernmentofLosBañosoutlinesKBLosBaños’responsibilities in times o calamities, i.e., to assist in inormation disseminationand to provide training or rescue operations. Te LGU counterpart includes theprovisionofvehiclesduringemergencies, food andotherassistance toKBLosBaños.

In2009,theLGUsecuredasmallrescuemobilevehicle(amini-cab)andturned

itovertoKBLosBañosforitsexclusiveuse.KBLosBañosalsohasaccesstothemunicipality’s three ambulances in case o emergencies.

KBLosBaños’trackrecordincludesaccomplishmentsindisasterriskreduction-related activities such as recovery, rescue and clearing operations during typhoons;training in basic lie support and standards or community lay rescuers; housebuilding projects; and, medical assistance, rst aid, rescue procedures and basicre ghting training.

Typhoon KetsanaAswithmostcommunities,thelevelofcommunityawarenessofDRRinBarangayBambangduringTyphoonKetsanawaslow.MuchofthepopulationdidnotevenknowwhatDRRmeant.erewerenoorganizeddisasterteams.Attheheightofthe typhoon,KBLosBañoshandswerefull,withitsmemberswerespreadoutacrossmanybarangaysofLosBaños,attendingtoahostofrescueactivities.

“Duringtheoodrescue,weexperiencedworkinginwaist-deepareasforhoursdespite the cold. We were evacuating people rom landslide and ooded areas but

we did not mind this. We were more concerned with getting the people to saety,”RonaldSanValentin,amember,recalled.



ComputerCollegesothatKBLosBañoscouldborrowandusetherubberboatwhenthistypeofrescueoperationisrequiredinthefuture.

eirgroupalsoworkedcloselywithOxfam’sPostKetsanaRecoveryProjectteam,

availingofDRRtrainingprograms.

2. Early Warning Systems and Hazard Mapping Nowadaystri-mediaweatherreportwarningsarecascadedfromtheProvincialDisasterRiskReductionandManagementCouncil(PDRRMC)totheMunicipalDisasterRiskReductionandManagementCouncil(MDRRMC).einformationow continues to the Barangay Captain who, in turn, mobilizes the barangay councilorsandBarangaySafetyOcers(BSOs)fordisasterpreparednessaction.Megaphones are used to warn people, especially those staying near the creek.

Local folkprovided indigenous/traditional inputsduring theDRRdiscussions.Elders have observed that if the winds are observed to come from the sideo Laguna Lake, the typhoon will be intense. But i the winds come rom themountainside,thetyphoonwillnotbeasdangerous.Residentsnearthecreek-sidehave also more or less established certain creek water-ow speeds as useul early warning indicators. Tey also noted that i the water level reaches the oor o thebridge spanning the creek, certain areas in the barangay have to evacuate.

In the training sessions, the local residents expressed appreciation for theirinvolvement in the revision o the old hazard maps. Tey contributed vitalinormation such as new risk areas that were not reected in the old map. Tisactivity was coordinated by the barangay LGUs and supervised by experts rom theDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(DENR).emapidentiedand located the various types o risks such as landslides, mud ows, creek-sideooding starting rom the mountain side down to the exit point near the lake.Tey also marked early warning systems to monitor rising water levels.

3. Organization and CommunicationCloserlinkswereestablishedbetweentheMDCC,thepolice,redepartment,KBLosBañosandallthebarangays.Inallplanningactivities,KBLosBañosgainedrecognitionasaneectiveDRRinstitution.BeforeTyphoonKetsana,itwassimplyaninformalorganization;butnow,thegroupisrecognizedandfrequentlyinvitedasanexpertasfarasDRRisconcerned.OneKBLosBañosmembersaid,“Ibanaang tingin sa amin ngayon” (Tey regard us dierently now).

eMunicipalFireMarshall,Major Renato Samson, said,“KBLosBaños isa

valuable orce in our municipality. Te Bureau o Fire Protection has worked hand



procedures. Tese sta can also more easily share their learningswith their colleagues.

3. raining costs and benets.eKBLosBaños-assistedtrainings

came out cheaper in the long run because the resource personswereKBLosBañosmembersthemselves.isarrangementcanbereplicated inotherareasneedingDRR interventions. In addition,thegraduatesthemselvesarerequestingmoreadvancedcourses--evidence o their appreciation o the benets o their earlier coursesand their preparedness not only to increase their DRR-relatedknowledge and skills but also to pass these on to others.

4. KBC involvement. From its previous ocus on re and accident

emergencies,KBLosBañosnowfounditselfmoreinvolvedintheexpandedDRRmovement.“eKabalikatLosBañosisalwaystherewhenyouneedthem,especiallyduringaccidents,tracproblemsandnaturaldisasters.OurSanggunianBayanhascountedonthemmany times and this is a group that never expects something inreturn,”saidLosBañosViceMayorBabySumangil.ItsreputationasaneectiveradiocommunicationsgrouphelpedtoestablishKBLosBañosasamajorDRRinstitution.RealizingnowthatKBLosBañosisareliablepartnerbefore,duringandaertyphoondisasters,the

community will no doubt lend support to the group’s programs.

Lessons and Challenges1. DRRinterventionsshouldnotbelimitedtothevulnerablesectors

o the community. Te unaected sectors should also be involvedin awareness-raising eorts on the need to mainstream community preparedness fordisasters. In addition, they shouldbe tapped forwhatever resources they already have so that the resource base isexpanded.

2. ecollaborationbetweentheLGU,privatenetworksandexpertsgroups(suchastheDENRhazardidenticationteams)iscrucialinallDRReorts.ereismuchroomforimprovingcoordinationandpartnershipsamongthesegroups.eKBLosBañoscouldserveas a bridge that will oster synergy among the stakeholders. Temembers’ radio-communication links can be expanded and put togood use during disasters.



to the community for their construction requirements.However,there is a plan to study how a large-scale sand and gravel operationcan be done through the involvement o local construction rmsthat need the aggregates. Te plan is viable as long as the LGUs can

identiy upcoming construction projects near the area and there iscoordination with the contractors concerned.



Te Program o Works or each o the 15 teams was monitored weekly by thearea coordinators in consultation with the leaders. Te groups that nished earliershared a week or two o their time with those groups with longer work schedules.StudentsfromDeLaSalleUniversitypitchedinwiththeprovisionoftarpaulin

signages that were posted in critical areas.


a. Feedbacking • WhenOndoy’simpactstartedtosubside12hoursaertheheightof

the typhoon winds and rain, and once electric supply was restored,Buklod ao, initiated to sound o local situationers via emailmessagestoitsDRR/Mpartnersincivilsociety.

• Asaresult,within 32 hoursofOndoy’sonslaught, partners fromthe academe,business and civil society, in quick response to thecommunity leader’s online appeal or help, trooped to the community to determine the extent o damage. Basic data was gathered by thepartners -- casualties suered, houses damaged, size o aectedpopulationandreliefitemsneeded.Duringthesitevisit,thelocationo relie operations was also identied.

• Rapid Assessment Teams from partner NGOs and the academewerelikewisedeployedtoundertakeDamageNeedsandCapacity

Assessment(DNCA)inBanaba.• BuklodTao,mobilizingitsareacoordinatorsinBaybayIlog,North

Libis,BaybaySapa,BanabaExtensionandBelongCompoundalsoconductedDNCAusingtheformatandquestionnaireofChristianAid.

b. Mobilization o Resources and People• Twodaysaer,donationsofreliefgoodsstartedtoarrive.Buklod

ao proceeded to document the specic items received, volume and

identity o donors.• RDOmechanismsweresetup,asfollows: » Repackingofreliefitems,headcountofrepackedbags » Identicationof recipients, enlisting, issuance of instructions

on actual distribution» Printing o stubs, lling o stubs with recipients’ names, house-to-house distribution o stubs

» QueuingofrecipientsattheRDOcenter » Encoding of names of recipients and subsequent report to

donorsandpartnersviatheInternet



Acknowledgement

Good Practices

eSchool asMechanism forAwareness Raising onDisasterRisk Reduction,Bulacan

Ms Felicisima Mungcal ExecutiveOcer,PDRRMO

Provincial Capitol, Province o Bulacan Phone:+632(044)791-1053;662-4367 Emailadd:[email protected]

Mr.HiltonHernando PampangaRiverFloodforecastingandWarningCenter HydrometDivision,PAGASA DOSTRegion3Compound,BrgyMaimpis SanFernandoCity,Pampanga Phone:+632(045)4551701

e Critical Role of Climate Information: From Disaster Risk Reduction toAgriculturalDevelopment

HonRonaldoGolezMunicipal Mayor

MunicipalityofDumangas Phone:+632(033)361-2400;3612884

Engr.Sauldeasis MunicipalPlanningandDevelopmentOce MunicipalityofDumangas

ReducedVulnerabilitythroughCommunity-BasedEarlyWarningSystems

HonRicoRentuzaMunicipal Mayor

MunicipalityofSaintBernard,SouthernLeyte Mobileno:0928-5240880 Emailadd:[email protected]



eSearchforNewFarmingTechnologiesSuitabletoFlood-ProneCommunitiesDiversiedFarmingSystemsCombiningRicewithOtherHigh-ValueCropsBarangaySaliniding,Siay,ZamboangaSibugay

MsHazelAlfon Maligaya,ScienceCityofMunoz NuevaEcija Emailadd:[email protected] Phone:+632(044)456-0354

Local Action for Global Concerns: Appropriate Solid Waste ManagementTechnologiestoReduceGreenhouseGasEmissionsWasteManagementandRecyclingCenter

BaisCity,NegrosOriental

DrJohannesPauleam LeaderGTZ-AHTOceSWM4LGUsDENRFMSR-6CompoundParolaStreetIloiloCity5000,Panay,PhilippinesPhone/Fax:+63(0)33-5099788

Indigenous Peoples’ Practices

e Codication and Integration of Indigenous Practices into Disaster RiskReductionandClimateChangeAdaptationPlans

AttyLeileneGallardo NationalCommissiononIndigenousPeople 2/FN.delaMercedBldg

Cor.WestandQuezonAve.,QuezonCity Phone:(632)373-9787;fax(632)3739765

Typhoon Ketsana Experience

ARadioCommunicationsGroupLeadsinInspiringandSustainingCommunityVolunteerismforMulti-sectoralPartnershipsinDisasterRiskReduction

Mr.NicoDLMedina

President,KabalikatCivicom Phone:0917-8113403;0929-8464376 Email:[email protected]



eElementsofReliefandRehabilitation forCommunity-BasedDisasterRiskManagement

Mr.NoliAbinales

President BuklodTaoInc. Phone:+6323931032

Project Management Board Members

AnneOrquizaAusAID

DraHelenMendoza

PhilippineNetworkonClimateChange

AdelinaS.AlvarezDisasterRiskReductionNetworkPhils

Veronica VillavicencioPeaceandEquityFoundation

SusitaBulawit

Luzviminda FortalezaDILG BLGD GOFAR

Oxfam Rising to the Call

Documents

Transcript of Oxfam Rising to the Call