Overview of Designing Overview of Designing Building for Fire ResistanceBuilding for Fire Resistance

Philip DiNennoPhilip DiNennoCraig BeylerCraig Beyler

Hughes Associates, Inc.Hughes Associates, Inc.Presented at NIST Workshop Presented at NIST Workshop

Research Needs for Fire Resistance DeterminationResearch Needs for Fire Resistance DeterminationAnd Performance PredictionAnd Performance Prediction

February 19, 2002February 19, 2002

OverviewOverview

Brief HistoryBrief History Current StatusCurrent Status Current Role in Fire SafetyCurrent Role in Fire Safety Current StatusCurrent Status Status Circa 1965-1970Status Circa 1965-1970 Needs for Science Based Structural Needs for Science Based Structural

F.P.F.P.

HistoryHistory

18901890 Denver – 1st fire endurance tests Denver – 1st fire endurance tests (floors)(floors)

NYC Bldg. Dept Floor systemNYC Bldg. Dept Floor system 2000° F (1093°C), 5 hours2000° F (1093°C), 5 hours 150 lb/ft2 150 lb/ft2 600 lb/ft2 (24 hrs)600 lb/ft2 (24 hrs) Led to requirements In NYC BCLed to requirements In NYC BC

Columbia U FurnaceColumbia U Furnace

18961896

19021902

HistoryHistory

1906 1906 ASTM — Committee after Balt. ASTM — Committee after Balt. firefire 1700°F, 150 lb/ft1700°F, 150 lb/ft22 — 600 lb/ft — 600 lb/ft22

11stst ASTM Standards ASTM Standards FM, NBFU, NIST >furnaces At FM, NBFU, NIST >furnaces At

ULUL Column TestColumn Test

1908-19091908-1909

19101910

19171917

HistoryHistory

19181918 ASTM C-5ASTM C-5 Floor and WallFloor and Wall Time related end points (temp and Time related end points (temp and

mech)mech) Test for 25% Safety Factor wrt timeTest for 25% Safety Factor wrt time Standard TTCStandard TTC

NBS/INGBERG – Fuel Load & Fire NBS/INGBERG – Fuel Load & Fire Resistance Time equivalencyResistance Time equivalency Fuel Load- Fire resistance time Fuel Load- Fire resistance time

“Equivalence”“Equivalence”

19221922

Role of Fire Resistance in Role of Fire Resistance in Fire SafetyFire Safety

Prevent Building CollapsePrevent Building Collapse Prevent External SpreadPrevent External Spread Vertical/Horizontal Fire SpreadVertical/Horizontal Fire Spread Means of EgressMeans of Egress Smoke ControlSmoke Control Firefighter SafetyFirefighter Safety

Current StatusCurrent Status

Fire Resistance RequirementFire Resistance Requirement Established by building code – function ofEstablished by building code – function of

OccupancyOccupancy Height/areaHeight/area Sprinkler protectionSprinkler protection

Testing per UL, NFPA, ASTMTesting per UL, NFPA, ASTM Listing by UL/FM et alListing by UL/FM et al Find requirement in hoursFind requirement in hours Look it up in a listing bookLook it up in a listing book Spec itSpec it Maybe Inspect itMaybe Inspect it

CurrentCurrent

Fire Exposure:Fire Exposure: Standard Time Temp Cure (circa 1920) in furnaceStandard Time Temp Cure (circa 1920) in furnace

Thermal ResponseThermal Response Temperature Measurement from SampleTemperature Measurement from Sample

MechanicalMechanical If loaded, can’t open or collapseIf loaded, can’t open or collapse No current limit on deflectionNo current limit on deflection No connectionsNo connections

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Adhesion, cohesionAdhesion, cohesion No vibration,impact,hardness,shock,impact,blast etc testingNo vibration,impact,hardness,shock,impact,blast etc testing

ReliabilityReliability Unknown and variableUnknown and variable Implicitly treated though listing/approvalImplicitly treated though listing/approval

In-Situ TestingIn-Situ Testing Done in small % of casesDone in small % of cases Usually when problem is obviousUsually when problem is obvious

Time-Time-temperature temperature Curve From Curve From “Standard “Standard

Methods Of Methods Of Fire Tests Of Fire Tests Of

Building Building Construction Construction And Materials And Materials (ASTM E119-(ASTM E119-

80)80)

The “Fire Severity” ConceptThe “Fire Severity” Concept

Relationship Between Fire Load and Fire Relationship Between Fire Load and Fire EnduranceEndurance

Average Fire Load Average Fire Load psf*psf* kg/mkg/m22

Equivalent Fire Equivalent Fire Endurance (hours)Endurance (hours)

55 24.424.4 ½½

7½7½ 36.636.6 ¾¾

1010 48.848.8 11

1515 73.273.2 1½1½

2020 97.697.6 22

3030 146.5146.5 33

4040 195.3195.3 4½4½

5050 244.1244.1 66

6060 292.9292.9 7½7½

* Determined on the basis of a potential heat of approximately 8000 Btu’s per pound

Determination of Equivalent Fire Endurance Determination of Equivalent Fire Endurance TimeTime

Materials/Systems Currently Materials/Systems Currently UsedUsed

Sprayed FiberSprayed Fiber CementitiousCementitious MasticMastic Intumescent PaintIntumescent Paint MembraneMembrane

Suspended ceilingsSuspended ceilings Drywall assembliesDrywall assemblies

Concrete encasementConcrete encasement TileTile Plaster/lathPlaster/lath

Effect of Window Area on Fire Temperatures Effect of Window Area on Fire Temperatures During Burnout Tests with Natural During Burnout Tests with Natural

VentilationVentilation

State of Art (circa 1965–State of Art (circa 1965–1975)1975)

Fire ExposureFire Exposure Design exposure curvesDesign exposure curves Post-flashoverPost-flashover Ventilation controlledVentilation controlled Insulation properties of wall liningsInsulation properties of wall linings

Thermal ResponseThermal Response Critical temperatureCritical temperature

Columns, beamsColumns, beams 1-D analytical1-D analytical 2-D finite differences schemes2-D finite differences schemes

State of Art (circa 1965–State of Art (circa 1965–1975)1975)

Mechanical ResponseMechanical Response Column bucklingColumn buckling Beam deflectionBeam deflection Truss deflectionTruss deflection

Physical propertiesPhysical properties Transport & Mechanical properties as a F (T)Transport & Mechanical properties as a F (T)

Question: Capability for 30-35 years…integrated Question: Capability for 30-35 years…integrated into design guides and never utilized in US into design guides and never utilized in US regulationsregulations

1975-19801975-1980

3-D Finite Element Heat Transfer 3-D Finite Element Heat Transfer ModelModel

Structural Response Model (FASBUS)Structural Response Model (FASBUS) Model of Post Flashover Fires Model of Post Flashover Fires

( COMPF)( COMPF)

Needs for Science-Based Needs for Science-Based Structural Fire Protection Structural Fire Protection

DesignDesign Design fire exposureDesign fire exposure Thermal/Mechanical Response of Thermal/Mechanical Response of

Insulation SystemsInsulation Systems Structural Performance in FireStructural Performance in Fire Test methodsTest methods Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria Technology TransferTechnology Transfer

Science-Based Structural Science-Based Structural Fire Protection DesignFire Protection Design

Building CodeBuilding CodeRequirementsRequirements

ListingsListings - Engineering data - Engineering data - Furnace validation - Furnace validation

ArchitecturalArchitecturalDesignDesign

StructuralStructuralDesignDesign

Design FireDesign FireExposureExposure

Passive FPPassive FPConceptual DesignConceptual Design

Passive FPPassive FPDetailed DesignDetailed DesignThermal/Mech. AnalysisThermal/Mech. Analysis

Structural FireStructural FirePerformance AnalysisPerformance Analysis

Evaluate PerformanceEvaluate Performance

Design Fire ExposureDesign Fire Exposure

Modern fire load survey dataModern fire load survey data Combined local/global fire exposure Combined local/global fire exposure

characterization, i.e. beyond well characterization, i.e. beyond well stirredstirred

Thermal/Mechanical Thermal/Mechanical Response of Insulation Response of Insulation

SystemsSystems Institutionalized thermal properties Institutionalized thermal properties

test methodstest methods Test methods and performance Test methods and performance

criteria for mechanical response; non-criteria for mechanical response; non-fire, impact loading, fire exposurefire, impact loading, fire exposure

Fire barrier performance- must Fire barrier performance- must address along with structural frame address along with structural frame performanceperformance

Structural Performance in Structural Performance in FireFire

Assess needs for full structural frame Assess needs for full structural frame analysis vs more detailed local analysis vs more detailed local deformation analysisdeformation analysis

Assessment of connection Assessment of connection performanceperformance

Test MethodsTest Methods

Need full compliment of test Need full compliment of test methods for engineering propertiesmethods for engineering properties

Revisit furnace testing methods:Revisit furnace testing methods:-exposure should be severe (1709)-exposure should be severe (1709)-test should be a validation of -test should be a validation of

engineering methodsengineering methods-revisit the relationship between the -revisit the relationship between the test test and real structural framesand real structural frames

Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria

What are we trying to achieve?What are we trying to achieve? Acceptable local performanceAcceptable local performance Acceptable global performanceAcceptable global performance Risk, reliability, and relationship to Risk, reliability, and relationship to

the total fire protection designthe total fire protection design Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance

(ITM)(ITM)

Technology TransferTechnology Transfer“The Real Problem”“The Real Problem”

Develop a broad consensus for the Develop a broad consensus for the need to change how we do SFPneed to change how we do SFP

Codify SFP design practiceCodify SFP design practice Formulate building code Formulate building code

requirementsrequirements Educate engineers, architects, AHJ’sEducate engineers, architects, AHJ’s

Needs for Science-Based Needs for Science-Based Structural Fire Protection Structural Fire Protection

DesignDesign Design fire exposureDesign fire exposure Thermal/Mechanical Response of Thermal/Mechanical Response of

Insulation SystemsInsulation Systems Structural Performance in FireStructural Performance in Fire Test methodsTest methods Performance CriteriaPerformance Criteria Technology TransferTechnology Transfer

Test MethodsTest Methods

Need full compliment of test Need full compliment of test methods for engineering propertiesmethods for engineering properties

Revisit furnace testing methods:Revisit furnace testing methods:-exposure should be severe (1709)-exposure should be severe (1709)-test should be a validation of -test should be a validation of

engineering methodsengineering methods-revisit the relationship between the -revisit the relationship between the test test and real structural framesand real structural frames

SummarySummary

Science-based structural fire Science-based structural fire protection is clearly technically protection is clearly technically achievableachievable

It will require a total reexamination It will require a total reexamination of the SFP process from listing, to of the SFP process from listing, to design, to ITMdesign, to ITM

The payoff? - known, cost effective The payoff? - known, cost effective performance and safetyperformance and safety

Technology TransferTechnology Transfer“The Real Problem”“The Real Problem”

Develop a broad consensus for the Develop a broad consensus for the need to change how we do SFPneed to change how we do SFP

Codify SFP design practiceCodify SFP design practice Formulate building code Formulate building code

requirementsrequirements Educate engineers, architects, AHJ’sEducate engineers, architects, AHJ’s