Overview of modern olive production systems in Spaincesonoma.ucdavis.edu/files/27478.pdfOverview of...
Transcript of Overview of modern olive production systems in Spaincesonoma.ucdavis.edu/files/27478.pdfOverview of...
Overview ofmodern olive production
systems in Spain
Dr. Joan TOUS
IRTA Mas de BoverConstantí (Tarragona, SPAIN)
“Olive production for oil”UC Davis short course (Lodi CA, April 18-19, 2008)
Traditional: 100 trees/ha
Intensive:I: 200-400 trees/ha (tall vase) II: 500-700 trees/ha (central leader)
Very high density: > 1.500 trees/ha
TraditionalTraditional:: 100 100 treestrees/ha/ha
Intensive:Intensive:I:I: 200200--400 trees/ha (tall vase) 400 trees/ha (tall vase) II:II: 500500--700 trees/ha (central leader)700 trees/ha (central leader)
Very high density:Very high density: > 1.500 trees/ha> 1.500 trees/ha
Olive planting systemsOlive planting systems
Intensive orchards – Trunk ShackerIntensive orchards – Trunk Shacker200-300 trees/ha (tall free vase)200200--300 300 treestrees/ha (/ha (talltall free free vasevase))
Efficiency of trunk shackerEfficiency of trunk shacker
Canopy volume (40-50 m3/tree)Training systemFruit weightFruit Removal Force FRF/weightHarvest periodVariety
Growth habit, fruit size, ripening uniformity…
Tree age
Canopy volume (40Canopy volume (40--50 m3/tree)50 m3/tree)Training systemTraining systemFruit weightFruit weightFruit Removal Force Fruit Removal Force FRF/weightFRF/weightHarvest periodHarvest periodVarietyVariety
Growth habit, fruit size, ripening Growth habit, fruit size, ripening uniformityuniformity……
Tree ageTree age
Intensive integral - ColossusIntensive integral - Colossus400 - 500 trees/ha (free vase or central leader)400 400 -- 500 500 treestrees/ha (free /ha (free vasevase oror central central leaderleader))
Intensive orchards – Lateral Hedge HarvestersIntensive orchards – Lateral Hedge Harvesters600 – 800 trees/ha (central leader)600 600 –– 800 800 treestrees/ha (central /ha (central leaderleader))
Intensive orchardsIntensive orchards
Good orographic and edapho-climaticconditionsMechanizationMedium-low crop costsHigh yields (Arbequina, Picual, Leccino…)
5.000 to 7.000 kg/ha in dry land10.000 to 13.000 kg/ha with irrigation
Good economic returnsMedium to long economic life
GoodGood orographicorographic andand edaphoedapho--climaticclimaticconditionsconditionsMechanizationMechanizationMediumMedium--lowlow cropcrop costscostsHighHigh yieldsyields ((ArbequinaArbequina, , PicualPicual, , LeccinoLeccino……))
5.000 5.000 toto 7.000 7.000 kgkg/ha in /ha in drydry landland10.000 10.000 toto 13.000 13.000 kgkg/ha /ha withwith irrigationirrigation
GoodGood economiceconomic returnsreturnsMediumMedium toto long long economiceconomic lifelife
Hedgerow orchardsHedgerow orchards>1.500 trees/ha>1.500 >1.500 tretreeess/ha/ha
Usual layout
4 x 1,5 m
Usual layout
4 x 1,5 m
Plantation
Main advantages (Hedgerow system)Main advantages (Hedgerow system)
Early bearing
High yields in the first years afterplanting
Integral harvest mechanization
Fruit harvesting very fast
Good oil quality
EarlyEarly bearingbearing
HighHigh yieldsyields in in thethe firstfirst yearsyears afterafterplantingplanting
Integral Integral harvestharvest mechanizationmechanization
FruitFruit harvestingharvesting veryvery fastfast
GoodGood oil oil qualityquality
Hedgerow orchards: World situationHedgerow orchards: World situation
40.000 ha (65% Spain, origin in Catalonia)Irrigation needs > 2.000 m3/haPlantation in flat and medium-large groves (> 15 ha)High planting costs and higher impact of frost anddroughtMechanization orchards (continuous harvesters)Crop management problems (light distribution, pruning and diseases)Yields and profit value in studyShort term investment (15 years according to latitude)Replanting or rejuvenation pruning?
40.000 ha (65% 40.000 ha (65% SpainSpain, , originorigin in in CataloniaCatalonia))IrrigationIrrigation needsneeds > 2.000 m3/ha> 2.000 m3/haPlantationPlantation in in flatflat andand mediummedium--largelarge grovesgroves (> 15 ha)(> 15 ha)HighHigh plantingplanting costscosts andand higherhigher impactimpact ofof frostfrost andanddroughtdroughtMechanizationMechanization orchardsorchards ((continuouscontinuous harvestersharvesters))CropCrop managementmanagement problemsproblems ((lightlight distributiondistribution, , pruningpruning andand diseasesdiseases))YieldsYields andand profitprofit valuevalue in in studystudyShort Short termterm investmentinvestment (15 (15 yearsyears accordingaccording toto latitudelatitude))ReplantingReplanting oror rejuvenationrejuvenation pruningpruning??
Tunisia 3 years oldTunisia 3 years oldAndalusia 4 years oldAndalusia 4 years old
Catalonia-Tarragona 4 years oldCatalonia-Tarragona 4 years old Catalonia-Lleida 4 years oldCatalonia-Lleida 4 years old
Olive worldwide dimensionOlive worldwide dimensionChile 2006
California 2003Australia 2005
Spain 2000
Hedgerow orchards: plant materialHedgerow orchards: plant material
Few cultivars with compact and low-mediumvigour:
Arbequina-IRTA-i·18®, Arbosana-i·43, Koroneiki-i·38, Urano ®
Few published results from cultivar trials:Tous et al. (2003 & 2006); León et al. (2006); Godini et al. (2006)
R+D in order to reduce olive vigour: Breeding programs (Univ. Córdoba, IRTA…)Dwarf rootstocks selections (IRTA, CIFA Córdoba)
FewFew cultivarscultivars withwith compact compact andand lowlow--mediummediumvigourvigour::
ArbequinaArbequina--IRTAIRTA--ii··1818®®, , ArbosanaArbosana--ii··4343, , KoroneikiKoroneiki--ii··3838, , Urano Urano ®®
FewFew publishedpublished resultsresults fromfrom cultivar cultivar trialstrials::TousTous et al. (2003 & 2006); Leet al. (2003 & 2006); Leóón et al. (2006); n et al. (2006); GodiniGodini et al. et al. (2006)(2006)
R+D in R+D in orderorder toto reduce olive reduce olive vigourvigour: : BreedingBreeding programsprograms (Univ. C(Univ. Cóórdoba, rdoba, IRTAIRTA……))DwarfDwarf rootstocksrootstocks selectionsselections (IRTA, CIFA C(IRTA, CIFA Cóórdoba)rdoba)
IRTA: olive plant material selectionsIRTA: olive plant material selections
Currently available:Arbequina-IRTA-i·18 ®Arbequina-IRTA-i·5 ® (high polyphenol content)Arbosana-IRTA-i·43 ®Koroneiki-IRTA-i·38 ®
Next years:First clones of Empeltre cultivar (oil & table)Dwarf roostocks
CurrentlyCurrently availableavailable::ArbequinaArbequina--IRTAIRTA--ii··1818 ®®ArbequinaArbequina--IRTAIRTA--ii··55 ®® (high (high polyphenolpolyphenol content)content)ArbosanaArbosana--IRTAIRTA--ii··4343 ®®KoroneikiKoroneiki--IRTAIRTA--ii··3838 ®®
NextNext yearsyears::FirstFirst clones clones ofof Empeltre cultivar (oil & Empeltre cultivar (oil & tabletable))DwarfDwarf roostocksroostocks
Hegderow system: cultivars trialTarragona (Catalonia)
Hegderow system: cultivars trialTarragona (Catalonia)
0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000
Kg olives/haKg olives/ha
i·18ArbosanaJoanencaKoroneiki
FS-17
i·18ArbosanaJoanencaKoroneiki
FS-17
aa
abab
bcbc
cc
cc
Precocity(3th year)Precocity(3th year)
0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000
Kg olives/haKg olives/ha
aa
abab
cc
abab
abab
Average yield(3th – 6th year)Average yield
(3th – 6th year)
Tous et al. (2006)Tous et al. (2006) Planted in October 1998Planted in October 1998
Koroneiki
Arbequina“IRTA-i·18®”
Joanenca
Arbosana Canetera
FS-17
‘Koroneiki-i·38’ ‘Arbosana-i·43’
‘FS-17®’
Central leader training capabilityCentral leader training capability
IRTA-i·18®Semierect habit
IRTA-i·18®Semierect habit
ArbosanaOpen habitArbosana
Open habit
3 m
1 m
4 m (N-S)
Olive rootstocks for IRTA-i·18®Olive rootstocks for IRTA-i·18®
GoalsTo decrease IRTA-i·18® vigourTo improve tolerance against Verticillium and other soil fungus
30 rootstocks
5x4 m layout with irrigation(500 trees/ha)
Planted in March-2000
GoalsGoalsToTo decreasedecrease IRTAIRTA--ii··1818®® vigourvigourTo improve tolerance against To improve tolerance against VerticilliumVerticillium and other soil and other soil fungusfungus
30 30 rootstocksrootstocks
5x4 m layout 5x4 m layout withwith irrigationirrigation(500 (500 treestrees/ha)/ha)
PlantedPlanted in in MarchMarch--20002000
Productivity according to the rootstockat 6th year after grafting (2007)
Productivity according to the rootstockat 6th year after grafting (2007)
2025303540455055606570
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Trunck cross section (cm2)Trunck cross section (cm2)
Cum
ulat
ive
yiel
d(k
g)C
umul
ativ
eyi
eld
(kg)
IRTA-i·18®
Rootstocks: current situationRootstocks: current situation
‘ArbequinaIRTA-i·18®’vigour may be decreased by usingroostocks
‘‘ArbequinaArbequinaIRTAIRTA--ii··1818®®’’vigourvigour may be may be decreaseddecreased by by usingusingroostocksroostocks
IRTA-i·18®Rootstock-43
Hedgerow orchards: Crop management problems
Hedgerow orchards: Crop management problems
Very hig densities:Lower light and ventilation levels inside the canopy
< 10-20% full sunlight distribution in the canopy(july-october)
Decrease flower bud initiationDecrease fruit setDecrease fruit size and oil content
Oil quality:Changes related to growing area and latitude
VeryVery highig densitiesdensities::LowerLower lightlight andand ventilationventilation levelslevels insideinside thethe canopycanopy
< 10< 10--20% full 20% full sunlightsunlight distributiondistribution in in thethe canopycanopy((julyjuly--octoberoctober))
DecreaseDecrease flowerflower budbud initiationinitiationDecreaseDecrease fruitfruit setsetDecreaseDecrease fruitfruit sizesize andand oil oil contentcontent
Oil Oil qualityquality::ChangesChanges relatedrelated toto growinggrowing areaarea andand latitudelatitude
Ripening & fruit sizeRipening & fruit size
Fruit changes due to plant density(shading effects)
Fruit changes due to plant density(shading effects)
OilOil
0.75 m
2.25 m
Humidity db wb Production
56.0 44.3 19.5 50 %
57.6 39.2 16.6 48 %
59.2 36.0 14.7 2 %
Humidity db wb Production
56.0 44.3 19.5 50 %
57.6 39.2 16.6 48 %
59.2 36.0 14.7 2 %
ANTRACNOSIS. Colletotrichum spp.ANTRACNOSIS. Colletotrichum spp.
Hedgerow orchards: Pests and diseasesHedgerow orchards: Pests and diseases
VerticilliumVerticillium
GliphodesGliphodes
Olive leafspot
Olive leafspot
CERCOSPORIOSIS. Pseudocercosporacladosporioides
CERCOSPORIOSIS. Pseudocercosporacladosporioides
Continuous harvester efficiencyContinuous harvester efficiency
Removed fruits (%)
Branch damages (broken branches / 100 olive trees)
Removed fruits (%)Removed fruits (%)
Branch damages Branch damages (broken branches / (broken branches / 100 olive trees)100 olive trees)
Harvester efficiency:Removed fruits
Harvester efficiency:Removed fruits
Arbequina i·18
FS-17
Arbosana
Koroneiki
Arbequina i·18
FS-17
Arbosana
Koroneiki
0 2 4 6 8
Remaining fruits on the olive tree (%)Remaining fruits on the olive tree (%)
Harvested fruits = 90 % in averagewithout differences between cultivars
Harvested fruits = 90 % in averagewithout differences between cultivars
b
ab
ab
a
b
ab
ab
a
Harvester efficiency. Branch damages
Harvester efficiency. Branch damages
Arbequina i·18
Arbosana
FS-17
Koroneiki
Arbequina i·18
Arbosana
FS-17
Koroneiki
0 10 20 30 40 50
Broken branches(4th – 5th years)
Broken branches(4th – 5th years)
Broken branches / 100 olive treesBroken branches / 100 olive trees
c
bc
ab
a
c
bc
ab
a
Very high density orchards:Arbequina potential yield (kg/ha)
Very high density orchards:Arbequina potential yield (kg/ha)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Orchard age (years)Orchard age (years)
Kg/haKg/ha
Maximum observedMaximum observed
Minimum observedMinimum observed
Mean observedMean observed 9.000 kg/ha9.000 kg/ha
Pruning strategies in mature treesPruning strategies in mature trees
Pneumatic hand pruning
Mechanical hedge pruning
Mixed hand x mechanical pruning
Pneumatic hand pruningPneumatic hand pruning
Mechanical hedge pruningMechanical hedge pruning
Mixed hand x mechanical pruningMixed hand x mechanical pruning
What happens after 15 years?What happens after 15 years?
End of investment
Replantation. Soil diseases?
Rejuvenation pruning (different options under study)
End of investmentEnd of investment
ReplantationReplantation. . Soil diseases?Soil diseases?
Rejuvenation Rejuvenation pruning (different pruning (different options under options under study)study)
Economic evaluation: intensive & hedgerowEconomic evaluation: intensive & hedgerow
Investment costs ($/ha)Pruning costs (hours/ha)Harvest costs ($/kg olives)Profitability
1 € = 1,5 $Spanish costs
Investment costs ($/ha)Investment costs ($/ha)Pruning costs (hours/ha)Pruning costs (hours/ha)Harvest costs ($/kg olives)Harvest costs ($/kg olives)ProfitabilityProfitability
1 1 €€ = 1,5 $= 1,5 $Spanish costsSpanish costs
Intensive vs Hedgerow: Investment costs ($/ha)
Intensive vs Hedgerow: Investment costs ($/ha)
300 2000300 2000
Intensive4.500 $/ha
Hedgerow12.000 – 13.500 $/ha
trees/ha
Intensive vs Hedgerow:Pruning costs (hours/ha)
Intensive vs Hedgerow:Pruning costs (hours/ha)
300 2000300 2000
Intensive20 – 25 hours/ha
Hedgerow40 – 50 hours/ha
(pneumatic scissors)
trees/ha
300 600 2000300 600 2000
Trees/ha
Colosus0.1 – 0.15 $/kg
(2-3 ha/day)
shaker + umbrella0.2 – 0.23 $/kg
(1-2 ha/day)Straddle harvester
0.06 – 0.1 $/kg(3-4 ha/day)
Intensive vs Hedgerow:Harvest costs ($/kg olive fruit)Intensive vs Hedgerow:
Harvest costs ($/kg olive fruit)
Intensive vs Hedgerows:Economic profitability
Intensive vs Hedgerows:Economic profitability
Few economic studies comparing bothdensitiesFirst results:
Both systems are profitable (intensive has betterfinancial indexes: P/I, CNV, IPR)Hedgerow uses financial criteria more thanagronomical reasons (more interest in a fast andeasy harvest than for global costs reduction)Other factors: investment type, orchard size, labourfacilities
FewFew economiceconomic studiesstudies comparingcomparing bothbothdensitiesdensitiesFirstFirst resultsresults::
BothBoth systemssystems are are profitableprofitable ((intensiveintensive has has betterbetterfinancialfinancial indexes: P/I, CNV, IPR)indexes: P/I, CNV, IPR)HedgerowHedgerow uses uses financialfinancial criteriacriteria more more thanthanagronomicalagronomical reasonsreasons (more (more interestinterest in a in a fastfast andandeasyeasy harvestharvest thanthan forfor global global costscosts reductionreduction))OtherOther factorsfactors: investment : investment typetype, , orchardorchard sizesize, , labourlabourfacilitiesfacilities
Concluding remarks: Intensive orchardsConcluding remarks: Intensive orchards
All cultivarsMedium-long economic life (30 years)Many orchard sizesEasy crop managementGood profitabilityUse of new lateral hedge or integral harvestersMore intensive layouts (400-600 trees/ha)Mechanical pruningIntegrated pest and diseases management
AllAll cultivarscultivarsMediumMedium--long long economiceconomic lifelife (30 (30 yearsyears))ManyMany orchardorchard sizessizesEasyEasy cropcrop managementmanagementGoodGood profitabilityprofitabilityUse Use ofof newnew lateral lateral hedgehedge oror integral integral harvestersharvestersMore More intensiveintensive layoutslayouts (400(400--600 600 treestrees/ha)/ha)MechanicalMechanical pruningpruningIntegratedIntegrated pestpest andand diseasesdiseases managementmanagement
Concluding remarks: Hedgerow orchardsConcluding remarks: Hedgerow orchards
Compact, low-medium vigour and early bearing cultivarsSoil quality (fair)Short term investment (15 years)Replanting or Rejuvenation pruning ?Very high planting costsMedium-large orchard size with irrigationStraddle harvester availabilityOil mills dimension related to harvest capacityCrop management and global returns are still in study(cultivars, densities, pruning, new harvesters, rootstocks...)Investments usually not related to the agronomic sector (business of services)
Compact, Compact, lowlow--mediummedium vigourvigour andand earlyearly bearingbearing cultivarscultivarsSoilSoil qualityquality (fair)(fair)Short Short termterm investmentinvestment (15 (15 yearsyears))ReplantingReplanting oror RejuvenationRejuvenation pruningpruning ??VeryVery highhigh plantingplanting costscostsMediumMedium--largelarge orchardorchard sizesize withwith irrigationirrigationStraddleStraddle harvesterharvester availabilityavailabilityOil Oil millsmills dimensiondimension relatedrelated toto harvestharvest capacitycapacityCropCrop managementmanagement andand global global returnsreturns are are stillstill in in studystudy((cultivarscultivars, , densitiesdensities, , pruningpruning, , newnew harvestersharvesters, , rootstocksrootstocks...)...)InvestmentsInvestments usuallyusually notnot relatedrelated toto thethe agronomicagronomic sector sector ((businessbusiness ofof servicesservices))