Overview of Chemistry

What’s the center or target?What’s the center or target?

Chemical Chemical ReactionsReactions

Synthesis (combination)Synthesis (combination)

•Medicine•Flavorings•Plastics•High energy fuels

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Acetic acid splits into acetate (C2H3O2)- and H+

H3C OH

O

O

H

HC

H

CO

H

C

O||

O||

CH3-CH2-CH2-OH + CH3C-OH H2O + CH3CH2CH2-O-CCH3

OHO

O||

H2O +HO

O||+

HH HC

H

C

H

OHH C

H O

HHC

H

CO

H HH H

H

C

H

OH C

HO

C

H

HH

CO

HH

Propyl alcohol + acetic acid (vinegar)

OH + HO

O||

Octanol (or gasoline>alcohol) +acetic acid water + Octyl acetate (orange flavor)

Benzyl alcohol (globs in lava lamps) + acetic acid water + Benzyl acetate

OH HO

O||

+ H2O + O

O||

OH HO

O||

+

Isopentenyl alcohol + acetic acid water + Isopentenyl acetate (Juicy-Fruit)

H2O + O

O||

O||

O

OH HO

O||

+

Ethanol (liquor) + butyric acid (rancid butter) water + Ethyl butyrate (Apple flavor)

OH

O||

HO

HO

Amyl alcohol (oil of potato spirit) + salicylic acid (wart remover) water +Amyl salicylate

+

O

O||

O||

O

H2O +

H2O +

ALCOHOL ACID ESTER FRAGRANCE

1 n-amyl alcohol butyric acid apricot

2 n-amyl alcohol salicylic acid pineapple

3 n-amyl alcohol glacial acetic acid banana

4 n-octyl alcohol glacial acetic acid fruity

5 methyl alcohol salicylic acid wintergreen

6 ethyl alcohol butyric acid apple

7 ethyl alcohol glacial acetic acid fruity

RCOOH + HOR RCOOR' + H2O organic acid + alcohol ester + water

H+

amyl (unmilled grain) (5 carbon) (butyric acid= rancid butter)

DecompositionDecomposition•Speed up decomposition

•Toxic waste•Waste•Fats•Explosives

•Slow down decomposition•Anti-rust•Anti-aging

Anything into Oil Technological savvy could turn 600 million tons of turkey guts and other waste into 4 billion barrels of light Texas crude each year

AB A + B

(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3

(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + 4H2O + Cr2O3

Single replacementSingle replacement

•Design of batteriesA + BC B + AC

3Zn + 2Cu3PO4 6Cu + Zn3(PO4)2

Each potato generates about 0.5 volts and 0.2 milliamps. The entire 500 lb battery generated

around 5 volts and 4 milliamps.

Single replacementSingle replacementA + BC B + AC

Zn + FeCl2 Fe + ZnCl2

•Sacrificial corrosion

These corrosion products occupy from 2 to 14 times the volume of the original steel, creating an expansive force that is sufficient to cause the concrete to crack.

Zinc corrodes so iron or aluminum will not corrode.

Protects all metals below it

Double replacementDouble replacement

• Purification (barium is poisonous)

•BaCl2 + MgSO4 BaSO4 + MgCl2

•Ba2+(aq)+2Cl-

(aq)+Mg2+(aq)+SO4

2-(aq) BaSO4(s)+Mg2+

(aq)+2Cl-(aq)

AB + CD AD + CB

Double replacementDouble replacement

• Extraction

(Nitric acid) AgNO3(aq) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)

AB + CD AD + CB

Ag + MgAg + Mg

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

Double replacementDouble replacement

• Neutralizing corrosives• NaOH + CH3COOH NaC2H3O2 +HOH

AB + CD AD + CB

HCl

Double replacementDouble replacement

Neutralizing corrosives

2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2CO3

H2CO3 H2O + CO2(g)

AB + CD AD + CB

Oxidation Oxidation (combustion)(combustion)[loss of electrons][loss of electrons]

•Improve oxidation•Cleaner burning fuels•Better fireworks•Antiseptic•Hyperbaric chambers

•Resist oxidation•Rust proofing•Antioxidants

Chemical Chemical ReactionsReactions

Atoms combine to form compounds in simple ratios, such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:2, 1:3, and so forth.

Double replacement.

3NaOH + Al(NO3)3 3NaNO3 + Al(OH)3

Recall slow moving inventoryand transfer tires to

fast moving inventory

Car Body = Cb Pair of Wheels = W2Cb + W2 CbW4

Cb + 2W2 CbW4

How many orders of each do we make?

Carbon~Car body Chlorine~Pair wheelsC + Cl2 CCl4

C + 2Cl2 CCl4

How many orders of each do we make?

Carbon tetrachloride

ClC

Cl

ClCl

ClCl

Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2

Tb + W2 TbW3

2Tb + 3W2 2TbW3 How many orders of each do we make?

Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels

Al + Cl2 AlCl3

2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 How many orders of each do we make?

Al

Cl

Cl Cl

Car body = Cb Pair of Wheels = W2

Bicycle body = Bb

Bb + CbW4 BbW2 + Cb

2Bb + CbW4 2BbW2 + Cb 2 bike bodies + 1 car 2 bicycles + 1 car body

bike bodies + cars bicycles + car bodies

Carbon~Car body Chlorine~pair of wheels

Calcium~bicycle body Ca + CClCa + CCl44 CaCl CaCl22 + C + C

2Ca + CCl2Ca + CCl44 2CaCl 2CaCl22 + C + C

Calcium + carbon tetrachloride Calcium chloride + carbon

ClC

Cl

ClClCa ClCl

Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2

Bicycle body = Bb

TbW3 + Bb BbW2 + Tb

2TbW3 + 3Bb 3BbW2 + 2Tb 2 tricycles + 3 bike bodies 3 bicycles + 2 trike bodies

Tricycles + bike bodies bicycles + trike bodies

Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels

Calcium~bicycle bodyAlCl3 + Ca CaCl2 + Al

2AlCl3 + 3Ca 3CaCl2 + 2Al

Al

Cl

Cl Cl

Trike Body = Tb Pair of Wheels = W2

Wagon body = Wb

Wb + TbW3 WbW4 + Tb

3Wb + 4TbW3 3WbW4 + 4Tb

3 Wagon bodies + 4 Tricycles 3 Wagons + 4 trike bodies

Wagon bodies + Tricycles Wagons + trike bodies

Aluminum~Tricycle body Chlorine~Pair wheels

Silicon~Wagon BodySi + AlCl3 SiCl4 + Al

3Si + 4AlCl3 3SiCl4 + 4Al

Al

Cl

Cl ClClSi

Cl

ClCl