Overview

What it is History Signs and symptoms Rick Factors Treatment Prevention

What is it?

Staph infection:Commonly formed bacteriaLives on your skin and in nose.Problematic when it gets in the body.

(sepsis)One of the most common causes of skin

infectionsTreated with antibiotics

MRSA is Resistant to antibiotics.

Superbug

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Resists β-lactam antibiotics PenicillinCephalosporinesMonbactamsCarbapenemsβ-lactam inhibitors

Leading cause of Sepsis, pneumonia, Surgical site infection.

The Resistance

Unnecessary antibiotic use:Used to treat viral infections (flu, cold)Used for minor bacterial infectionUse of antibacterial soap?

Antibiotics in food and water:Found in livestockWater run off of farms then into water

systems

The Resistance

Germ mutation:Not all bacteria is killed with use of

antibioticsBacteria change and adapt to survive the

presence of antibiotics.Evolve and mature“What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger”

History

Discovered in 1961 in the United Kingdom

U.S. in 1981 In I.V. Drug users

CDC report in 2005

127,000 infections in 1999 to 278,000

11,000 deaths to more than 18,650

Responsible for 94,360 serious infections

18,000 MRSA Deaths vs. 16,000 died from AIDS (2005)

What does it look like

Insect or spider bite Folliculitis or Pustular lesions Furuncle, carbuncles (Boils) Abscess ( Esp. with tissue necrosis) Cellulites Impetigo Infected wound

Two Types

HA-MRSAHospital or other heath care settings

CA-MRSACommunity AssociatedLocker roomsPrisonsSoldiers

High Risk Factors

HA-MRSA:Pts. With open woundsInvasive devisesWeakened immune systemElderly/ChildrenLong- term healthcareDialysis pts.Recent use of antibiotics

High Risk Factors

CA-MRSAContact sportsSharing equipmentLocker roomsPrisonersConfined space with lots of peopleHealthcare workersHomosexual Men

Treatment

Incision and drainage of abscess Nasal and tissue swab/ Urine sample Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility Treat with appropriate antibiotics IV; Vancomycin (antibiotic)

Prevention

Prevention

Good HygieneWash handsTake shower after exerciseKeep open wounds clean and coveredAvoid direct contact with woundsAvoid sharing personal hygiene equipmentClean soiled linens with bleach, hot water,

and hot dryer when available.

Prevention

Know how and using antibiotics properly.

Don’t use antibiotics when they aren’t needed

Prevention

PPE

Avoid touching stuff.

clean your equipment EVERYTIME.

Prevention

Silver sulfadiazineUsed primarily on burn patientTreatment for MRSA

Handheld bacteria tester (UK)Tests for bacteria found around hospitalInsured good cleaning practices

Refrences Boyles, Salynn. “More U.S. Deaths From MRSA Than AIDS.” WebMD health News. 16 Oct. 2007 Reviewed by Chng

Louise, MD <http://www.webmd.com/news/20071016/more-us-deaths-from-mrsa-than-aids>

  Boyles, Salynn. “Plain Soap as Good as Antibacterial” WebMD Health News. 17 Aug. 2007. <

http://www.webmd.com/news/20070817/plain-soap-as-good-as-antibacterial>

  Elaine Larson RN PHD; Allison Aiello, MS; Lillian V, Lee, MS; Phyllis Delta-Latta, PhD; Cabilia Gomez-duarte, MD; Susan Lin,

DrPH. “Short-and Long-term effects of hand washing with antimicrobial or plain soap in the community”. Journal of Community health, vol. 28, No. 2, April 2003. (Copyright 2003)

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updated 18, Oct. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2009. http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/topics/antimicrobialResistance/Examples/mrsa/

  “Healthcare-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA).” Center for Disease Control. Last updated 8

Oct. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2008. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ar_MRSA.html>

  Hoffmann S. Silver sulfadiazine: an antibacterial agent for topical use in burns. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1984;18(1):119-26.

  Klevens, R. Monina, DDS, MPH; Morrison, Melissa A. MPH; Nadle, Joelle, MPH; Petit, Susan MPH; Gershman, Ken MD, MPH;

Ray, Susan MD; Harrison, Lee H. MD; Lynfield, Ruth MD; Dumyati, Ghinwa MD; Townes, John M. MD; Craig, Allen S. MD; Zell, Elizabeth R. MSTAT; Fosheim, Gregory E. MPH; McDougal, Linda K. MS; Carey, Roberta B. PhD; Fridkin, Scott K. MD. “Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States” JAMA. 17 Oct. 2007; 298(15):1763-1771.

  ”What Everyone Should Know and Do Snort. Sniffle. Sneeze. No Antibiotics Please!” Center for Disease Control. Last Updated

18 Aug. 2008. Viewed 2 Jan. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community/know-and-do.htm

  Zarpellon MN, Soares VS, Albrecht NR, Bergamasco DR, Garcia LB, Cardoso CL. “Comparison of 3 alcohol gels and 70% ethyl

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