OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:

The Industrial “Revolution” moved from The Industrial “Revolution” moved from England to America after the American England to America after the American

Revolution, thereby transforming the Revolution, thereby transforming the nation’s economy.nation’s economy.

“1780s - 1800 America”97% of Americans lived on farms

“Every man is in some measure an artist - he is a husbandsman (farmer) in summer and mechanic in winter” - Noah Webster [1785]

Family Labor System-Home and work intermixed-Informal family “apprentices”-No fixed prices and money rarely

exchanged (“just prices” set up)

-Slow, unscheduled task-oriented pace

Urban Artisans and Workers-Apprentice - Journeyman - Master

Craftsmen system-Apprentices lived and worked with

master craftsmen-No separation of work and leisure-Male-dominated system Patriarchal organizationPatriarchal organization

PRE-INDUSTRIALSOCIAL ORDER

"Mechanics & Farmers"Artisans and Yeoman

farmers

"Enslaved"African slaves

"Paupers"Depended on public

charity

"Laboring Poor"Ordinary laborers,

servants, small farmers

"Professionals"Lawyers, ministers,teachers, doctors,

public officials

"Urban merchants""Planter Aristocracy"

1790s - 1840s America1790s - 1840s AmericaResult of rapid

improvements in:Transportation-People & goods moved with

new ease & speed

Commercialization-Replacement of household

& barter w/ production of goods for cash market

Industrialization-Use of power-driven

machinery to produce goods once made by hand

NEW SOCIAL ORDERMarket Revolution ended the old social order

"The first thing that strikes one in the United States is the innumerable crowd of thosestriving to escape from their original condition." ~ Alexis de Tocqueville

By 1840Top 1% owned 40%of the nation's wealth

Needed to demand certain habits andattitudes of workers

sobriety, responsibility, hard work,and steadiness

By 18401/3 of population possessed

little more than clothes & loose change

WORKING CLASSBlue collar laborers, "wage slaves"

As factory conditions worsened, craft associationsturned increasingly political and militant

MIDDLE CLASSManagers, white collar workersAccountants, clerks, bank tellers

UPPER CLASSMarket Revolution further distanced this class from

the working class

EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET REVOLUTION

"Lowell Mills" (c. 1814 - 1840s)World's first integrated cotton mill (Waltham, Mass.) revolutionized textile ind.

Run by Boston Associates and started a "company town" in 1823Hired young women to work the mills

Samuel Slater's Mill (c. 1790 - 1820s)Englishman who emigrated to America and smuggled British

technology and innovation to America (Providence, RI)Most advanced cotton mill in America - women and children workforce

"Putting-Out System" (c. early 1800s - 1820s)Goods produced at home but under the direction of a merchant

who "put out" the raw materials to them, paid them for the finishedproduct and sold the completed item to a distant market

"Family Labor System" (c. 1780s - early 1800s)

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, dramatic At the beginning of the nineteenth century, dramatic changes occurred in the economy of the U.S.changes occurred in the economy of the U.S.

Economic changes promoted uniquely Economic changes promoted uniquely different cultures in 3 different sections different cultures in 3 different sections

(N,S, and W) (N,S, and W) ANDAND

Loyalty to section over nationLoyalty to section over nation

SectionalismSectionalism encouraged minimizing the encouraged minimizing the power and influence of the national govt., power and influence of the national govt., while promoting the power and influence while promoting the power and influence

of each sectionof each section

NORTHNORTHFactory system expanded Factory system expanded

after Embargo Act and after Embargo Act and War of 1812 cut off Br. War of 1812 cut off Br. competitioncompetition

New England center of New England center of textiles (PA iron ind.)textiles (PA iron ind.)

Goals of NortheastGoals of Northeast::1)1) Protective tariffProtective tariff2)2) High priced public landsHigh priced public lands3)3) Fed. Internal Fed. Internal

improvementsimprovements

SOUTHSOUTHWhitney’s cotton gin (1792) Whitney’s cotton gin (1792)

increases cotton increases cotton production (800% in 10 production (800% in 10 years)years)

Removal of IndiansRemoval of IndiansOne-crop economyOne-crop economyGoals of SouthGoals of South::1)1) Low tariffs to encourage Low tariffs to encourage

trade with Br.trade with Br.2)2) No internal improve.No internal improve.3)3) Public lands available for Public lands available for

sale in lg. chunkssale in lg. chunks

WESTWESTSmall farms gave way to Small farms gave way to specialized farms:specialized farms:

Wheat: Northern plainsWheat: Northern plainsCorn/livestock: OH valleyCorn/livestock: OH valleyTobacco: KYTobacco: KY

Improved transportation Improved transportation allowed for marketing allowed for marketing surplus cropssurplus crops

Goals of WestGoals of West::1)1) Low-price public landsLow-price public lands2)2) Protective tariffs to stimulate Protective tariffs to stimulate

growth at homegrowth at home3)3) Fed. Funded internal Fed. Funded internal

improvementsimprovements

Economic Interdependence & SectionalismEconomic Interdependence & Sectionalism

1. What makes your section unique?1. What makes your section unique?2. List and explain any terms, people, or 2. List and explain any terms, people, or

events that have shaped your section?events that have shaped your section?3. What economic goals might you have as a 3. What economic goals might you have as a

section?section?4. What political goals might you have as a 4. What political goals might you have as a

section?section?5. Describe the social climate in your 5. Describe the social climate in your

section?section?

OVERVIEW:OVERVIEW:

With the growing wave of With the growing wave of sectionalism, the 1820s saw a sectionalism, the 1820s saw a

widening of popular participation widening of popular participation in politics and realignment of in politics and realignment of

political partiespolitical parties

NORTH:NORTH:High tariff:High tariff: Manufacturers favored Manufacturers favored

protection; New England shipping protection; New England shipping interests were for free tradeinterests were for free trade

SOUTH:SOUTH:Low tariff:Low tariff: Favored it at first, hoping Favored it at first, hoping

to develop industry; then turned to develop industry; then turned against it as their economy was against it as their economy was based on exports and they needed based on exports and they needed to buy many imported goodsto buy many imported goods

WEST:WEST:High tariff:High tariff: If an area had products If an area had products

to protect and for use of tariff to protect and for use of tariff revenue to build roads, bridges revenue to build roads, bridges and canalsand canals

NORTH:NORTH:High prices:High prices: Favored getting a good Favored getting a good

price for western lands so cheap price for western lands so cheap labor would not all flock Westlabor would not all flock West

SOUTH:SOUTH:High:High: Favored getting a good price Favored getting a good price

for western lands so the Southwest for western lands so the Southwest would not open up huge new would not open up huge new cotton-growing competitioncotton-growing competition

Low:Low: Encourage slavery westward; Encourage slavery westward; expand worn-out cotton landsexpand worn-out cotton lands

WEST:WEST:Low prices:Low prices: Favored low prices to Favored low prices to

promote continued development promote continued development and settlementand settlement

NORTH:NORTH:For it:For it: Favored federal support Favored federal support

to benefit its industry and to benefit its industry and commercecommerce

SOUTH:SOUTH:Against it:Against it: Got few benefits from Got few benefits from

this (most roads, canals, and this (most roads, canals, and RRs were built or improved RRs were built or improved in N or W and ran E to W)in N or W and ran E to W)

WEST:WEST:For it:For it: Favored federal support Favored federal support

to benefit its farmers, so they to benefit its farmers, so they could ship produce to eastern could ship produce to eastern marketsmarkets

NORTH:NORTH:Bank yes!Bank yes! Sound currency. Sound currency.Hard $:Hard $: Desired paper $ backed by Desired paper $ backed by

specie (many northerners were specie (many northerners were creditors (lenders) and wanted their creditors (lenders) and wanted their debts repaid in specie not cheap, debts repaid in specie not cheap, inflated $.inflated $.

SOUTH:SOUTH:Bank no!Bank no! Banks favored NE Banks favored NESoft (cheap) $: Soft (cheap) $: Farmers were often

debtors with unpredictable crops. Liked paying debts with cheap inflated $.

WEST:WEST:Bank no! Bank no! Banks favored NESoft (cheap) $: Soft (cheap) $: Same as South

NORTH:NORTH:Free Labor:Free Labor: No slaves - Provide a No slaves - Provide a

skilled work force for businessskilled work force for businessSOUTH:SOUTH:Slave Labor:Slave Labor: Needed for the hard, Needed for the hard,

non-wage work of producing non-wage work of producing the south’s “white gold” the south’s “white gold” (cotton). (cotton).

WEST:WEST:Free labor:Free labor: Avoid job competition Avoid job competition

on farms from cheap slave on farms from cheap slave laborlabor

Slave labor:Slave labor: Some southerners Some southerners

moved west with slavesmoved west with slaves

NORTH: DW (Contract)NORTH: DW (Contract)OPPOSEDOPPOSED - The northern states - The northern states

favored many of the policies favored many of the policies the South wished to nullify the South wished to nullify (tariff/slavery’s extension)(tariff/slavery’s extension)

SOUTH: JCC (Compact)SOUTH: JCC (Compact)FAVORED FAVORED - So southern states - So southern states

could nullify any possible could nullify any possible anti-slavery laws as well as anti-slavery laws as well as unfavorable tariff laws unfavorable tariff laws

WEST: AJWEST: AJDIVIDEDDIVIDED - Tended to be - Tended to be

opposed for same reasons as opposed for same reasons as the Norththe North

Write in complete sentences:

What is democracy and how does it What is democracy and how does it apply to you today?apply to you today?

Analyze the growth of American Analyze the growth of American democracy from Jefferson to Jackson. To democracy from Jefferson to Jackson. To what extent was Jacksonian democracy what extent was Jacksonian democracy

more democratic than Jeffersonian more democratic than Jeffersonian democracy?democracy?

Jefferson to Jackson

A. Suffrage:A. Suffrage:

TJ: Property requirement TJ: Property requirement was a test of was a test of character a man of character a man of initiative should be initiative should be able to meetable to meet

AJ: Property AJ: Property requirements for requirements for voting erasedvoting erased

B. Office Holding:B. Office Holding:

TJ: Educated elite should TJ: Educated elite should rule but proposed rule but proposed education for all to education for all to prepare all for officeprepare all for office

AJ: All men qualified to AJ: All men qualified to hold office and rotate hold office and rotate political positions political positions (“spoils”)(“spoils”)

C.Nomination of C.Nomination of President:President:

TJ: Candidates TJ: Candidates chosen by chosen by Congressional Congressional caucuses of caucuses of political leaderspolitical leaders

AJ: Nominating AJ: Nominating conventions conventions introducedintroduced

A. “Chosen Class”:A. “Chosen Class”:

TJ: Yeoman farmerTJ: Yeoman farmer

AJ: Added planters, AJ: Added planters, laborers, mechanicslaborers, mechanics

B. Industrialization:B. Industrialization:

TJ: Originally feared its TJ: Originally feared its consequencesconsequences

AJ: Accepted industry as AJ: Accepted industry as essential to economyessential to economy

C. C. Charles River Bridge v. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)Warren Bridge (1837)

TJ: Corporate charters TJ: Corporate charters granted to favorites of granted to favorites of state legislators state legislators (monopolies granted)(monopolies granted)

AJ: Roger Taney (Chief AJ: Roger Taney (Chief Justice appointed by Justice appointed by AJ) ruled that corporate AJ) ruled that corporate charters should be charters should be available to available to allall willing willing entrepreneursentrepreneurs-Departure from -Departure from Marshall’s nationalismMarshall’s nationalism

D. Bank of U.S.D. Bank of U.S.

TJ: Disagreed with TJ: Disagreed with BUS because of its BUS because of its loose loose Constitutional Constitutional interpretationinterpretation

AJ: Disagreed with AJ: Disagreed with BUS as a BUS as a monopoly of the monopoly of the richrich

A. Slavery:A. Slavery:

TJ: (Owned slaves) TJ: (Owned slaves) Saw slavery as a Saw slavery as a necessary evil that necessary evil that time would time would eradicateeradicate

AJ: (Owned slaves) AJ: (Owned slaves) Seemed little Seemed little interested in interested in abolitionabolition

B. Women/Native B. Women/Native Americans:Americans:

TJ & AJ:TJ & AJ:Neither saw these Neither saw these

groups as equalsgroups as equalsAJ had particularly AJ had particularly

negative attitude negative attitude toward Native toward Native AmericansAmericans

C. Education:C. Education:

TJ: (Educated man)TJ: (Educated man)

Believed education was Believed education was necessary for office-necessary for office-holding & for holding & for preparing citizens for preparing citizens for democratic democratic participationparticipation

AJ: (Little education)AJ: (Little education)

Believed education was Believed education was relatively unimportantrelatively unimportant

D. Social MobilityD. Social MobilityTJ:TJ:

1) Education and 1) Education and ambition were ambition were keys to successkeys to success

2) Never able to 2) Never able to build support for build support for his system of his system of educationeducation

AJ: AJ: 1) Ended bank along 1) Ended bank along

with its control over with its control over creditcredit

2) 2) Charles R. BridgeCharles R. Bridge opened opened opportunities for opportunities for individuals to get individuals to get corporate charters corporate charters

3) Initiated the “Era of 3) Initiated the “Era of the Common Man” the Common Man” (follow AJ’s example (follow AJ’s example of a “self-made of a “self-made man”man” )

A.A. Separation of Separation of Church and StateChurch and State

Most state Most state constitutions had constitutions had eliminated eliminated established established churches after the churches after the RevolutionRevolution

Mass. (the last state Mass. (the last state to have an to have an established church) established church) ended the practice ended the practice in 1834in 1834

FIRST:FIRST: List the first 7 presidents in order. List the first 7 presidents in order.NEXT:NEXT: Rank the first 7 presidents based on how Rank the first 7 presidents based on how

well you feel they performed their duties while well you feel they performed their duties while in office. (1 being the best)in office. (1 being the best)

LAST:LAST: Based on your #1 ranked president - Based on your #1 ranked president - Write a thesis statement that presents 3 positive Write a thesis statement that presents 3 positive accomplishments of your #1 president and why accomplishments of your #1 president and why

you feel they deserve the #1 ranking.you feel they deserve the #1 ranking.Why was ________the best of the first 7 Why was ________the best of the first 7

Presidents?Presidents?

Gradually expanded among adult white males as the Gradually expanded among adult white males as the property requirement was abandonedproperty requirement was abandoned

Voter reformVoter reform1st - Western states1st - Western statesLast - SouthLast - SouthVT - First state to give vote to all VT - First state to give vote to all

adult white malesadult white males

Vote of the people Vote of the people replacing state replacing state legislatures in legislatures in selecting presidential selecting presidential electorselectors

1800 - 18501800 - 1850TurnpikesTurnpikes (toll roads):(toll roads): “Cumberland (National) “Cumberland (National)

Road”Road”-Built by private companies (1800 - 1825)-Built by private companies (1800 - 1825)

Canals:Canals: “Erie Canal”“Erie Canal” - state funded - state funded-Need for cheaper, faster freight transport. -Need for cheaper, faster freight transport.

constructed privately (1825 - 1835)constructed privately (1825 - 1835)Steamboats:Steamboats: “Fulton’s “Fulton’s Clermont”Clermont”

Stimulated traffic along the Hudson, Mississippi Stimulated traffic along the Hudson, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers (1820s - 1830s)and Ohio Rivers (1820s - 1830s)

Railroads:Railroads: “B&O RR”“B&O RR”Iron rails and standard gauge guided early Iron rails and standard gauge guided early

development (1830s - end of century)development (1830s - end of century)

1828 - “Tariff of Abominations” (AJ)1828 - “Tariff of Abominations” (AJ)

““Revolution of 1828” – political Shift – West / CommonRevolution of 1828” – political Shift – West / CommonEra of Good Feelings ending (N-Rs & D-Rs)Era of Good Feelings ending (N-Rs & D-Rs)

1832 - Bank of the U.S. (AJ-”Pet Bank” scheme – Specie Circular)1832 - Bank of the U.S. (AJ-”Pet Bank” scheme – Specie Circular)*First time national party conventions used*First time national party conventions used

1836 - Whig Party split ticket among 3 candidates from three regions WHH, 1836 - Whig Party split ticket among 3 candidates from three regions WHH, HC, DWHC, DW

(MVB –dem- wins over WHH)(MVB –dem- wins over WHH)1840 - “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign and economic problems 1840 - “Log Cabin and Hard Cider” Campaign and economic problems

from 1837 – voters Blame MVB for depressionfrom 1837 – voters Blame MVB for depression(WHH – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too)(WHH – Tippecanoe and Tyler Too)

-78% of eligible voters (white males) turned out-78% of eligible voters (white males) turned outPropaganda and slogans become commonplacePropaganda and slogans become commonplace

*First Death while in office (Tyler becomes President)*First Death while in office (Tyler becomes President)

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge --- Favored Warren Co.- encouraged competition

1836 – Texas - Abandoned with purchase of Florida – 18191823 – Stephen Austin granted Texas

friction existed between Mexico and Texas over slavery, immigration, & local rights.

1835 – Santa Anna outlawed local rights1836 - Texas declared Independent

Santa Anna tried to exert control. Goliad = 342, Alamo Sam Houston’s army victorious at San Jacinto

Some wanted annexation – became Independent Republic of Texas

Panic of 1837Treasury Bill of 1840

Creates Independent Treasury System

• Indian Removal Act – 1830– Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicksaw, and SeminolesBureau of Indian Affairs est. 1836Cherokee actually adapted to White man’s waysCherokee v. Georgia 1831 – challenged law that made their laws null

and void1831-1835 – Choctaws moved1832 – Black Hawk War – Il. & Wis. 1836 – Creeks moved1838 – Trail of Tears

18,000 Cherokee to Okla.1835-1842 – Seminole War

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW::The one-party system that had characterized the The one-party system that had characterized the

“Era of Good Feelings” gave way to a two-“Era of Good Feelings” gave way to a two-party system under Jackson. Supporters of party system under Jackson. Supporters of

Jackson were now known as Democrats. Those Jackson were now known as Democrats. Those opposed to “King Andrew’s” rule were known opposed to “King Andrew’s” rule were known

as Whigs.as Whigs.

Resembled the old D-R party of Resembled the old D-R party of TJTJ

Base of voter supportBase of voter support::Common PeopleSoutherners, westerners,small farmers, urban Workers

SUPPORTED:States RightsSpoils systemAnti-monopolyFed.out of personal lives

Resembled the defunct Federalist Resembled the defunct Federalist Party of AHParty of AH

Base of voter supportBase of voter support:New Englanders and residents of

mid-Atlantic and upper-middle-Western states

Protestants of old English stockMiddle-class urban professionals

SUPPORTED:Clay’s “American System”Reduce Spoils SystemMoral ReformsUse Natl. Govt to solve problems

Divided along sectional (rather than party) linesDivided along sectional (rather than party) lines

Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

Included both Included both supporters and supporters and opponents of opponents of

slaveryslavery

Whig PartyWhig Party

Also divided on Also divided on issueissue

Democratic PartyDemocratic PartyMiddle of the road:Middle of the road:1) National power 1) National power

should be kept in should be kept in checkcheck

2) “States’ righters” 2) “States’ righters” liked this liked this

(although AJ (although AJ strongly against strongly against

nullification)nullification)3) Favored local rule 3) Favored local rule

and limited govt.and limited govt.

Whig PartyWhig Party

1) Favored strong 1) Favored strong national govt. to national govt. to check too much check too much individualism in individualism in

politicspolitics

2) Disliked 2) Disliked extremely strong extremely strong president (“King president (“King

Andrew”)Andrew”)

Democratic PartyDemocratic Party1) No National Bank1) No National Bank2) Anti-Big Business 2) Anti-Big Business

(MONOPOLIES)(MONOPOLIES)3) Free and open 3) Free and open

economic economic opportunity for all opportunity for all

(WHITE MALES)(WHITE MALES)4) Free trade4) Free trade

Whig PartyWhig Party

1)1) Favored Henry Favored Henry Clay’s American Clay’s American

System (BUS, System (BUS, tariff, fed. tariff, fed. Internal Internal

improvements)improvements)

2) Protect American 2) Protect American manufacturing manufacturing

interestsinterests

Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

Embraced the Embraced the worth of the worth of the “COMMON “COMMON

MAN” which MAN” which included included

immigrantsimmigrants

Whig PartyWhig Party

Disliked excess Disliked excess participation in participation in

politics of rough, politics of rough, uneducated, and uneducated, and

poor “non-poor “non-aristocrats” aristocrats” (which most (which most

immigrants were)immigrants were)

Democratic PartyDemocratic PartyFavored Favored

participation by participation by common people in common people in

govt.govt.(voting & office-(voting & office-

holding)holding)Any common person Any common person

could perform any could perform any public officepublic office

Whig PartyWhig Party

Favored Favored leadership & leadership &

office by better office by better educated, more educated, more

economically economically advantaged advantaged

peoplepeople

Democratic PartyDemocratic Party

Started and used Started and used by Jackson by Jackson

(Became common (Became common practice after practice after

Jackson)Jackson)

Whig PartyWhig Party

Complained Complained loudly about it loudly about it under Jackson under Jackson (practiced it (practiced it themselves themselves

when they got when they got in office)in office)

National Republicans (1828 - 1830s)National Republicans (1828 - 1830s)John Quincy Adams / Henry ClayJohn Quincy Adams / Henry Clay

Opposition to Jackson / For American SystemOpposition to Jackson / For American SystemLiberty (1840 & 1844)Liberty (1840 & 1844)

First anti-slavery party (James G. Birney)First anti-slavery party (James G. Birney)Abolition of slavery by political and legal meansAbolition of slavery by political and legal means

Free Soil (1848)Free Soil (1848)Whigs & Liberty Party members (MVB)Whigs & Liberty Party members (MVB)

Prevent extension of slavery in West / Free HomesteadsPrevent extension of slavery in West / Free Homesteads““Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men!”Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men!”

American (“Know-Nothing”) (1850s)American (“Know-Nothing”) (1850s)Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore

Opposition to immigrants and CatholicsOpposition to immigrants and Catholics

• Religion• Education• Abolition• Temperance • Women• Utopia’s

• Science• Art• Literature

– Transcendentalism

– Dissenters

– Historians