Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Overview and Introduction to...
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Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:
What, Why and How
Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:
What, Why and How
Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics
Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.
2009 Institute Agenda
Monday, July 20
2009 Tuesday, July 21
2009 Wed., July 22
2009 Thursday, July 23
2009 Friday, July 24
2009
Perspective Mapping; Sizes Manufacturing Interdisciplinary Conclusions
8:30 AM
Coffee and Registration Lobby of ISB
Coffee Gel observation
Coffee Gel observation
Coffee Gel observation.
Coffee Gel observation
Gelatin Diffusion Experiment conclusion 364
9:00 AM
Welcome, intros Nano overview 329
Why Size Matters: PPT, activities; Intro to AFM 329
Self assembly 329
Societal issues Jigsaw: Experts (varied locations) 10:00 Peer groups Nanomedicine 329
10:30 Break Break Break Break Break
Magnetic memory; web resources 329
10:45 AM
Gelatin diffusion experiment 329, 364
AFM, cont. 364
Magnetism module 329
Peer groups, cont. 11:30 Full group
Nanomedicine, cont.
12:00 PM
Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Evaluators Visit
Lab tour Hasbrouck basement
1:00 PM
Franklin; oleic acid experiment 329, 364
Nanoparticles and sunscreen 329
Virtual clean room
Lithography, electrodeposition 329, 364
Academic year Sharing (posters) 329
2:00 PM
Nanofilters 329
Emily Erikson societal issues 329
Rm. 329 Academic year brainstorm
Poster Sharing, Cont. 329 Final Session Feedback
3:00 Break Break Break Break
3:15 Powers of Ten Nano impact, applications, careers 329
Academic year planning, posters 329
Jigsaw Assignment Intro 329
Curriculum design project 329 Exploring the web
4:30 PM
Feedback and gel observation 364
Feedback and gel observation 364
Feedback and gel observation 364
Feedback and gel observation 364
BBQ at Rob Snyder’s Home
NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing
Research Education Outreach
A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass
NanotechnologyThe biggest science
initiative since the Apollo program
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
Smaller still
Hair
. QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
100,000 nanomete
rs10 nm objectsmade by guidedself-assembly
Applications of Nanotechnology
10 GB2001
20 GB2002
40 GB2004
80 GB2006
160 GB2007
First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity
Hard driveMagnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!
Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits
Hitachi
Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically
Disk
N S
direction of disk motion
“ Write”Head
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _
“ Bits” ofinformation
NS
“ Read”Head
Signalcurrent
Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology
• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology
Granular Media
PerpendicularWrite Head
Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)
coil
Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)
1 bit
• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage
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Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance.
Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium
Applications of Nanotechnology
Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more)
• To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
For a sustainable future!
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"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"
nano.gov
Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made
"Nanostructures"
Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials
nanoscale outer dimensions
nanoscale internal structure
Nanoscale Devices and SystemsIntegrated nano-objects and materials
"nanoparticle""nanorod"
"nanofilm"
"nanotube"and more
Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing
"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods
•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining
•Chemical•Self-Assembly
Nanofilms
Pressure must be held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, othersQuickTime™ and a
decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes
"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light
Nanofilm on plastic
Nanofilm on glass
A thin film method:Thermal Evaporation
Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber
vacuum~10-7 torr
sample
source
film
vacuumpump
QCM
vapor
heating source
Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others
There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques
Photolithography for Deposition
substrate
process recipe
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
develop
deposit
liftoffnarrow line
apply spin bake
spin coating
exposed unexposed
"scission"
Lithography
IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip
PatternedSeveral Times
Self Assembly
An Early Nanotechnologist?
Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....
A nanofilm!
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
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"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)
"Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis
(reverse-micelle method)
a
Interaction with Light
"Artificial atom"
E = hf
420 THz 750 THz
SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition
Template
EtchingMask
NanoporousMembrane
Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
nanoporous template
Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask
1x1012 magnets/in2
Data Storage......and More
More Applications of Nanotechnology
Solar Cells
Konarka
Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.
Electric Solar Cellsp-n junction interface
cross-sectional view
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentThe electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell
- - - -- - - - + + + ++ + + + 0.5 Volt
Nanostructured Solar Cells
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentMore interface area - More power!
Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy
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tumor
gold nanoshells
Halas group, Rice Univ.
www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390
targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment
www.nano.gov/html/news/SpecialPapers/Cancer
Perhaps the most important result in nanotechology so far: People from diverse fields working together to solve important problems in our
society• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products
A Message for Students
Nanotechnology will change practically every part of our
lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing
societies across the world