Overview of Daylight Simulation Toolsthedaylightsite.oxmond.com/wp-content/uploads... · Challenges...

May 7May 7thth, 2007, 2007VELUX Daylight SymposiumVELUX Daylight Symposium

Daylighting Challenges Analysis Tools

Daylighting Benefits / MetricsDaylighting Analysis ToolsDaylighting Analysis Tools Design Process

Overview of Daylight Simulation Tools

VELUX 2nd Daylight SymposiumMarch 7th, 2007, Bilbao, Spain

Zack Rogers, P.E., IESNA, LEED APArchitectural Energy Corporation

LightLouver LLC




• Why? – Daylighting Benefits

• What? – Daylighting Metrics

• How? – Design Challenges, Analysis Tools

• When? – Daylighting Design and Analysis Process

Presentation Outline - Daylighting Design




Why? - Energy SavingsEnergy Savings

• Electric lighting accounts for 25% of a commercial building’s total energy consumption

• 40% of a commercial building’s electricity consumption

• Substantial portion of peak cooling loads

• Daylight can reduce electrical lighting consumption and cooling loads if delivered properly and paired with an effective lighting control system

= Reduced costs= Reduced emissions

Lighting

Officeequipment

Heating

Cooling

Fans

Hot W aterOutdoor Air HeatGains

Solar Heat Gains

Shell Heat Gains

Occupant HeatGains

Office equip HeatGains

Lighting HeatGains

Typical Office Building Energy Costs




Why? – Psychological Benefits, Occupant ExperienceOccupant Experience

• Visual connection to the outdoors

• Distant focal point for eyes to relax

• Studies suggest that daylight and views to the outside…

– Stimulates healthy circadian rhythms

– Reduces stress

– Raises “mood” and sense of satisfaction

– Improves productivity

– Improves attentiveness




What? – Daylighting Metrics

Successful Daylighting Design Performance Characteristics

• Quantity– Ambient lighting requirements for the majority of the year provided by daylight

• Quality– Uniform distribution of daylight to reduce uncomfortably high brightness ratios– Control of direct sunlight when necessary– Solar heat gains utilized when beneficial

• Useability– User adjustment and/or override when necessary (blackout)– Ensure access to adequate daylight for all occupants– View and connection to the outdoors

• Building Integration– Well integrated with the Architecture inside and out– Synergistic with other building systems

• Cost Effective– Integrated with daylight responsive lighting controls providing for a payback in energy savings– Minimized costs further reducing payback period from energy savings




• Extremely Dynamic Resource– Changes by the hour, season– Variable Climate conditions

• Solar Heat Gain control– Efficacious source of light: 90 – 120 Lumens/Watt– Utilize the light while controlling the heat

• Glare Control– Exterior conditions 10 – 20x greater than interior

• Integration with Electric lighting controls– Essential for energy savings

• User Interaction / Education– Critical for occupants to understand daylight design intent

• Physical / Computer Simulation Challenges

How? - Design and Analysis Challenges




• Critical to understand all design under all daylight conditions

– Poor daylighting design can result in greater energy use and worse visual environment

– Completely negating the psychological and environmental benefits

• Why computer simulation?

– Less costly to make mistakes in a simulation

– Explore numerous design alternatives cost effectively

– Explore any geographical location at any time of year

– Clearly illustrate ideas to client

How? – Using annual simulation and analysis tools




Analysis Tools: Physical Modeling MethodsPhysical Modeling Methods

• Mirror box cloudy sky simulator– Seattle Daylighting Lab,

www.daylightinglab.com– Pacific Energy Center,

www.pge.com/pec– Others?

• Scanning sky simulator– LESO PB,

http://lesowww.epfl.ch/e/research_dl_scansky.html

• Indoor heliodons– Pacific Energy Center,

www.pge.com/pec

• Outdoor heliodons




Analysis Tools: RadiosityRadiosity SoftwareSoftware

• AGI32– Lighting Analysts

www.agi32.com

• AutoDesk VIS– Autodesk

www.autodesk.com/viz

• Lumen Designer / Lumen Micro– Lighting Technologies

www.lighting-technologies.com




Analysis Tools: Forward Forward RaytracingRaytracing EnginesEngines

• TracePro– Lambda Research Corp.

www.lambdares.com

• Photopia– Lighting Technologies

www.autodesk.com/viz




Analysis Tools: Backward Backward RaytracingRaytracing -- Radiance and InterfacesRadiance and Interfaces

• Radiance– LBNL, Greg Ward

www.radiance-online.com

• Radiance Interfaces– Desktop Radiance –

radsite.lbl.gov/deskrad– Rayfront – www.schorsch.com– Ecotect – www.ecotect.com– Adeline – radsite.lbl.gov/adeline– DAYSIM – irc.nrc-

cnrc.gc.ca/ie/light/daysim.html– SPOT –

www.archenergy.com/SPOT

– IES VE - http://www.iesve.com/

Radiance Benchmark – 72mins best speed




Simulation Tools: Climate AnalysisClimate Analysis

• Climate Consultant 3.0

– www2.aud.ucla.edu/energy-design-tools/

• Ecotect

– www.ecotect.com

• WR Plot

– www.weblakes.com/lakewrpl.html

• TMY2 Data files

– rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/tmy2/

• EPW Data files

– www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/weather_data.cfm

Jan14th 28th

Feb14th 28th

Mar14th 28th

Apr14th 28th

May14th 28th

Jun14th 28th

Jul14th 28th

Aug14th 28th

Sep14th 28th

Oct14th 28th

Nov14th 28th

Dec14th 28th

1st January to 31st December

-10 -10

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

°C °CDRY BULB TEMPERATURE - MEMPHIS, USA

Baltimore, MD Comfort Data

0.0000

0.0020

0.0040

0.0060

0.0080

0.0100

0.0120

0.0140

0.0160

0.0180

35.00 45.00 55.00 65.00 75.00 85.00Temperature, oF

Hum

idity

Rat

io, [

lb M

oist

Air

/lb D

ry A

ir]

Winter Comfort Zone Summer Comfort Zone Average Outdoor Temperatures 100% RH

Humidifying only Heating and

humidifying

Sensible heating only

Chemical dehumidifying

Dehumidifying only

Cooling and dehumidifying

Sensible cooling only

Evaporative cooling only




Simulation Tools: SunpathSunpath DiagramsDiagrams

• Ecotect

– www.squ1.com

• Solar path finder

– www.solarpathfinder.com/DIA.html

• Profile Angle Diagrams

7:00 AM6:00 AM8:00 AM9:00 AM10:00 AM11:00 AM

12:00 PM

1:00 PM

2:00 PM

3:00 PM

4:00 PM

5:00 PM

6:00 PM

7:00 PM

8:00 AM9:00 AM10:00 AM

11:00 AM

12:00 PM

1:00 PM

2:00 PM

3:00 PM

4:00 PM

5:00 PM

7:00 AM8:00 AM

9:00 AM

10:00 AM

11:00 AM

12:00 PM

1:00 PM

2:00 PM

3:00 PM

4:00 PM

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Solar Azimuth Profile Angle, [deg]

Sol

ar A

ltitu

de P

rofil

e A

ngle

, [de

g]

Summer Equinox Winter

Full

Sha

ding

Tim

es

Full Shading Times

Full

Sha

ding

Tim

es




Analysis Tools: Other Other softwaressoftwares

• DOE-2 Engine www.DOE2.com• DOE-2 Interfaces

– Equestwww.energydesignresources.com/resource/130/

– Power DOE www.DOE2.com– Visual DOE

www.archenergy.com/products/visualdoe/

• Energy Plus http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/

– See above link for interfaces

• Optics 5 / 6(beta) windows.lbl.gov/materials/optics5

• Skycalc www.h-m-g.com

• Window windows.lbl.gov/materials/windows




Climate Analysis

Solar Shading Analysis

Annual Insolation

Daylight Delivery Systems

Solar Animations

Renderings / Photos

Glare / Luminance

Ratios

Interior Illuminance

Annual Illuminance

Glazing Analysis -

Optical

Window Analysis - Thermal

Electric Lighting

Integration

Daylight Responsive

Controls

3D Viz*+ Fast S F F S S L++ L FAGI 32*+ Fast S F F S F L++ S FDAYSIM Slow F+ F+ S+ F+ F+ F+ F+ S S F+ LDOE-2* Fast F S S S S L L L SEcotect Fast F F F+ S+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ F+ RHeliodon** Slow F L F S L L LLumen Designer*+ Fast F F F S F L++ S FLumen Micro* Fast F F L S L++ S FManual Calculations Fast S S S L S S S S S SMirror-Box** Slow L S L L LOptics 5 Fast FOutdoor Modeling** Slow F S F L S S++ LPhotopia Slow L L F ? ? L S++ FRadiance Slow F F F F F F F F S FSkyCalc Fast S L L L L L LSPOT Slow S S S S S L S STracePro Slow L L F S S L S FWindows 5 Fast F* Radiosity engine - simulations subject to radiosity limitations

** Physical modeling - simulations subject to physical modeling limitations

*+ Radiosity engine w / post process raytrace for renderings

+ Relies on interface w ith Radiance for simulation

++ Output can be used w ith manual calculations to provide simulation

RFSL

Radiance EngineSPOTDAYSIMEcotect

Design DevelopmentSchematic DesignPre-Design

Daylight Simulation Tools / Methods

Sim. Speed

Some LimitationsLimited Ability

Radiance User InterfacesRayfrontDesktop RadianceAdeline

KeyRadianceFull Ability

Daylighting Simulation Tool Summary




AEC Simulation Tools: RadianceRadiance

• Highly accurate backward raytracing engine

• Essentially no limitations in modeling of surface / material characteristics (diffuse, specular, BRDF, anisotropic)

• Capable of high quality renderings - only traces rays seen by the viewpoint




AEC Simulation Tools: SPOTSPOT

• Sensor Placement + Optimization Tool• Aids in the design and specification of

lighting control systems in response to daylight

• Utilizes Radiance for calculations




AEC Simulation Tools: Optics5 & Window5Optics5 & Window5

• Accurate simulation of glazing thermal and optical behavior

• Interfaces with the International Glazing Database (IGDB)




When? - Daylighting Project Schedule

PrePre--DesignDesign Schematic Schematic DesignDesign

Design Design DevelopmentDevelopment

Construction Construction DocumentsDocuments

Climate AnalysisClimate Analysis

Site SelectionSite Selection

Introduce StrategiesIntroduce Strategies

Glazing SelectionGlazing Selection

SpecificationsSpecifications

ReviewReview

Electric Lighting Integration & ControlElectric Lighting Integration & Control

RecommendationsRecommendations

Establish GoalsEstablish Goals

Space Programming Space Programming –– Identify Daylit SpacesIdentify Daylit Spaces

Building Orientation Building Orientation -- Mass ModelingMass Modeling

Preliminary & Detailed ModelingPreliminary & Detailed Modeling




Pre-DesignClimate Analysis – Cloud Cover

• Annual cloud cover and outdoor illuminances inform daylight design

• Minimal obstructions and solar control optimal for cloudy climates

• Adaptable / automated designs optimal for partly cloudy climates

• Aggressive solar control / redirection designs optimal for sunny climates

PrePre--DesignDesign Schematic DesignSchematic Design Design DevelopmentDesign Development Construction DocumentsConstruction Documents

Wk

Hr

%

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52

4

8

12

16

20

24

0

20

40

60

80

100

Wk4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52




Pre-DesignClimate Analysis – Thermal Conditions

• Thermal conditions indicate solar control needs for thermal comfort

• Vertical and northern windows, and aggressive shading optimal for hot / humid climates

• Shade southern windows optimal for swing climates

• Angled and open southern windows optimal for cold climates

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Jun14th 28th

Jul14th 28th

Aug14th 28th

Sep14th 28th

Oct14th 28th

Nov14th 28th

Dec14th 28th

1st January to 31st December

-10 -10

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

°C °CDRY BULB TEMPERATURE - MEMPHIS, USA

°C

<051015

202530354045+

Wk

Hr

°C

4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52

4

8

12

16

20

24

0

10

20

30

40

50

Wk4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52





• Illustrate the extent of shading from surrounding structures and landscape

• Determine solar exposure and daylight resource available on various facades

Schematic DesignSolar Shading / Access - Mass Models

CDC Laboratory, Fort Collins, CO

Interdisciplinary Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison





Schematic DesignAnnual Insolation

Sorouh Tower 1, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Winter insolation

Summer insolation

• Indication of Photovoltaic energy production potential

• Extent of necessary summertime solar gain control

• Low latitudes, 24o N, have little direct sunlight on southern facades – east and west and overhead control essential





Schematic DesignIntroduce Strategies

• Conceptual strategies introduced

• Strategies based on orientation, space function, sun angle, daylight resource

• May involve simple modeling, sketches, example photos





Schematic DesignSolar Animations – Direct Sunlight Penetration

• Annual solar animations help visualize extent of solar penetration throughout the year

• Informs solar control strategies

• Used in coordination with HVAC design / shifting peak load times





Design DevelopmentDaylight Delivery Optimization

• Analyze specific daylight redirection strategies

• Use modeling tools to optimize the design (ceiling slope, lightshelf geometry, louver design, etc)





Cuyamaca Community College, El Cajon, CA

• Simulations allow numerous design alternatives to be explored

• Clearly illustrate resulting daylighting performance

Design DevelopmentDaylight Distribution – Design Iterations





Design DevelopmentGlare Assessment / Luminance Ratios

• Once adequate solar control provided, more detailed exploration of glare and contrast ratio issues

• Minimize veiling reflections off VDT’s

• Minimize duration of direct sunlight glare





Design Development Interior Illuminance Calculations

• Contour plots

• False color renderings

• Point-in-time, annual average, cumulative, and animations





Design Development Interior Illuminance – Annual Calculations

Clear Overcast

Interior

Avg Cafe Avg

Entry Avg Min Max

Interior Avg

Cafe Avg

Entry Avg Min Max

Winter 8:00 AM 6 9 7 3 17 2 3 7 1 11 9:00 AM 8 21 12 6 41 3 6 15 2 25 12:00 PM 11 34 16 9 92 6 11 26 4 44 3:00 PM 14 21 12 5 38 3 6 14 2 24 4:00 PM 9 8 7 3 17 1 3 6 1 10 Average 10 18 11 5 41 3 6 14 2 23 Equinox 7:00 AM 7 21 25 5 47 2 4 10 1 17 9:00 AM 9 33 20 8 52 7 12 30 4 50 12:00 PM 11 39 19 7 68 10 18 44 6 73 3:00 PM 18 28 19 7 48 8 13 32 4 54 6:00 PM 7 3 4 2 13 0 1 2 0 3 Average 10 25 17 6 45 6 10 24 3 39 Summer 5:00 AM 5 7 12 4 14 1 2 5 1 7

6:00 AM 9 34 81 8 558 3 6 15 2 25 9:00 AM 10 44 34 8 73 10 18 43 6 71 12:00 PM 10 48 24 8 84 13 23 55 8 91 3:00 PM 21 37 34 10 68 10 18 44 6 72 6:00 PM 18 42 43 13 74 4 6 16 2 26 7:00 PM 12 7 12 4 22 1 2 5 1 9 Average 12 31 34 8 128 6 11 26 4 43 Annual Average 11 25 20 6 65 5 9 22 3 36

• Indicate variation of daylight illuminance throughout the year

• Design conditions used to illustrate range of conditions that will exist





Design Development Interior Illuminance – Annual Distribution

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31Jan 3.54 2.41 3.12 2.67 4.64 3.34 4.97 4.69 3.95 4.65 3.88 2.31 4.32 3.25 4.58 3.65 4.43 2.89 3.05 3.61 3.95 4.62 4.82 2.81 3.12 2.91 5.86 2.91 4.31 2.82 3.43Feb 3.06 3.68 4.04 5.52 3.41 4.62 4.56 6.85 6.68 4.37 5.41 6.79 4.03 3.87 6.87 7.06 6.96 2.74 5.16 6.25 4.49 5.26 5.28 6.14 7.87 7.26 5.3 6.96Mar 7.26 7.17 7.12 9.01 4.63 5.31 5.8 9.21 5.1 5.91 5.72 6.9 5.88 5.75 4.74 4.72 9.74 4.86 5.75 10.1 8.55 7.2 9.94 9.2 8.03 10.9 5.74 5.95 8.85 10 8.11Apr 11.3 4.12 8.09 5.72 8.68 5.34 11.6 4.84 10.3 4.44 8.97 8.89 11.3 7.26 12.5 9.84 10.5 6.81 6.4 4.63 12 11.5 6.78 10.7 12.4 12.9 13 12.6 11.8 12.6May 6.89 11.8 13.7 13.5 13.5 12.7 9.34 8.05 11.4 8.26 12.5 9.89 7.46 11.7 13.3 9.65 7.24 7.76 10.7 13.4 14 14.2 8.03 11.8 14 14.2 13.5 10.2 9.99 10.7 14.3Jun 13.5 12.6 13.8 12.2 12.4 13.9 5.7 11.4 7.99 6.93 13.6 12.4 9.28 11.1 14.6 14.1 11.2 7.05 12.2 12.7 14.3 13.6 11 13.7 14.3 13.7 9.3 13.8 6.16 12.6Jul 13.1 13.9 14.1 7.19 14.6 14.2 14 14.1 13.5 8.57 11.5 11.8 14.4 12.4 13.9 12.6 13.2 5.74 13.7 12.2 12.6 6.74 9.6 12.7 6.82 13.2 10.8 13.7 11.4 13 12.6Aug 12.2 13.8 12.8 8.97 10.1 6.84 11.9 11.7 11.4 11.9 9.45 11.5 12.6 6.43 7.78 10.6 12.2 12.4 11.3 9.88 11.7 7.05 5.47 8.69 11.6 6.13 10.7 6.4 8.59 11.1 6.77Sep 11.4 8.56 11.7 11.7 11.4 10.1 6.34 8.42 9.85 9.47 10.2 9.39 5.99 10.7 7.51 4.72 4.56 4.59 8.51 5.3 4.18 5.51 9.56 9.23 9.46 9.94 8.69 8.28 7.01 8.16Oct 8.09 8.92 9.34 8.43 8.16 4.05 7.25 7.52 4.49 8.97 5.08 4.23 3.88 4.88 7.65 8.21 7.46 4.09 3.81 4.68 7.47 7.26 3.71 6 6.73 6.5 6.13 6.26 2.78 6.03 4.77Nov 3.82 4.76 4.06 5.23 4.37 3.68 6.35 5.05 6.15 5.42 5.15 3.21 2.19 3.59 2.95 2.07 4.5 4.83 2.56 3.93 3.01 2.21 2.85 4.31 3.28 2.99 2.94 4.78 4.46 2.54Dec 2.43 3.24 2.58 2.77 4.32 4.01 4.08 4.39 2.64 3.45 4.21 2.29 2.76 2.53 2.31 3.04 3.33 2.42 2.38 2.64 2.65 1.9 2.77 2.9 3.7 2.39 2.05 2.79 4.31 2.45 4.49

• Daily average footcandle-hour plots useful for plant and museum applications

• Identify areas/times of inadequate daylight illuminance for plant health





• Final detailed renderings for design refinements and design visualization

• Explore various surface treatments

Shumei International Institute, Crestone, CO

Design DevelopmentDetailed Renderings





Design DevelopmentWalk-Around Panoramics

• Interactive visualization of daylit spaces

• Useful in coordination with other disciplines


Kinard Middle School, Fort Collins, CO




Design DevelopmentElectric Lighting Integration

• Design spaces to be balanced during daytime conditions

• Maximize energy savings while maintaining required illuminance

NASA Exploration Sciences Building Greenbelt, MD





Design DevelopmentElectric Lighting Integration





Construction Documents Glazing Recommendations

• Fine tune glazing specifications by orientation and function

• Allow appropriate spectrum of radiation to enter space (plants vs. humans)

• Generally, maximize visual spectrum and minimize IR / UV spectrum

• Supply performance-based specifications for competitive bid


Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) Shading Coefficient (SC)

Location 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

South View 40% 0.35

South Daylight 65% 0.40

East/West View 40% 0.35

East/West Daylight

45% 0.40

North View 45% 0.45

Offi

ces

North Daylight 55% 0.45

South View 55% 0.45

South Daylight 55% 0.45

North View 40% 0.35

Cou

rtya

rd

North Daylight 65% 0.40




Design DevelopmentDaylight Responsive Controls – Electric Lighting

Zone 1 Average Illuminance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM

Time of Day

Wor

kpla

ne Il

lum

inan

ce [f

c]

Clear Winter Clear Equinox Clear Summer Cloudy WinterCloudy Equinox Cloudy Summer Design Illuminance

Annual Results

98282

Zone4 Total

1963 595

744715

179

10

Zone1 Zone2

1659182 539 261

13

Average Light OutputElectric Savings, [kWh/yr]

Heating Load, [kBtu/yr]Cooling Load, [kWh/yr]

Average Illuminance, [fc]Minimum Illuminance, [fc]

0.42 0.15

62

0.21 0.26Zone3

Maximum Illuminance, [fc] 153513

153520

1397

• Simulate photosensor control system settings, photocell placement, and control algorithms

• Create a balance between adequate annual illuminance and maximum energy savings





Design DevelopmentDaylight Responsive Controls – Electric Lighting

• LEED Daylight Credit Documentation

• IEQ8.1 – Daylight

• IEQ8.2 - Views





References

• Architectural Energy Corporation www.archenergy.com• California Energy Commission PIER www.energy.ca.gov• PIER Lighting Research Program (AEC site) www.Archenergy.com/lrp (CEC Site)

www.energy.ca.gov/pier/buildings/projects• Radiance Support Group www.radiance-online.org• Radiance radsite.lbl.gov• Desktop Radiance radsite.lb.gov/deskrad• Rayfront www.schorsch.com• Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance www.nwalliance.org• Pacific Gas & Electric www.pge.com• Savings by Design www.savingsbydesign.com• Energy Design Resources www.energydesignresources.com• Daylighting Collaborative www.daylighting.org• LBNL Windows and Daylight windows.lbl.gov• Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) www.chps.net• Photosensor System Manufacturers:

– Easylite www.easylite.org– Hunt Dimming huntdimming.com– Lighting Control & Design www.lightingcontrols.com– Lithonia www.lithonia.com/Controls– Lutron MicroWatt www.lutron.com/digitalmicrowatt– Starfield www.starfieldcorp.com– WattStopper www.wattstopper.com– Douglas Lighting Controls www.douglaslightingcontrols.com– Leviton www.leviton.com




Thank You!

Presentation will be available at:www.archenergy.com

Contact me at:[email protected]

Overview of Daylight Simulation Toolsthedaylightsite.oxmond.com/wp-content/uploads... · Challenges...

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