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CellMembraneBIOL222
Ch.6
Overview:PlasmaMembrane
• Plasmamembrane
• boundarythatseparatesthelivingcellfromitssurroundings
• Selec4vepermeability
• Allowanceofsomesubstancestocrossmoreeasilythanothers
CellMembraneModel
• Fluidmosaicmodel
• Membraneisafluidstructurewitha“mosaic”ofvariousproteinsembeddedinit
• Phospholipids
• mostabundantlipidinthe
plasmamembrane
• amphipathicmolecules
• containhydrophobic
andhydrophilicregions
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Fig.7-2
Hydrophilic head
WATER
Hydrophobic tail
WATER
TheFluidityofMembranes• Phospholipids
• Canmovewithinthebilayer
• Mostofthelipids,andsomeproteins,driHlaterally
• Rarelydoesamoleculeflip-floptransverselyacrossthemembrane
Lateral movement (∼107 times per second)
Flip-flop (∼ once per month)
Fig.7-7
Fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM)
Glyco- protein
Microfilaments of cytoskeleton
Cholesterol
Peripheral proteins
Integral protein
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF MEMBRANE
GlycolipidEXTRACELLULAR SIDE OF MEMBRANE
Carbohydrate
PLAY
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• Peripheralproteins
• boundtothesurfaceofthemembrane
• Integralproteins
• Penetratethehydrophobiccore
• transmembraneproteins
• Integralproteinsthatspanthemembrane
• Hydrophobicregionsofanintegralprotein
• consistofoneormorestretchesofnonpolaraminoacids
• oHencoiledintoalphahelices
MembraneProteins
N-terminus
C-terminus
α HelixCYTOPLASMIC SIDE
EXTRACELLULAR SIDE
• SixmajorfuncNonsofmembrane
proteins:
• Transport
• EnzymaNcacNvity
• SignaltransducNon
• Cell-cellrecogniNon
• Intercellularjoining
• ASachmenttothe
cytoskeletonandextracellular
matrix(ECM)
MembraneProteins
(a) Transport
ATP
(b) Enzymatic activity
Enzymes
(c) Signal transductionSignal transduction
Signaling molecule
Receptor
(d) Cell-cell recognition
Glyco- protein
(e) Intercellular joining (f) Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
MembraneCarbohydrates
• Membranecarbohydrates
– Usedbycellstorecognizeeachother
• BybindingrecogniNonproteinstosurfacecarbohydrates
• Glycolipids
• Carbohydratescovalentlybondedtolipids
• Glycoproteins
• Carbohydratesbondedtoproteins
• varyamongspecies,individuals,andevencell
typesinanindividual
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SynthesisandSidednessofMembranes• MembraneshavedisNnctinsideand
outsidefaces
• AsymmetricaldistribuNon
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Associatedcarbohydrates
• DeterminedwhenthemembraneisbuiltbytheERandGolgiapparatus
• ComponentsontheinsideofERorGolgivesicle
• enduponexteriorofcellmembrane
ER1
Transmembrane glycoproteins
Secretory protein
Glycolipid
2Golgi apparatus
Vesicle
3
4
Secreted protein
Transmembrane glycoprotein
Plasma membrane:Cytoplasmic faceExtracellular face
Membrane glycolipid
ThePermeabilityoftheLipidBilayer
• Hydrophobic(nonpolar)molecules
• Dissolveinthelipidbilayerandpassthroughthemembranerapidly
• Suchashydrocarbons
• Butonlyverysmallones
• Polarmolecules
• Donotcrossthemembraneeasily
• Repelledbyinnerhydrophobicregion
• Suchassugars
TransportProteins
• Transportproteins
• Allowpassageofhydrophilic
substancesacrossthemembrane
• channelproteins
• hydrophilicchannelthatcertain
moleculesorionscanuseasa
tunnel
• Aquaporins
• Facilitatethepassageof
water
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• Carrierproteins
• BindtomoleculesandchangeshapetoshuSlethemacrossthemembrane
• Specificforthesubstanceitmoves
TransportProteins
Transport
• Diffusion
• Tendencyformoleculesto
spreadoutevenlyintothe
availablespace
• DuetoBrownian
movement
• Dynamicequilibrium
• Asmanymoleculescross
onewayascrossinthe
otherdirecNon
Fig.7-11Molecules of dye Membrane (cross section)
WATER
Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium
(a) Diffusion of one solute
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
(b) Diffusion of two solutes
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• Passivetransport
• Noenergyinputrequired
• SimpleDiffusion
• Substancesmove(diffuse)down
theirconcentra4ongradient
• differenceinconcentraNonof
asubstancefromoneareato
another
TypesofTransport:Passive–SimpleDiffusion
TypesofTransport:Passive-Osmosis
• Osmosis
• diffusionofwateracrossa
selecNvelypermeablemembrane
• fromtheregionoflower
soluteconcentraNon
• totheregionofhigher
soluteconcentraNon
• Waterwillfollowthesolutes
Lower concentration of solute (sugar)
Fig.7-12
H2O
Higher concentration of sugar
Selectively permeable membrane
Same concentration of sugar
Osmosis
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WaterBalanceofCellsWithoutWalls• Tonicity
• abilityofasoluNontocauseacelltogainorlosewater
• IsotonicsoluNon
• SoluteconcentraNonoutsideisthesameasthatinsidethecell
• Nonetwatermovementacrosstheplasmamembrane
• HypertonicsoluNon
• SoluNonwithhighersoluteconcentraNon
• HypotonicsoluNon
• SoluNonwithlowersoluteconcentraNon
Hypotonic solution
(a) Animal cell
(b) Plant cell
H2O
Lysed
H2O
Turgid (normal)
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Normal
Isotonic solution
Flaccid
H2O
H2O
Shriveled
Plasmolyzed
Hypertonic solution
• HypertonicorhypotonicenvironmentscreateosmoNcproblemsfororganisms
• Osmoregula4on
• Controlofwaterbalance
• NecessaryadaptaNonforlifeinsuchenvironments
• TheproNstParamecium
• Hypertonictoitspondwaterenvironment
• HasacontracNlevacuolethatactsasapump
WaterBalanceofCellsWithoutWalls
Filling vacuole 50 µm
(a) A contractile vacuole fills with fluid that enters from a system of canals radiating throughout the cytoplasm.
Contracting vacuole
(b) When full, the vacuole and canals contract, expelling fluid from the cell.
WaterBalanceofCellswithWalls
• PlantcellinahypotonicsoluNon
• SwellsunNlthewallopposes
uptake
• Cellisnowturgid(firm)
• Ifisotonic
• Nonetmovementof
waterintothecell
• thecellbecomes
flaccid(limp)
• Plantmaywilt
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• Plasmolysis
• Hypertonicenvironment
• Plantcellslosewater
• membranepulls
awayfromthe
wall
• usually
lethal
WaterBalanceofCellswithWalls
TypesofTransport:Passive-FacilitatedDiffusion
• Facilitateddiffusion
• transportproteinsfacilitate(enable)passivemovementofmoleculesacrosstheplasmamembrane
• Channelproteins
• corridorsthatallowaspecificmoleculeoriontocrossthemembrane
• Aquaporinsforfacilitateddiffusionofwater
• IonchannelsthatopenorcloseinresponsetoasNmulus(gatedchannels)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Channel protein
(a) A channel protein
Solute CYTOPLASM
Solute Carrier protein
(b) A carrier protein
TypesofTransport:Ac4veTransport
• Ac4vetransport
• movessubstancesagainsttheirconcentraNongradient
• Requiresenergy
• intheformofATP
• Performedbyspecificproteins
embeddedinthemembranes
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• AcNvetransport
• allowscellstomaintainconcentraNongradientsthatdifferfromtheirsurroundings
• Sodium-potassiumpump
TypesofTransport:Ac4veTransport
2
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID [Na+] high [K+] low
[Na+] low [K+] high
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+
CYTOPLASM ATP
ADP P
Na+ Na+
Na+
P 3
K+
K+ 6
K+
K+
5 4
K+
K+
P P
1
Fig.7-16-7
IonPumpsMaintainMembranePoten4al
• Membranepoten4al
• Voltagedifferenceacrossamembrane
• VoltageiscreatedbydifferencesinthedistribuNonofposiNveandnegaNveions
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• Electrogenicpump
• transportproteinthatgenerates
voltageacrossamembrane
• sodium-potassiumpump
• majorelectrogenicpump
ofanimalcells
• protonpump
• Mainelectrogenicpump
• ofplants,fungi,andbacteria
MembranePoten4al
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
H+
H+
H+
H+
Proton pump
+
+
+
H+
H+
+
+
H+
–
–
–
–
ATP
CYTOPLASM
–
TypesofTransport:Ac4veTransport-Exocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Transportvesiclesmigratetothemembrane,fusewithit,andreleasetheircontents
• Usedbysecretorycellstoexporttheirproducts
TypesofTransport:Ac4veTransport-Endocytosis
• Endocytosis
• celltakesinmacromolecules
• byformingvesiclesfromtheplasma
membrane
• reversalofexocytosis,involvingdifferent
proteins
• Threetypesofendocytosis:
1. Phagocytosis(“cellulareaNng”)
2. Pinocytosis(“cellulardrinking”)
3. Receptor-mediatedendocytosis
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Fig.7-20a
PHAGOCYTOSIS
CYTOPLASM EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Pseudopodium
“Food” or other particle
Food vacuole Food vacuole
Bacterium
An amoeba engulfing a bacterium via phagocytosis (TEM)
Pseudopodium of amoeba
1 µm
Ac4veTransport:Endocytosis-Phagocytosis
Fig.7-20b
PINOCYTOSIS
Plasma membrane
Vesicle
0.5 µm
Pinocytosis vesicles forming (arrows) in a cell lining a small blood vessel (TEM)
Ac4veTransport:Endocytosis-Pinocytosis
Fig.7-20c
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
Receptor Coat protein
Coated pit
Ligand
Coat protein
Plasma membrane
0.25 µm
Coated vesicle
A coated pit and a coated vesicle formed during receptor- mediated endocytosis (TEMs)
Ac4veTransport:ReceptorMediatedEndocytosis
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Youshouldnowbeableto:1. Definethefollowingterms:amphipathicmolecules,aquaporins,
diffusion
2. ExplainhowmembranefluidityisinfluencedbytemperatureandmembranecomposiNon
3. DisNnguishbetweenthefollowingpairsorsetsofterms:peripheralandintegralmembraneproteins;channelandcarrierproteins;osmosis,facilitateddiffusion,andacNvetransport;hypertonic,hypotonic,andisotonicsoluNons
4. Explainhowtransportproteinsfacilitatediffusion
5. Explainhowanelectrogenicpumpcreatesvoltageacrossamembrane,andnametwoelectrogenicpumps
6. Explainhowlargemolecules/substancesaretransportedacrossacellmembrane