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Overview of New Surveillance Technologies
Transcript of Overview of New Surveillance Technologies
Overview of New Surveillance Technologies
Stanley E. BorekAir Force Research Laboratory
Information [email protected]
Overview of New Surveillance
Technologies• Background• Concealed Weapons Detection (CWD)/Concealed Explosives Detection
(CED) Technologies–Terahertz Imaging System For CWD– Identification of Concealed Explosives via THZ Absorption
Spectroscopy Using Principal Component Analysis– Electromagnetic CWD at a Distance– Non-Linear Acoustic CWD– Detecting Concealed Weapons at a Safe Distance Using
Active Millimeter Wave Radar– Detection and Classification of Concealed Items via Magnetic
Signature Analysis– Focal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging Radiometer– Imaging with Millimeter Wave Focal Plane Arrays
• Through the Wall Surveillance (TWS) Technologies– Random Array TWS Imaging via Bistatic Radar Technology– Low-Cost Radar Sensors for Locating and Tracking
Individuals within Buildings• Summary
Overview of New Surveillance
Technologies• Background
– AFRL/IF under sponsorship of the Department of Justice’s (DOJ),National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Office of Science and Technology (OS&T) currently developing and evaluating advanced CWD and TWStechnologies • Two categories:
– Inexpensive, handheld systems for CWD and TWS– Fixed or mounted immoveable systems (e.g. portals) for CWD– Portable, personal computer (PC) based standoff systems to enable
the determination of events during critical incident situations for TWS • Objectives:
– locating hidden weapons on an individual’s torso (CWD)– locating an individual(s) behind a wall or door (TWS)
– AFRL/IF is supporting the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) on CWD research efforts via the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA)
– Relationship is closely coordinated technical effort through AFRL
Overview of New Surveillance
Technologies
Concealed Weapons Detection (CWD)/Concealed Explosives Detection
(CED) Technologies
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesTerahertz Imaging System for Concealed Weapon Detection
HSARPA Phase I SBIR Contract - Spire Corporation
Program objectives:
• Measure terahertz atmospherictransmission
• Define portable standoff imagingsystem
• Design proof-of-concept system• Estimate system performance
Technical approach:
• Use terahertz FTIR interferometer • Heterodyne detection required formaximum sensitivity
• Stationary transmitter antenna, andrastered receiver antenna
• Clothing loss assumed at 10-20 dB, 10 dB receiver noise figure
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesTerahertz Standoff Imager Design with Heterodyne Detection
Using Quantum Cascade Lasers – Spire Corporation
Illustration of a terahertz standoff imaging system at 50 m target distance.
Overview of New Surveillance
Technologies
Identification of Concealed Explosives via THz AbsorptionSpectroscopy Using Principal Component Analysis
HSARPA Phase I SBIR Contract – Intelligent Optical Systems & RPITHz Spectroscopy for Standoff Detection of Explosives and Weapons• THz radiation is safe to humans• Frequency dependence of absorbed or reflected THz radiation isindicative of explosives and other dielectric materials
– Stand off spectroscopic analyzer• Efficient reflection over broad wavelength regions is indicative ofmetals and ceramics
– Potential weapons detection• THz radiation is minimally absorbed by paper, leather, plastic,cardboard, clothing
• THz radiation can be transmitted through the atmosphere within a window of 0.1 to 3 THz, with the exception of numerous water absorption lines
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesAPPROACH TAKEN TO SHOW FEASIBILITY OF IDENTIFICATION AND
DETECTION - Intelligent Optical Systems & RPI• Obtained absorbance spectra via both transmissionand reflection
– Four explosives: TNT, RDX, HMX, PETN– Four non-explosives: sugar ,flour, soap, salt– Four coverings: paper, polyethylene sheet, cotton cloth, and
leather• Selected signature wavelengths (reduced dimensions of data sets)• Applied principal components analysis (PCA)
– Reduce dimensionality of data by selection of signaturewavelengths
– Assemble table of absorbances (ABS) (from diffusereflectance) vs. signature wave number for each explosivecompound
– PCA allows one to calculate ABS along N new coordinatesthat are orthogonal and that are linear combinations of theoriginal coordinates in order to group similar compoundsinto closer clusters
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesBasic THz Standoff Detection Concept - Intelligent Optical Systems & RPI
Detection is Ultimate Objective
http://www.bearspage.info/h/tra/ca/bc/va/i/se/s90.jpg
2-Axis Scanning THz Laser(Sequential Monochrome Scanner) Vi
deo
Cam
era
THz DetectorTHz Detector
THz Beam Path
Field of View
Raster SweepReflected Wavefronts
Potential Threat
Perceived threat.
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False color imaging would be used to identify the threat and to classify as to explosive, metal weapon, ceramic, etc
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesElectromagnetic Concealed Weapons Detection at a Distance
HSARPA Phase I SBIR Contract - Pharad
• Electromagnetic (EM) spectral analysis approach • Wideband millimeter-wave signals used to excite naturalresonances on a concealed weapon
• Measurement of resonances across entire Ka-band (26 – 40 GHz) – Create mm-wave EM ‘signature’ or ‘fingerprint’ of target with
unique features• Wideband mm-wave EM signature identifies object from database oftargets
• Resolution: 2 – 3 mm with ± 1 dB RF power measurement accuracy
Features
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesElectromagnetic Concealed Weapons Detection at a Distance
Wideband Electromagnetic Millimeter-Wave(Ka-band) Sensors
Interrogation Zones
Central Processing
Concept - Pharad
Overview of New Surveillance
Technologies
Non-Linear Acoustic Concealed Weapons Detection (CWD)NIJ & HSARPA Phase I SBIR Contracts – Luna Innovations
ADVANTAGES
• Audio sound penetrates clothing andcan be safe
• Ultrasonics is like a laser and highlydirectional
• Weapons behave differently thantissue and have resonances that canbe detected
CHALLENGES
• Acoustics spread too quickly• Ultrasonics has trouble with thickclothing since it is highly attenuating
• Advanced processing techniques areneeded to classify sample signaturesto distinguish weapons
– Existing methods cannot bring advanced signal processing to full advantage
Overview of New Surveillance
Technologies
Beam-mixing makes acoustics a viable option for CWD – Luna Innovations
NAC
f1
f2
f1-f21. Locate2. Penetrate
3. Detect
• Luna’s nonlinear acoustics (NAC)overcomes the penetration/resolutiontradeoffs of traditional acoustics.
• Acoustics is:– Cost competitive– Sensitive to metals and non-metals– Safe and does not raise privacy
concerns
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesDetecting Concealed Weapons at a Safe Distance
Using Active Millimeter Wave Radar
NIJ BAA & HSARPA SBIR Phase I Contracts - Personnel Protection Technologies, Inc.
• Off the shelf collision avoidance radar (77 GHz)• Transmit both horizontal and vertical polarization• Three modes of operation:
– Radar detection, threat evaluation, and handoff to camera– Computer vision based detection for handoff to radar– Man-in-the-loop interaction with the camera to identify targets
• Algorithms will be developed to process the polarization maps that encompass the target, for the purpose of identification
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesDetection and Classification of Concealed Items via Magnetic
Signature Analysis NIJ Funded BEA - Idaho National Laboratory
• Under NIJ sponsorship INL has developedan array of magneto-resistive gradiometersensors configured into a walk-throughweapons detection portal
Baseline Technology• Responds to ferromagnetic materials• Accurately pinpoints the number, locationand size of weapons
• Uses freeze-frame video capture technologyto document events
• Further developed to discriminate andclassify type of threat
Commercialized by View Systems,Inc. as Secure Scan 2000
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesTechnology Enhancements to CWD System – Idaho National Laboratory
• Classes of weapons and electronic itemsproduce unique magnetic signatures
• Advanced signal processing is beingdeveloped to discriminate and classifythreat and non-threat items
• Intelligence will be added to automaticallyscreen common non-threat items such asPDAs, cell phones, underwire bras, andshoes containing steel shanks
• Enhancements allow detection anddiscrimination of small magnetic field items
• Can detect and classify a combination ofthreats when items are sufficientlyspatially separated
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesFocal Plane Array-Based Millimeter Wave Imaging
Radiometer NIJ Funded Contract - Lockheed Martin
• Passive detection and measurement of electromagneticradiation at Millimeter wavelengths
• Measures contrast between surrounding environment and areaundergoing scan
– Aperture size achieves necessary resolution and stand-off• Penetrates opaque materials, such as clothing• Utilizes rudimentary Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) Algorithms• Brassboard system capable of real time operation with stand-offdetection at ~4.6 meters (15 feet)
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesProof-of-Concept & Commercial Systems – Lockheed Martin
Brassboard System Brijot/Lockheed MartinSystem
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesImaging with Millimeter Wave Focal Plane Arrays
NIJ Funded Contract – Raytheon Vision Systems/UCLA
Bolometer Based MMW Imager Physics
PMMWI - Released VOX Bolometer
Pixel and MicroAntennaAntenna Captures mmw Radiation
Energy Coupled to BolometerNitride Legs for Thermal Isolation
mmw Power Flows from Antenna through Bridge
Square Bolometer Bridge
Bowtie Shaped Bridge
C Connections toReadout Circuitry
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesRandom Array TWS Imaging via Bistatic Radar Technology
NIJ Funded Contract – Akela, Inc.
DISTRIBUTEDIMAGINGNETWORKCONCEPT
• Individuals and vehicles become sensor nodes• Random array improves imaging by reducing ghosts• Wireless network receives data and distributes information• View of operational space changes as sensors move• Modular approach allows operational flexibility• Network centric sensor
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesDISTRIBUTED IMAGING NETWORK CURRENT ARCHITECTURE – AKELA, INC.
• Completely wireless system is program goal
Overview of New Surveillance
TechnologiesLow-Cost Radar Sensors for Locating and
Tracking Individuals within BuildingsNIJ Award – University of Texas at Austin
Proposed: A sensor concept combining Doppler and Direction-Of-Arrival(DDOA) information to track multiple movers through walls
Objectives: (1) Develop low-cost radar sensor concepts for personneldetection based on commercial wireless products(2) Collect an extensive database using the developed sensorsand to exploit the data for personnel location, tracking, and ID
Unique Features: (1) Use of Doppler features from human movements tosuppress stationary clutter such as buildings and walls(2) Use very few receiver elements to obtain DOA trackingof multiple human targets(3) Use of Mass-market wireless products for very low cost sensor development
Anticipated (1) Novel sensor design and demonstrationResults: (2) Database of human radar signatures & radar
features of human movements knowledge base
Overview of New Surveillance
Technologies
• Summary
– DOJ/NIJ and DHS have combined resources to actively develop solutions to the tough challenges facing technology applications to state-of-the-art systems for CWD, CED, and TWS
– Research & Development efforts range from practical technical applications of acoustic, radar, and terahertz frequencies
– Seven technology applications for CWD presented; one for CED, two for TWS– Research results in the area of technology applications of Terahertz frequencies for CWD and CED has been positive
– Millimeter Wave Imaging Technologies show promise for accomplishing reasonable stand-off operation for CWD
– Nonlinear Acoustic Technology shows promise for accomplishing CWD via innovative application of frequency scanning and resonance principles
– Bistatic Radar Technology is a novel approach for dynamically accomplishing 3D imaging for TWS
– AFRL/IF is working closely with DOJ/NIJ and DHS to develop, mature, and place these technologies in the field as viable systems