Overview The relationship between economics and scarcity Why scarcity necessitates choice The...
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Transcript of Overview The relationship between economics and scarcity Why scarcity necessitates choice The...
Overview
The relationship between economics and scarcity
Why scarcity necessitates choice The importance of opportunity cost Making decisions on the margin In class activity
Defining Economics
Economics: a social science that examines how people choose among the alternatives available to them. Without scarcity, there would be no need for
economics. Scarcity requires that we make choices
among alternatives. Economics helps us understand how society,
individuals, and companies make decisions about limited (scarce) resources.
Economic Approach to Decision Making
Because of scarcity, people must make choices consider opportunity cost pursue their self-interest
Scarcity Forces People to Make Choices
Scarcity: a limited availability of something that does not satisfy all wants. This limited availability requires that choices be made among scarce alternatives. A scarce good is something that when chosen, requires
that you give up other alternative choices/options. For example, if you spend your money on a new phone, you give up everything else that you could have purchased (like a computer). With scarce goods, you can’t have your cake and eat it too – you must make a choice.
A free good is something that when chosen, does not require that you give up other alternative choices/options. For example, if you take a breath of fresh air, you didn’t have to give anything else up.
Scarcity Choice
The following choices have to be madeby society
Tax policy, government programs, etc. by individuals
What to purchase? Where to live?by companies
What to produce? How to produce it?
Scarcity Makes Opportunity Cost Important
Opportunity cost: the value of the best alternative that is given up when making a choice.
For example, the opportunity cost of going to college is the money spent on
tuition, fees, books, and lost wages.owning your business are the wages you
could have earned being an employee for someone else
spending your money is the income you could have earned from investing it
Scarcity, Self-Interest, and Society
Adam Smith (1723-1780) recognized that voluntary transactions benefit both buyers and sellers. Because these transactions are being driven by self interest, they must maximize the well being of those involved, and therefore society.
Choices on the Margin
Choices at the margin: choosing to do a little bit more (or less) of something.
For example, each of the following would represent marginal choices Eating 12 potato chips instead of 10 chips
(+2 chips) Sleeping for 7 hours instead of 8 hours (-1
hour) Spending $400 a month on restaurant meals
instead of $550 (-$150)
Choices on the Margin
If someone is allocating their resources (time and money) in the best possible way, it should be impossible for them to reduce one behavior and use these newly available resources in a way that makes themself better off.
For example, if you spend your dinner budget on two hamburgers, you are wasting resources. Most people would rather eat just one hamburger, and use their remaining money to buy fries and a soda.
You Try It!
Scenario: You just graduated from college and
started a new job that pays $45,000 per year. The following budget shows your current discretionary income after paying 35% in payroll deductions (taxes, social security, benefits, etc.).
GOAL: Use the economic approach to decision making to increase your savings to $10,000, for the down payment on your first home.
You Try It!
Budget Original Improved
Monthly Income (take home pay)
$2,437.50
Less Monthly Expenses
Housing $800
Food $400
Student Loans $250
Credit Cards $200
Insurance, Charity, Emergency Fund
$300
Utilities, Internet, Cable, Water
$200
Clothes, Cell phone, Entertainment
$250
Total Monthly Expenses $2,400
Cash surplus/deficit per month
$37.50
Years it takes you to safe $10,000
22.22