Overview - Creating Web Pages in your...

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Scott A. Wells Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Portland State University

Transcript of Overview - Creating Web Pages in your...

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Scott A. WellsDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Portland State University

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OverviewWhy develop a compressible model?Example application ‐ Dead SeaSpecial features of a model for hypersaline systemsModel development assuming incompressiblity and compressiblity in 2DModel results and comparisonsConclusions

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Why use a compressible model for hypersaline systems?

Issues: Incompressible assumption

Typically less than 0.01‐0.03 ‐ hypersaline systems can be as high as 0.4

Related issues:Equation of state as a function of chemical componentsEvaporation as a function of water activityChemical equilibrium model including precipitation of solidsDouble‐diffusion

1<<Δρρ

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Examples Dead Sea, Israel/West Bank/Jordan [350+ g/l TDS] Elevation: ‐420 mGreat Salt Lake, UT, USA [100‐230+ g/l TDS] Mono Lake, CA, USA [50‐100 g/l TDS]Ocean [32 g/l TDS]Lake Tahoe, CA/NV, USA [0.06 g/l TDS]

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The Dead Sea

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The Dead SeaIsrael/West Bank/Jordan

Inflows: Jordan River, saline and freshwater springs, return brines from mineral processing

Outflows: evaporation, pumping for mineral processing

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Dead Sea water level changes over last 100 years

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Water level decline

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Impacts:Sink Holes

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Saving the Dead Sea

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Rescue Plan

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“Peace Conduit”

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“Valley of Peace” Video

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Possible Environmental IssuesChange in chemical composition of Dead SeaPrecipitation of gypsum

Ca + SO4 + 2H2O ===> CaSO4•2H2ONo longer will people be able to ‘float like penguins’ ! 

stratification

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Mixing experiments  and microbial blooming   

100% DS brine 85% DS brine + 15% SW

70% DS brine + 30% SW70% DS brine + 30% SW + 10 μMPO4

Possible Environ‐mental Issues

Algal blooms + secondary production in surface layer

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Model unique theoretical issuesCompressibility Equation of state based on chemical components and temperature rather than salinity and temperatureEvaporationChemistry 

Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Br, SO4, HCO3

Precipitation of halite, gypsum, carnallite (KMgCl 3 ∙6H2O)

Growth of algae and bacteria as a function of salinity

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Compressible

∂∂

∂∂

∂∂

ux

vy

wz

+ + = 01 1 0ρ∂ρ∂ ρ

ρt

q q+ ⋅∇ +∇⋅ =v v v v

Momentum equations: the Boussinesq approximation

ρρρρρρρ οοο

Δ+=≈Δ+

= where111

Continuity

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2D x‐z governing equationsEquat‐ion

Governing equationincompressible fluid 

Governing equationcompressible fluid 

x‐mom‐entum

⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛+

+−

=++

zB

xB

dzx

gBx

gB

zwuB

xuuB

tuB

xzxx

z

∂τ∂

∂τ∂

ρ

∂∂ρ

ρ∂∂η

∂∂

∂∂

∂∂

η

1⎟⎟

⎜⎜

⎛+

+−

=++

zB

xB

dzx

gBx

gB

zwuB

xuuB

tuB

xzxx

z

∂τ∂

∂τ∂

ρ

∂∂ρ

ρ∂∂η

ρρ

∂∂

∂∂

∂∂

η

η

1

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2D x‐z governing equationsEquat‐ion

Governing equationincompressible fluid 

Governing equation compressible fluid 

Contin‐uity

Freesurfaceequation

qB = zB +

xB

∂∂

∂∂ wu

inBqzwB

xuB

tB ρρρ∂ρ∂

=∂

∂+

∂∂

+

∫∫ −=hh

qBdzBdzuxt

Bηη

η ∂∂

∂∂η

dzBq

dzuBx

dzt

Bt

B

h

in

hh

∫∫

∂∂

+∂∂

=∂∂

η

ηηηη

ρ

ρρρη

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2D x‐z governing equationsEquat‐ion

Governing equationincompressible fluid 

Governing equation compressible fluid 

z‐mom‐entum

Conser‐vation ofheat

BS +

Bq = z

zBD -

xxBD

- z

+ x

B + t

B

zx

c

c

TT

TwBTuT

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

∂∂

⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛

∂∂

∂∂

∂∂

∂∂

BS + Bq

= z

zBD -

xxBD

-

z +

xB

+ tB

zx

p cp c

pp

ppp

cc

TcTc

TwBcTucTc

ρρ

ρρ

ρρρ

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛∂

∂∂

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛∂

∂∂

∂∂

∂∂

∂∂

01

= −gPzρ

∂∂ 0

1= −g

Pzρ

∂∂

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Equation of State),,f( = olidsSuspendedSTDSeTemperaturρ

Traditional

Unique for Dead Sea – developed by Hebrew University and GSI, Jerusalem

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EvaporationEvaporation rate now a f(chemical composition) or computed water activity

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ChemistryPrecipitation of gypsum/halite salts

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Algae Growth a f(density)

No growth

Growth not affected by salinity

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Dead Sea GridCE‐QUAL‐W21 km X 1 m grid70 km vs about 300 m 

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Typical Model ResultsWater Level 1998

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Typical Model Results

Return brine tracer

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Compressible vs Incompressible Models

1 l fresh 1 l “brine”

2 l 

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Compressible vs Incompressible Models

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Summary and ConclusionsFor hypersaline systems must use compressible form of governing equationsUnique waterbodies unique equation of stateChemical equilibrium model  precipitation effects

Application of ‘typical’ models are not adequate for hypersaline systems

Next tasks: refining boundary conditions and basic science, model simulations for long‐term effects of Peace Conduit

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