Overview of Key HRM Topics. Agenda 1. HR Management: An Overview 2. Generic HR Roles 3. Job...

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Overview of Key HRM Topics

Transcript of Overview of Key HRM Topics. Agenda 1. HR Management: An Overview 2. Generic HR Roles 3. Job...

Page 1: Overview of Key HRM Topics.  Agenda 1. HR Management: An Overview 2. Generic HR Roles 3. Job Analysis and Descriptions 4. Workforce.

Overview of Key HRM Topics

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Agenda

1. HR Management: An Overview

2. Generic HR Roles

3. Job Analysis and Descriptions

4. Workforce Planning and Recruitment

5. Employee Selection

6. Training and Development

7. Performance Management

8. Career Management

9. Reward Management Systems

10. Legal Frameworks

11. Summary

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Objectives

By the end of this session, participants should be able to:

Define human resources (HR)

Explain the basic differences between personnel and HRM

Understand what topics fall under the HR umbrella

Have a broad understanding of the concepts of HR best practice

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HR Management: An Overview

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Human Resources

Human resources = the strategic proactive approach to the management of people

HR is aligned to the goals of an organisation and its future direction. It is concerned with longer term people issues, issues of structure, quality, culture, values, commitment and the matching of resources to future need

Personnel = a series of reactive administrative tasks which enable the basic employment contract to be fulfilled

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Personnel v. HRMPersonnel HR

Strategic Development Partner/ HR Strategist Strategic planning and policy Management of change Linking performance management with MDA

strategy Proactive Long termEmployee Champion/HR Manager Management of employee welfare and

development People managementAdministrative Expert/ HR Personnel Functional services Operational services focused on maintenance Reactive Short term/day-to-day activities

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HR Management Cycle

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HR Strategy and Outcomes

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Government Strategy/

MDA Strategy

Measurable Result (KPIs)

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Philosophy

HR best practice is based on the principle of meritocracy i.e.

• you are recruited based on merit

• you are promoted based on merit

• you are trained based on merit

• you are given a high appraisal score based on merit

• you are rewarded based on merit

• your career is managed based on merit

Therefore the harder and smarter you work, the more successful you are likely to become.

This is a key workforce motivator.

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Generic HR Roles

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HR Strategist – ‘Strategic Partners’

Role:

• To advise on HR strategies and policies

• To ensure that the HR function provides the support required to implement these strategies and policies

• To ensure the functions are operating to world class standards

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HR Managers – ‘Employee Champions’

Role:

• To provide advice and cost effective HR services which enable the MDA to achieve its goals

• To provide advice and effective services which enable the MDA to meet its responsibilities to the people employed in the civil service

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HR Personnel – ‘Admin Experts’

Role: 

• To provide personnel services (recruitment, appraisal, career management, general advice etc.) for all officers and junior personnel staff

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Job Analysis and Descriptions

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Job Analysis

Job analysis = a method for understanding what is required in a particular role

This means thinking about not only the content of the job but also its PURPOSE.

The analysis is used to form the basis of a person specification and job description used for recruitment.

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Person Specification

Person specification = describes the characteristics necessary to perform well in a particular role e.g.

team player good written and oral communicator proactive ability to prioritise tasks works well under pressure organised hardworking excellent interpersonal skills

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Job Description

Job description = describes the skills needed for someone to be able to do a specific job e.g.

Degree in Social Sciences Masters in Human Resource Management 5 years working as an HR Manager International experience, preferred Management experience, essential Experience using Oracle/PeopleSoft

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Recruitment Process

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Workforce Planning & Employee Recruitment

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Workforce Planning

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Workforce Planning

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Determining No. of Recruits

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Study of a firm’s past employment needs over a period of years to predict future needs

A forecasting technique for determining future staff needs by using ratios between resources demands and the number of employees needed

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Recruitment from External Sources

This will be influenced by several factors, including:

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When the economic conditions are relatively difficult, there will usually be an oversupply, or the number of applicants will be much higher than demand. In such a case, the organisation will find it relatively easy to select new employees from the large number of applicants

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Recruitment from External Sources

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When the sector is one that is considered a ‘rare’ sector, the organisation will have more difficulty in recruiting staff for this sector. For example, computer technology or cellular engineering

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Recruitment from External Sources

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It will tend to be easier for a organisation to find and recruit the best people if the organisation has a good reputation, therefore the best people will flock to apply to the organisation

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Recruitment Sources

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Employee Selection

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Basic Concept of Selection Tests

The quality of an employee selection test is determined by three main factors:

1. Criterion Validity – a type of validity based on showing that scores on the test are related to job performance

2. Content Validity – a test that is ‘content’ valid is one in which the test contains a fair sample of the tasks and skills actually needed for the job in question

3. Reliability – the consistency of scores obtained by the same person when retested with identical or equivalent test

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Some Types of Selection Test

• Cognitive Ability Test• Personality Test• Interview

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Cognitive Ability Tests

Cognitive Ability Test = paper and pencil test or assessment measure of an individual’s mental ability or intelligence e.g. verbal reasoning or numerical test

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Advantages of Cognitive Tests

• Highly reliable• Verbal reasoning and numerical tests have shown high

validity for a wide range of jobs• The validity rises with the increasing complexity of the

job• May be administered in group settings so many

applicants can be tested at the same time• Scoring of the tests can be done with computer

scanning equipment• Lower cost than personality tests

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Disadvantages of Cognitive Tests

• Certain minorities may perform slightly lower than the majority, dependent on their upbringing/experiences

• Differences between males and females (e.g. mathematical ability) may negatively affect the scores of one gender (usually women)

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Personality Tests

Personality Tests = a selection procedure measure of the personality characteristics of applicants, related to future job performance

Personality tests typically measure 1 to 5 personality dimensions: extroversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience

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Advantages of Personality Tests

• Can result in lower turnover if applicants are selected for traits that are highly correlated with employees who have high longevity within the organisation

• Can reveal more information about an applicant’s abilities and interests

• Can identify interpersonal traits that may be needed for certain jobs

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Disadvantages of Personality Tests

• Difficult to measure personality traits that may not be well defined

• Responses may be biased by the applicant’s desire to frame answers in a way they feel would improve their chances of selection

• Lack of evidence to support the validity of the use of personality tests

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Interviews

Interviews = a selection procedure designed to predict future job performance on the basis of the applicants’ oral responses to questions posed

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Advantages of Interviews

• Useful for determining if the applicant has the necessary communication or social skills for the job

• Can assess the applicant’s job knowledge• Can be used for selection amongst equally qualified

applicants• Enables the supervisor and/or co-workers to determine

if there is compatibility between the applicant and the employees

• Allows the applicant to ask questions which may reveal additional information useful for making a selection decision

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Disadvantages of Interviews

• Subjective evaluations are made• Decisions tend to be made within the first few minutes

of the interview with the remainder used to validate or justify the original decision

• Interviewers form stereotypes concerning the characteristics required for a certain job

• Research has shown minorities again are disproportionately selected

• Negative information seems to be given more weight• Not as reliable as tests

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Training and Development

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Training Process

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Assessing Training Needs

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A detailed analysis of a job to identify the skills required, so that an appropriate training programme can be instituted

Careful study of competency level to identify a deficiency and then correct it with a training programme, or some other development intervention

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Enhance Training Effectiveness

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Enhance Training Effectiveness

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• At the start of training, provide the trainees with a bird’s-eye view of the material to be presented. Knowing the overall picture facilitates learning

• Use a variety of familiar examples when presenting material

• Organise the material so that it is presented in a logical manner and meaningful units

• Try to use terms and concepts that are already familiar to trainees

• Use as many visual aids as possible

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Enhance Training Effectiveness

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• Maximise similarity between the training situation and the work situation

• Provide adequate training practice • Identify each feature of the step in

the process

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Enhance Training Effectiveness

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• People learn best by doing. Try to provide as much realistic practice as possible

• Trainees learn best when correct responses on their part are immediately reinforced

• Trainees learn best when they learn at their own pace. If possible, let trainees pace themselves

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Type of Training Programme

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Type of Training Programme

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Evaluation of Training Effectiveness

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Evaluation of Training Effectiveness

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Evaluate trainees’ reactions to the programme. Did they like it? Did they think it worthwhile?

Test the trainees to determine if they learned the principles, skills and facts they needed to learn

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Evaluation of Training Effectiveness

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Ask whether the trainees’ behaviour on the job changed because of the training programme

What final results were achieved in terms of the training objectives previously set?

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Employee Performance Management

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Why Appraise People?

• Appraisals provide information upon which promotion and salary decisions can be made

• Appraisals provide an opportunity for a manager and his/her subordinate to sit down and review the subordinate’s work-related behaviour, and then develop a plan for corrective action

• Appraisals provide a good opportunity to review the officer’s career plans in light of his/her shown strengths and weaknesses

Types of appraisal:

1. Self-appraisal

2. Downward appraisal

3. Upward appraisal

4. 360 appraisal

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Performance Management Cycle

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Performance Management Cycle

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Defining the performance standards means making sure that you and your subordinate agree on his/her duties and targets that you expect

Appraising performance means comparing your subordinate’s actual performance to the standard/targets set

Providing feedback means discussing plans for any development that is required

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Problems with Performance Appraisals

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Bias in the Appraisal Process

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The ‘halo’ effect occurs when a supervisor’s rating of a subordinate on one trait biases the rating of that person on other traits. Opposite of ‘horn’ effect

A tendency to rate all employees the same way, such as rating them all average

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Bias in the Appraisal Process

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The problem that occurs when a supervisor has the tendency to rate all subordinates unjustifiably high, undermining the value of the scores

The tendency to allow individual differences such as age, race and sex to affect the appraisal ratings that employees receive

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Performance Appraisal Element

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Performance appraisal elements have two main

categories:

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Performance Appraisal Element

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Appraisal Meeting

• Value is in the feedback conversation!

• Assessment of past performance:

- Measurement of last year’s performance against specific, individual objectives

- Feedback given on strengths and development areas, including what could have been done differently

• Assessment against competencies

• Setting of future objectives:

- agreement of individual objectives for next 12 months

- these should build on development areas highlighted

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Promotion

AND

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Defined by set promotion

criteria

Defined by performance

appraisal

Eligibility Merit

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Employee Career Management

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Career Planning and Development

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Career Anchors

Career anchor = a concern or value that someone will not give up if a choice has to be made

Career anchors, as their name implies, are the pivots around which a person’s career swings. A person becomes conscious of them as a result of learning about his or her talents and abilities

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Five Career Anchors

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Five Career Anchors

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• People who have a strong technical/functional career anchor tend to avoid decisions that would drive them toward general management

• Instead, they make decisions that will enable them to remain and grow in their chosen technical or function field

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Five Career Anchors

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• People who show strong motivation to become managers

• Their career experience enables them to believe that they have the skills and values necessary to rise to such general management positions

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Five Career Anchors

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• People who go on to become successful entrepreneurs

• These people seem to have a need to build or create something that is entirely their own product – a product or process that bears their name, a company of their own, or a personal fortune that reflects their accomplishments

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Five Career Anchors

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• People who are driven by the need to be on their own, free from the dependence that can arise when a person elects to work in a large organisation

• Some of these people decide to become consultants, working either alone or as part of a relatively small firm. Others choose to become professors, freelance writers or proprietors of a small retail business

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Five Career Anchors

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• People who are mostly concerned with long-running career stability and job security

• They seem willing to do what is required to maintain job security, a decent income and a stable future in the form of a good retirement programme and benefits

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Reward Management Systems

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Reward Systems

• The system of pay and benefits used by an organisation to reward workers

• Money not the only method!

• Salary

• Benefits

• Allowances

• Awards

• Promotion

• Pensions

• Health insurance

• Flexibility at work

• Holidays

• Working hours etc.

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Legal Frameworks

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Employment Contracts • The Labour Act (“The Labour Law”) (1971) states that

every employer must give to each of its employees a written contract within three months of the employer starting work

• The contract must specify the particulars of the employer and the employee, the position and job description/functions, other terms and conditions of the contract

• Following the implementation of the Pension Reforms Act and the National Health Insurance Scheme these details are also normally now included in the contract

• In addition to the contract of employment, most organisations also ensure that they have a detailed Staff Handbook which gives fuller details on other matters necessary for high efficiency and harmony in the employer/employee relationship

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Trade Union Membership

• It is unlawful for an employment contract to require or to restrain an employee from joining a Trade Union

• Employees' contracts cannot be terminated by reason of the employee joining a Trade Union

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Collective Agreements

• Many organisations usually enter into collective agreements with their employees through Trade Unions

• The objective of a collective agreement is to maintain industrial harmony

• The Nigerian Supreme Court has however held in a number of its judgements that collective agreements are only enforceable when the terms and conditions of the collective agreement are incorporated into each and every employee's contract of employment

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Annual Leave

• Nigerian Employment Law requires that every employee in Nigeria, who has been in the employment for a continuous period of twelve months, is entitled to a holiday with full pay of at least six working days

• The Law recognises it may be necessary for an employer and its employee to, by mutual consent, defer an employee's annual holiday but this holiday must still be taken with pay

• Deferment of annual holidays is on the condition that the cumulative holiday is not deferred beyond a twenty-four month period

• It is unlawful under Nigerian Law for an employer to encourage its employee or for the employee to elect to be paid a “special” holiday allowance in order for the employee not to go for the annual holiday

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Maternity Leave

• A pregnant woman is entitled to Maternity Leave of at least six weeks before the delivery of her child and six weeks after the delivery of the child

• A pregnant woman is also entitled to 50% of her normal wage while on maternity leave

• Where the woman, for medical reasons, exceeds the period allowed, she cannot be dismissed if she produces a Medical Certificate informing the employer of her medical condition

• Nursing mothers in employment are entitled to half an hour, twice daily, to nurse and feed their infant

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Non Return to Work After Leave of Absence

• Where an employee does not return to work after his permitted holiday, it must be implied that the employee has by his conduct repudiated his employment contract

• The Nigerian Supreme Court has decided that in serious cases, if an employee exceeds the period of his study leave or annual holidays without the consent of his employer, this behaviour can amount to gross misconduct and the employer is entitled to either terminate or dismiss the employee

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Redundancy

• Redundancy is the involuntary and permanent loss of employment caused by excess manpower

• Jobs not people

• Nigerian Employment Law recommends the principle of ‘last in, first out’ to be adopted by an employer subject to factors such as relative merit, skill, ability and reliability

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Workmen Compensation Act

• The Workmen Compensation Act (“The Workmen Compensation Law”) provides a mechanism for the payment of compensation to employees who sustain injuries in the cause of their employment

• An employer is not liable where:

- the injury does not incapacitate the workman for a period exceeding 3 days

- where the injury is directly attributable to the negligence or misconduct of the workman

- where a false representation is made

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Issues with Legal Framework

• Limited regulation (Ministry of Labour)

• Small fines/penalties for non-compliance

• Officers in the public sector are offered greater employment protection (through the Civil Service Rules) than those in the private sector, well over and above the statutory national legal framework

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Summary

Page 84: Overview of Key HRM Topics.  Agenda 1. HR Management: An Overview 2. Generic HR Roles 3. Job Analysis and Descriptions 4. Workforce.

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Summary

• What do we mean by human resources?

• How is Professional HRM different from personnel?

• What topics/areas fall under the HR umbrella?

• What is the overarching philosophy of HR best practice?

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Questions?