Master Seminaron

“Potential of Non- Timber Forest Produce a National and International Scenario”

Presented byNALISH KUMAR ANCHAL

M.Sc. Forestry 5th Sem

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR (C.G.)

What is NTFP History Classification of NTFP NTFP Current Scenario National Forest Policy 1988 and NTFPCollection of NTFP South East Asia NTFP Trade Issue in NTFP Management Nationalized NTFP Product Internationalized NTFP Product International Trade of NTFP National Trade of NTFP Forest Scenario in Chhattisgarh Constraints in NTFP Marketing Conclusion

Content

What is NTFP

‘Non-Timber Forest Products’ (NTFPs) encompasses all biological materials other than timber, which are extracted from forests for human use.

HISTORY

Ancient Egyptians- imported gum Arabic from Sudan Trade sandalwood oil - 12th century Exports of an essential oil - Philippines in 1864. Brazil nuts trade by Dutch traders during 18th century

NTFP CLASSIFICATION

GROUP-INTFPs of Plant Origin

• Edible Plant Products• Spices and Condiments• Medicinal Plants• Aromatic Plants• Fatty Oil Yield Plants• Gum & Resin Exuding Plants• Tan Yield Plants• Dye & Colour Yield Plants• Fibre & Floss Yield Plants• Bamboo-Canes• Fodder & Forage• Fuelwood, Charcoal Making• Bidi Wrapper Leaves• Other Leaves for Plates• Beads for Ornaments• Saponin & Marking Nut Plant-Others

GROUP-IINTFPs of Animal Origin

• Honey• Lac• Tussar and Other Silk• Insects and Animal-Hides, Skins and Feathers• Horns, Bones and Shellac-Ivory and Musk

NTFP CLASSIFICATION

NTFP CLASSIFICATIONS.

No.Category Products

I Food products 1. Nuts. Brazil nuts, pine nuts, pignolia nuts, malva nut, walnuts and chestnuts.2. Fruits. Jujube and Ginkgo.3. Edible fungi. Morels, truffles and pine mushrooms.4. Vegetables. Bamboo shoots and palm hearts.5. Starches. Sago.6. Bird nests.7. Oils. Sheanuts, babacu oil, sal or tengkawang or illipe oil.8. Maple sugar.

II Spices and condiments 1. Nutmeg and mace.2. Cinnamon and cassia.3. Cardamom.4. Galanga5. Caraway

III Industrial plant oils Tung oil, Neem oil, Jojoba oil, Kemiri or candle or lumbang oil, akar wangi and kapok oils.

IV Plant gums 1. Gums for food uses. Gum arabic, tragacanth, karaya and carob gums.2. Technological grade gums. Talha and combretum gums.

V Natural pigments Annatto seeds, and indigo.

VI Oleoresins 1. Pine oleoresin2. Copal and Damar, Gamboge, Benzoin gum, Dragon's blood Benjamin) and Copaiba oil.3. Amber

VII Fibres and flosses 1. Fibres. Bamboo, rattan, oster, raffia, toquilla straw products, cork, esparto, Erica and other broom grasses.2. Flosses. Kapok or silk cotton.

VIII Vegetable tanning materials Quebracho, Mimosa, Chestnut and catha/cutch.

IX Latex Natural rubber, gutta percha, jelutong, sorva and chicle.

X Insect products 1. Natural honey.2. Beeswax.3. Lac.4. Silk. Mulberry and non mulberry silks.5. Cochineal6. Aleppo galls.

XI Incense woods Sandalwood, gharu or aloewood.

XII Essential oils

XIII Plant insecticides Pyrethrum, Derris, Medang and Peuak Bong.

XIV Medicinal plants

XV Wild plants

XVI Animals and animals' products Trophies, bones, feathers, maleo eggs, live animals and birds.

XVII Miscellaneous products 1. Bidi leaves.4. Soap berries (soap nut).5. Quillaia bark.6. Cola nut.7. Chewing sticks.8. Lacquer.9. Dom nuts or ivory nuts.

NTFPs- Current Scenario

About 100 million people in India live in and around forests to get a part of their livelihood from NTFPs

About 70 million are tribal's -mostly forest dwellers

Women are the main gatherers & earners from NTFPs

Family is the basic unit around which the social organization of the tribal society takes its form

National Forest Policy, 1988 & NTFPs

●Minor forest produce provides sustenance to tribal population and to other communities residing in and around the forests. Such produce should be protected, improved and their production enhanced with due regard to generation of employment and income.

●The rights and concessions from forests should primarily be for the bonafide use of the communities living within an around forest areas, specially the tribal's.

National Forest Policy, 1988 & NTFPs

• Their domestic requirements of fuel wood, fodder, minor forest produce and construction timber should be the first charge on forest produce.

• Protection, regeneration and optimum collection of minor forest produce along with institutional arrangements for the marketing of such produce.

NTFP Collection: An analysis

Forest Department (Divisional Forest Officer)

Highest Bidder / Tribal Society

Permit given from collectors

Agent

Sub Agent (Optional)

Tribal Collector

(Source: Key stone biodiversity programme – NTFP Project, 1998)

Material loss during collection, processing and marketing of various NTFPs

SOUTH EAST ASIA - NTFPs TRADE

COUNTRY NUMBER OF

ENTERPRISES

NUMBER OF

PERSONS

INVOLVED

NUMBER OF

VILLAGES

SALES

India 27 2,232 370 €1,81,596

Indonesia 29 1,452 58 € 99,838

Philippines 64 1,946 68 € 88,417.8

Cambodia 38 1,649 81 € 38,344.2

Total 163 7,400 600 €4,08,196

(Source: NTFP’s Annual Report, 2011

SOUTH EAST ASIA - NTFPs TRADE

India 44%

Philippines 22%

Indonesia 24%

Cambodia 9%

(Source: NTFP’s Annual Report, 2011)

Issues in NTFPs Management

•3000 plants species which yield NTFPs (CSIR, 1985)

•150 excluding medicinal plants, are commercially exploited

•Little is known of the actual production, use, and the way of marketing

•The state forest department is responsible for NTFPs development process, from inventory to product marketing

•Absence of a definite action plan at state and national level for extraction and marketing

•Collection, processing, and marketing continue to operate in a traditional way in most parts of the country.

•Non-sustainable harvesting

•Lacking of Value-added NTFPs

Nationalized and Internationalized NTPF products

Product YearCollected Quantity

(lakh Standard Bags)/qtl.

Price

Tendu leaves 2015 16.44 standard bags 1200

Kullu Gums2015 410 qtls 22000 per

qtlsDhawda 2015

920 qtls2900 per

qtlsBabul 2015 920 qtls 1740 per

qtls

Khair 2015 920 qtls 1740 per qtls

Sal Seed 2015 1.257 lac qtls. 1000 per qtls

Nationalized NTPF products

Internationalized NTFP Product

Pine nuts -Exports 120 tones annually Exports, price Rs. 40,000 to 50,000 per tone Jujube fruits- Annual output of fresh jujube is 4,00,000 tones ,earning a foreign exchange of 5 million US$ annually Mushrooms -Total world production 150 tones ,Price - Rs. 80 per kg of dried mushrooms Annatto -Production - 10,000 to 11,000 tones ,Current market price - US$ 700 / tone Bamboos - Production 18.4% /annum, price US$ 36.2 million Bidi leaves - Production - 300,000 tones, price 183.5 million Birds' nests- total production 18.6 tones, price $ 2.93 million

INTERNATIONAL TRADE NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS

Pine nuts‘Chalghoza' pine (Pinus gerardiana) and European stone pine (Pinus pinea) Collectors Wholesale markets Traders Pakistan Exports 120 tones annually to a number of Middle Eastern countries Export price (fob) ranges between Rs. 40,000 to 50,000 per tone

(Dogra, 1999).

Jujube fruits

Afro - Asian countries Collected and consumed by local communities China is the only country exporting Annual output of fresh jujube is 4,00,000 tones. China exports about 4,700 tones of dry jujube, earning a foreign exchange of 5 million US$ annually (Kunshan, 1991).

Mushrooms

Lentinus edodes - forests in North Vietnam Sold after drying @ 25,000 to 45,000 Dong/kg dry weight (mid-1991 price: US$ 1 = 2.5 Dong) (de Beer, 1993).

Total world production 150 tones Fresh morels is limited trade Dried – Pakistan & India exports 100-120 tones/annum Price - Rs. 80 per kg of dried mushrooms The collectors, however, get one-half to two-thirds of the export price (Iqbal, 1991).

Oil seeds

Shorea stenoptera - 9,000 unprocessed nuts, weighing 600 kg / ha /season Indonesia is the main producer and exporter

Table Indonesian export of black and brown illipe seeds during

ProductQuantity (Tones)

Value (US$) Price (fob) (US$/tone)

Black illipe

210 105,000 500.00

Brown illipe

13,361 7,649,035 572.49

(Menon, 1989a)

Salanganes' or birds' nests

Collocalia fuciphaga and C. maxima Two types i) Black nests ii) White nest Malaysian exports - 1991 totaled 18.6 tones, mainly to Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and Taiwan, Valuing Malaysian $ 2.93 million,

Spices and condiments

Indonesia -15,800 tones -1990, Grenada produced 2,700 tones and 200 tones of nutmeg and mace, -1991In 1991 to 7,335 tone; and 1,547 tones, - In 1990 6,391 tones and 1,050 tones (Smith,1996)

Gum karaya

o 1 to 5 kg /tree / season, (Verma, 1988).

o World production - 5,500 tones per annum

o The consumers US & western Europe (Robbing, 1998).

o 1991-92, India exported 573.6 tones

o Export – Rs.49 million

Annatto

Yields - 300 kg to 600 kg / ha Production - 10,000 to 11,000 tones. Peru - 32 % of the world total. USA - 40% worlds' total imports. Current market price - US$ 700 / tone - Peruvian annatto, and US$ 450 per tone - Brazilian Annatto seeds (ITC, 2003).

Table. The main oleoresin yielding pine species in the world

S.No Country Species

1 United States of America Pinus palustris, P. elliottii

2 France, Italy, Portugal and Spain

P. pinaster

3 Greece and Spain P. halepensis

4 India, Pakistan P. roxburghii

5 China P. massoniana, P. tabuliformis

6 Malaysia P. merkusii

7 Central America P. caribaea, P. oocarpa

8 New-Zealand P. radiata

Greenhalgh, 2002

Rattan

Indonesia is the main producer 600,000 tones / yr, - 250,000 tones - commercially important. Actual production - 113,431 in 1982 to 168,854 tones in 1988 Increasing trend

Bamboos

World trade - US$ 23.4 million in 1988 and US$ 44.9 million – 1992, Increase of about 92% in a 5 years, or 18.4% /annum. Exports from 1988 to 1992 was US$ 36.2 million China - 65.7% of the exports

(Sulthoni,1990)

Lac

Total annual production - 20,000 tones India and Thailand producing on the average, 17,000 tones

Table . Lac production in India and Thailand

YearProduction

Total

India Thailand

1980-81 20,481 800 21,281

1984-85 12,955 8,000 20,955

1985-86 18,175 15,500 33,675

1986-87 20,340 10,000 30,340

1987-88 14,600 4,800 19,400

1988-89 15,000 4,500 19,500

1989-90 17,345 7,250 24,595

Average 11,890 5,085 16,975

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Year

1984

-85

1986

-87

1988

-89

Avera

ge

YEAR

PRO

DUCT

ION

INDIA

THAILAND

Linear(INDIA)Linear(THAILAND)

(Source: Area and Production of Principal crops in India (1989-90), Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India).

Forest honey

Sundarbans - 220 tones of honey and 55 tones of wax annually (ADB, 1992). About 350 tones of honey and 28 tones of wax A single natural hive - 35 kg of honey and 1 kg of wax (Gupta and Guleria, 1982).

Sandal oil

India and Malaysia are the main producers Annual production - 200 to 300 tones per year (ITC, 1996). India - 150 tones of sandalwood oil annually, India exported 37.43 tones

Eucalyptus oil Production - 5,000 tones, ( 63 % medicinal oil, 33 % perfumery oil, and 4 % industrial oil.) China dominated- 3,000 tones / year, ( 65 to 75 % of global production.) Chinese exports, - France and Germany

Bidi leaves Production - 300,000 tones ( Gupta and Guleria 1982).

M.P (41%), Orissa (17%), Maharashtra (15%), A.P (13%), Bihar (8%)

Rajasthan, U.P, Gujarat, T.N and West Bengal 6% (Gupta, 1991).

Tendu forests Tendu units Collection points

Assuming 1 kg of leaves required to roll 2,000 bidis

India exported 4,675.6 tones -1991- 92, ( Rs. 183.5 million).

NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS IN INDIA

o It provides 50% of income for 20-30% of rural people in India (Sekhar et aI., 1993).o 220 million tones of fuel wood, 250 million tones of grass and green fodder /yro It provides - 40 % total forest revenues & 55 % forest-based employment o NTFPs - Rs 234 to Rs 5569 / ha / year with a mean of Rs 2299 (Malhotra et al., 1991).

Contd.,

NTFP in India are derived from over 3000 species 325 species producing NTFP are very common 879 species are used locally; 677 species are potentially useful only locally 1343 species can be described as "others lesser known" 60 % of all the recorded forest revenue from NTFP (Shiva,1995) Lack of information

Gross area : 1,35,224 sq km

Forest area : 59,772.4 sq km (44 %)

Dense forest : 39,557 sq kms

Open forest : 17,136 sq kms Sal forests : 24,245 sq kms

Teak forests : 5,600 sq kms Misc forests : 29,894 sq kms

Bamboo forests : 6,074 sq kms

Estimated growing stock : 320.4 million cmt

Population

Human popu : 17.6 million-Tribal’s 2.15(22.32%),S.C-5.7(37.13)Popu. density : 130/sq. kms

Forestry scenario in Chhattisgarh

Cont…. Collection rate of Tendu leaves raised from INR 400 to 450 in 2001 (INR 85 in 1989 Time of Nationalization)

16.77 lakh bags Tendu leaves collected in 2001 with wage distribution of INR 821 millions

4,74.225 qntls sal seed collected in 2001-wages INR 152 million distributed.

Sal seed collection rate increased from INR 3 to INR5 per Kg in current year .

The collection rates for Sal seed is Rs. 1000/- per quintal for the year 2014.

The collection rates for Harra is Rs. 1100/- per quintal for the year 2014-15

The collection rate for Tendu patta is Rs. 1200/- per Standard Bag for the year 2015.

The collection rate for Kullu Gum is Rs. 22000/- per qt. for grade I, Rs. 15000/- per Qtl. for grade II and Rs. 10800/- per qtl. for grade III. Rs. 2900/- per qntl. for Dhawada and Rs. 1740/- per qtl. for Khair and Babul for the year 2014-15.

S.No Forest Type Area % of G.A. Biodiversity

status

1. Sal Forests 19682 14.56 Very Rich

2. Teak Forests 5858 4.33 Fairly Rich

3. Mixed Forests 34230 25.32 Rich

Total 59772 44.21

The Forest Ecosystem in Chhattisgarh

Trade Volume of NWFP in Chhattisgarh

S. No. Category of MFP Species/Produce Estimated Trade in Rs. crores

1.

Nationalized Tendu leaves and Gums Kullu,  Dhawda, Babul, Khair

720

2.

Non Nationalized Sal seed, Harra, Imli, Mahua, lac, Kosa, Mahul Leaves,  chironjee Baibaring, Vanjeera, Kalmegh, Aonla etc.

780

Total 1500

PRODUCTION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS

 Products 1991 - 92 tones

1999-2000 tones

Morels 55 75.3Honey 1214 4647Fruits 21,800 -Walnuts 20,000 -Vegetable 60 -Condiments 300 -Silk cocoons 245 -Lac 80 -Vegetable Tannin

4,000 -

Mazri leaves 37,315 3400Resins 3,600 447Bhaber grass 993 -Soap nuts 250 -

(Iqbal, 1991)

Table. Shows the Prices of Different NTFPs

Price 1991-92 (Rs. Per

Kg)

2001-02 (Rs. Per Kg)

Inflated prices at 10% per year

Morels (Morchella esculenta)

2400 4300 6,216

Honey 75 195.00 194.2

Walnuts 12.00 30 31.0

Wild persimmons

4 14.00 10.3

Chalghoza 40 300.0 103.6

Kachnar 5.00 12.00 12.9

Suhanjna 8.00 15 20.7

Kunjai 7.00 12.00 18

Anar Dana 82.0 110.0 212.3

Caraway 103.0 160.0 266.7

Silk Cocoons 250.0 400.0 647.5

Resin 28.07 35.50 72.7

Mazri 2.45 6 6.3

Bamboo 5 Ft 12.00 Ft 12.9

(Iqbal, 1991)

Table. State wise Value of NTFP per hectare of forestland

States Value of NTFP per hectare of Forest Land (Rs per hectare)

Andhra Pradesh 906.2 Arunachal Pradesh 1110.5 Assam 944.7 Bihar 1699.8 Goa 1121.3 Gujrat 1488.6 Haryana 1397 Himachal Pradesh 6753.6 Jammu & Kashmir 7364.8 Karnataka 914.1 Kerala 833.9 Madhya Pradesh 1268.6 Maharastra 1361.5 Manipur 953.8 Meghalaya 1290.5 Mizoram 904.7 Nagaland 857.1 Orissa 1547.9 Punjab 2704.6 Rajastan 916.1 Sikkim 1711.4 Tamil Nadu 827.3 Tripura 1065.8 Uttar Pradesh 3724.4 West Bengal 2486.9 A&N Island 1327.5 Dadra & Nagar Havelli 2276.2

EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NTFP FROM INDIA

Name products Export (million Rs) Countries

Mushrooms 76.64 UK, France, Germany etc

Pine nuts 880.668 Middle east, European countries

Walnuts 200 Middle east etc

Spices 53.824 Middle east etc

Silk cocoons 47.6 Middle East etc

Mazri 126 Middle East etc

Total 1384.72  

(Singh,1992)

Common NTFPs Market Channels

A Tribal Family Income

Agriculture Cattle Other Employment Forests

Forest (50%)

Agriculture (18%)

Cattle(14%)

Oth

er

Em

ploy

men

t (1

8%)

CONSTRAINTS in NTFPs MARKETING

• Unsustainable harvesting

• Old production technologies and methods,

• Transportation facilities

• Fluctuating and lower prices

• Commercialization in production of the NTFPs,

• Non availability of good market and

• No proper research on market development for NTFPs.

CONCLUSION

The important role of NTFPs in rural livelihoods recognize the significant opportunities for achieving both conservation and poverty reduction objectives by supporting the sustainable development of NTFPs.

Rural people’s doing NTFPs Value Addition, while this process those NTFPs quality will improve simultaneously rural livelihood also improving, but they should know and rectify the negative impact on environment .

Develop and support integrated efforts to achieve food security, increase cash income, and conserve forests through NTFP-related interventions