Overview of bee diseases and available treatment options · Overview of bee diseases and available...
Transcript of Overview of bee diseases and available treatment options · Overview of bee diseases and available...
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Overview of bee diseases andavailable treatment options
Overview of bee diseases andavailable treatment options
Vlasta JenčičVeterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana
Slovenia
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
HeadlinesHeadlinesintroductiondiseases of a honeybee colony
brood diseases: American and European foul brood, chalkbrood, stonebrood, sacbroodadult bee diseases: nosemosis, viral diseases, varrosis, acarosis, tropilelosispest: small hive bettle (Aethina tumida)Colony Collaps Disorder - CCD
conclusions
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Health of honeybee colony?Health of honeybee colony?
one queen, couple of ten thousands of workers of different ages (drones and brood) are able to survive and perform their missionusually falls ill one group of the honeybeecolony or one age group of workers
brood diseasesadult bee diseases
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Defence mehanisms of individual beeDefence mehanisms of individual beeanatomical and physiological barriers
cuticle and hairtracheal systemperitrophic membrane of the midgut
nonspecific immunityhaemocytes production of interferon
natural and acquired resistance to certain pathogens
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Defence mechanisms of the bee colonyDefence mechanisms of the bee colony
hygienic behaviourdetection and removal of sick and dead broodremoval of debris and dead bees
propolisation of foreign bodies antimicrobial activity of propolis, honey and pollenantimicrobial activity of royal gellyhoneybees usually die out of the hiveemergency swarmingmechanisms of Indian bees towards varroamechanisms of African bees towards small hive beetle
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Insufficient defence mechanismsInsufficient defence mechanismspoor beekeeping technology, migratory beekeeping, insufficient foraging and malnutrition, pharmaceutical substances in the hive, unprofessional medical treatmenturbanisationenvironmental pollutionagricultural technology: using of pesticides, herbicides and acaricides, planting of monocultures, genetically modified plants?climate changing - global warming: unusual vegetation in the inappropriate timeglobal trade
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Diseases and pests of honeybeesDiseases and pests of honeybees
infectious diseasesviral diseasesbacterial diseasesfungal diseasesparasitical diseases
pestsnon infectious diseases - colony disorders
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Council Directive 92/65/EECCouncil Directive 92/65/EEC
lays down the provisions for intra -Community trade in beessets out the health certification requirements for the import of bees from third countriesnotifiable diseases are:
American foul brood Aethina tumida (the small hive beetle)Tropilaelaps miteVarroosisAcarapisosisEuropean foul brood
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Acarapisosis of honey beesAmerican foulbrood of honey beesEuropean foulbrood of honey beesSmall hive beetle infestation (Aethinatumida) Tropilaelaps infestation of honey beesVarroosis of honey bees
Terrestrial Animal Health CodeTerrestrial Animal Health Code
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
American foul broodAmerican foul brood
Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae a spore forming bacteriahighly contagiousoccurs at any time when brood is presentcan kill a colonyspreads to other coloniesspores are able to survive for many yearsare very resistant to disinfectants
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
healthy capped brood pattern
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Signs of American foul broodSigns of American foul broodcapped brood is affected wax caps are sunken, perforated, moist and darker
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Signs of American foul brood - cont.Signs of American foul brood - cont.sick larvae are light to dark brown, amorphousand can stretch even up to 3 cm
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Eradication - preventionEradication - preventionAmerican foul brood is a notifiable diseasetreatment is not possible; antibiotics do not kill very resistant sporesantibiotics are not alloweddestruction of infected colonies is compulsoryproper preventing measures should be employed
maintenance of beekeeping hygiene regular examination of colonies
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
European foul broodEuropean foul broodMelissococcus pluton and many secundary bacteria: Paenibacillus alvei, Enterococcus faecalis, Brevibacillus laterosporus, Lactobacillus euridicethe disease could be serious or it disappearsusually it is stress-relatedno treatment - eradication - the same as American foul broodin some countries antibiotic treatment is permitted under certain circumstances: supervision byveterinarians and taking into account long withdrawal period: up to six month
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Signs of European foul broodSigns of European foul brooduncapped brood is affected; larvae are twisted, yellow to brown and remain segmented
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
ChalkbroodChalkbroodis caused by the fungus Ascosphaera apisit invades larvae and kills them when they have been cappedaffected larvae release millions of spores they adhere to combs and to adult beesfungus can remain infectious for long timeno medical treatmentmaintaining good beekeeping hygiene andstrong colonies is the best way of the control
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Signs of chalkbroodSigns of chalkbroodinfected larvae are hard, chalky-white andmottled grey to blackwe can see dead larvae on the floor at thehive entrance
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
StonebroodStonebroodis caused by the fungus Aspergillus flavusand A. fumigatuspathogenic also to adult bees and other insects, birds and mammalsaffected brood is mummifiedmummies are hard and solid as a stone
zoonosis - beekeepers should protect themselvesurgent destruction of the affected colonies!
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
is disease caused by the virus Moratoraetatulaeinfected larvae do not pupate and remain stretched with heads towards the top of their cellsthere is no specific treatmentif much of the brood is affected the queen should be replaced from the uninfected colony
SacbroodSacbrood
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Signs of sacbroodSigns of sacbrood
typical gondola shape infected larva which iseasily removed
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Viral diseasesViral diseasesChronic Paralysis Virus
abnormal trembling motion of the wingshave reduced body hair, appear darker and shiny
Acute Paralysis Virusis more virulentaffected bees die quickly
Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (2004)strongly related to Colony Collaps Disorder (CCD)
many others viruses…no medical treatment
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
NosemosisNosemosisis a disease of the digestive tract caused by a spore forming protozoan Nosema apischronic infection weakens the bees, shortens the productive life of the workers, and reduces their ability to produce brood foodresult is a decreased honey productionqueen and drone activities are reducedacute infection results in dysentery, defecating in the hive and increased winter losses
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Nosemosis - contNosemosis - cont
Nosema apis is present in most apiaries; even if the infection is not obvious it causes significant damage in apicultureis highly contagious and it spreads in the bee colony, within the colonies and withmigrating beekeeping to long distancesimproper beekeeping technology increases the risk of the disease and bee loses and decreasing of the production
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Nosemosis - Nosema ceranaNosemosis - Nosema cerana
primarly parasite of Asian bee Apis cerana1994 on Apis mellifera in Spain2006 in France, Germany, United StatesN. cerana and N. apis differ on spore morphology; they are recognised by genetic sequencingN. cerana is more virulent than N. apisit is linked (not yet proved) to the Colony Collapse Disorder
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
TreatmentTreatmentFumagillin produced by fermentation of Aspergillus fumigatus is highly effective to the vegetative stage N. apis
possible site effects on human healthno MRLs established in the EU countries it is (was) not allowed
research of the alternative methods of treatmenttransfering the infected colony to disenfectedcombs and hive is the best control measure
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
PreventionPreventionmaintaining strong and vital bee coloniesregular replacment of the old combsdisinfection of combs and equipmentarranging proper water suppliesproper feeding and food suppliesavoiding disturbing colonies during winterregular checking the infection and thediseasemany others….
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
VarrosisVarrosiscaused by the mite Varroa destructor - varroaoriginaly parasite of Asian honeybees Apiscerana which have developed natural resistancevarroa feeds with hemolimfe of bees and larvae - prefers drone brood; larvae and bees are weakened and less immunocompetentvarroa could be a vector of other bee pathogenesif we do not help, honeybee colony dies within 1 to 3 years
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
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developementof V. destructor
Source: http://maarec.psu.edu/pest&disease/pest13.gif
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Signs of varrosisSigns of varrosisheavy infested pupas die and are removedif they survive, bees show different body deformationsare smaller and less vitalare less resistant to other diseaseshave shorter life
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Signs of varrosis on bee colonySigns of varrosis on bee colonyreduced number of adult beesneglected and dead brood, abnormal brood patternmany varroa in the hive
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Control strategyControl strategyinfected bee colonies cannot recoverthe mite population has to be kept within such a level that colony is not biologically and economically affectedthe biology of honeybee, varroa and their interactions has to be fully understoodbeekeeping management has to be understoodthe level of varroa infestation has to be monitored regularly
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Control strategy - cont.Control strategy - cont.control is demanding because the host and the parasite are similar in their biology varroa is in the cupped brood majority of the lifemore than the method, proper organisation of the control is important:
all beekeepers in the area should treat varroa at the same time with the same medicine
it is necessary to mind the quality of honeybee productsit is necessary to mind beekeeper safety - the protective clothes are obligatory
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Control methodsControl methods
biotehnical methodsdrone brood removalcomb trapingmanny others
use of chemicalssynthesised chemicalsnatural substances
combination of both - integrated varroa controlproblem - not authorised substances!
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Medicines have to be authorisedMedicines have to be authorised
authorisation requires an exact scientific evaluation to prove that the medicine is not harmful to the:
consumersbeekeepershoneybeesenvironment
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Authorisation Authorisation EMEA - European Agency for the Evaluation of Medical ProductsCVMP - Committee for Veterinary Medical ProductsMRLs for all the veterinary drugs should be established - some exceptionsanimals are divided into the major / minor use and the major / minor species - MUMS; also honeybees are included for the MUMS already obtained data could be evaluated or can be acquired from the academic or other institutes and estimated by the CVMP
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
ResistenceResistence
Source: http://beebase.csl.gov.uk/pdfs/managing_varroa.pdf
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Some substances evaluated by EMEASome substances evaluated by EMEA
IIThymolIIOxalic acidIIMentholIILactic acidNo recemendationFumagillinIIFormic acid
HoneyIIFlumetrin (Bayvarol)Honey1000IIICymiazole (Apitol)Honey100ICoumaphos (Perizin)Honey200IAmitraz (Apivar)
FoodMRL (ppb)AnnexVeterinary drug
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Acarine disease - Acaraposis apiumAcarine disease - Acaraposis apium
mite Acarapis woodi (Rennie) completes its life cycle within the prothoracic tracheae of young bees andfeeds with hemolimfemites can be observed under microscopemale: 11-12 days; female: 14-15 daysinfestation is not obvious during summer time, but it spreads among the bees in the colony; the infested bees have a shorter life span
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Signs of acarine diseaseSigns of acarine disease
are obvious late in winter and early in spring when bees begin to fly out of the hive bees cannot fly, they crawl and die if the winter is long there are not enough bees to maintain the temperature in the winter cluster, and the entire colony diestreatment: today it would be possible to use the medicines for systemic varroa treatment
in EU the disease does not pose a problemcurrently!
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
darkened infestedtracheaeobstructed by mites in various developmentstages
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Tropilelaps infestation of honeybeesTropilelaps infestation of honeybeesmites from the genes Tropilelaps are parasites of honeybee brood primarily of Apis dorsataTropilelaps clarae and T. mercedesae are damaging pests also to Apis melliferaan infestation can be easily recognised either visually on bees or by examining hive debrisclinical signs of the disease are similar to varrosistreatment is similar to that of varroa
it is an exotic diseases to EU; the contingency plan should be provided
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida)Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida)
an exotic pest to EU (probably Portugal, 2004); a serious threat to European apicultureit multiplies in the infested colony and destroys combs and colonyits origin is in Africa where it does not cause much harm, however in America where it was introduced in 1998 has already destroyed thousands of coloniestreatment is similar to that of varroain EU the contingensy plan should be provided
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Colony Collapse Disorder - CCDColony Collapse Disorder - CCDmysterious honeybee disease (syndrome) of theworldwide concernsudden disappearance of beesno dead bees inside or around the hivequeen and brood are leftpollen and honey are not robbedminimal evidence of wax moth
probably combination of many factors all losses are not CCD
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
ConclusionsConclusionswe need different beekeeping strategy
different feeding programmore frequent comb changeseducation of beekeepers
more research on honeybee biology and physiologymaybe we are not always right
research on honeybee medicinesalternative treatmentsthe methods should be in accordance of honeybee biologymore experimentsare honey bees really “MUMS”
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Bees are a type of fly, hardworking, createdby God to provide man with all neededhoney and wax. Amongst all God's beingsthere are none so hard working and usefulto man with so little attention needed forits keep as the bee.
Anton Janša (1734-1773)
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
Thank you for Your attentionThank you for Your attention
Medicines for bees - What can EMEA do to increase availabilityLondon, 14 and 15 December 2009
SourcesSourcesGliński Z., Jarosz J.:Infection and immunity in the honeybee Apis mellifera, Apiacta, 2001, 36 (1), 12 - 24 http://www.utahcountybeekeepers.org/Other%20Files/Information%20Articles/Managing%20Varroa%20UK%20Article.pdfhttp://www.fdbka.co.uk/foul.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_of_the_honey_beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Jan%C5%A1aothers