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![Page 1: Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Overview and Introduction to Nanotechnology: What, Why and How Mark Tuominen Professor of.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062511/551487cd550346d36e8b4d1e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:
What, Why and How
Overview andIntroduction to Nanotechnology:
What, Why and How
Mark Tuominen Professor of Physics
Jonathan Rothstein Professor of Mechanical Eng.
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2009 Institute Agenda
Monday, July 20
2009 Tuesday, July 21
2009 Wed., July 22
2009 Thursday, July 23
2009 Friday, July 24
2009
Perspective Mapping; Sizes Manufacturing Interdisciplinary Conclusions
8:30 AM
Coffee and Registration Lobby of ISB
Coffee Gel observation
Coffee Gel observation
Coffee Gel observation.
Coffee Gel observation
Gelatin Diffusion Experiment conclusion 364
9:00 AM
Welcome, intros Nano overview 329
Why Size Matters: PPT, activities; Intro to AFM 329
Self assembly 329
Societal issues Jigsaw: Experts (varied locations) 10:00 Peer groups Nanomedicine 329
10:30 Break Break Break Break Break
Magnetic memory; web resources 329
10:45 AM
Gelatin diffusion experiment 329, 364
AFM, cont. 364
Magnetism module 329
Peer groups, cont. 11:30 Full group
Nanomedicine, cont.
12:00 PM
Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Evaluators Visit
Lab tour Hasbrouck basement
1:00 PM
Franklin; oleic acid experiment 329, 364
Nanoparticles and sunscreen 329
Virtual clean room
Lithography, electrodeposition 329, 364
Academic year Sharing (posters) 329
2:00 PM
Nanofilters 329
Emily Erikson societal issues 329
Rm. 329 Academic year brainstorm
Poster Sharing, Cont. 329 Final Session Feedback
3:00 Break Break Break Break
3:15 Powers of Ten Nano impact, applications, careers 329
Academic year planning, posters 329
Jigsaw Assignment Intro 329
Curriculum design project 329 Exploring the web
4:30 PM
Feedback and gel observation 364
Feedback and gel observation 364
Feedback and gel observation 364
Feedback and gel observation 364
BBQ at Rob Snyder’s Home
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NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing
Research Education Outreach
A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass
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NanotechnologyThe biggest science
initiative since the Apollo program
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Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov
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How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
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Smaller still
Hair
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6,000 nanometersDNA
3 nanometers
100,000 nanomete
rs10 nm objectsmade by guidedself-assembly
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Applications of Nanotechnology
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10 GB2001
20 GB2002
40 GB2004
80 GB2006
160 GB2007
First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity
Hard driveMagnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!
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Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits
Hitachi
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Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically
Disk
N S
direction of disk motion
“ Write”Head
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _
“ Bits” ofinformation
NS
“ Read”Head
Signalcurrent
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Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology
• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology
Granular Media
PerpendicularWrite Head
Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)
coil
Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)
1 bit
• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage
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Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance.
Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium
Applications of Nanotechnology
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Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more)
• To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)
For a sustainable future!
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"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"
nano.gov
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Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made
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"Nanostructures"
Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials
nanoscale outer dimensions
nanoscale internal structure
Nanoscale Devices and SystemsIntegrated nano-objects and materials
"nanoparticle""nanorod"
"nanofilm"
"nanotube"and more
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Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing
"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods
•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining
•Chemical•Self-Assembly
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Nanofilms
Pressure must be held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, othersQuickTime™ and a
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Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes
"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light
Nanofilm on plastic
Nanofilm on glass
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A thin film method:Thermal Evaporation
Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber
vacuum~10-7 torr
sample
source
film
vacuumpump
QCM
vapor
heating source
Pressure is held low to prevent contamination!
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others
There are many otherthin film manufacturingtechniques
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Photolithography for Deposition
substrate
process recipe
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
develop
deposit
liftoffnarrow line
apply spin bake
spin coating
exposed unexposed
"scission"
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Lithography
IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip
PatternedSeveral Times
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Self Assembly
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An Early Nanotechnologist?
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Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....
A nanofilm!
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"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)
"Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis
(reverse-micelle method)
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a
Interaction with Light
"Artificial atom"
E = hf
420 THz 750 THz
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SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block “A” Block “B”
10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A
~10 nm
Ordered Phases
PMMA PS
Scale set by molecular size
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CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition
Template
EtchingMask
NanoporousMembrane
Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
(physical orelectrochemical)
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nanoporous template
Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask
1x1012 magnets/in2
Data Storage......and More
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More Applications of Nanotechnology
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Solar Cells
Konarka
Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.
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Electric Solar Cellsp-n junction interface
cross-sectional view
n-type silicon
p-type silicon
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentThe electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell
- - - -- - - - + + + ++ + + + 0.5 Volt
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Nanostructured Solar Cells
+
-
Sunlight
Voltage “load”
CurrentMore interface area - More power!
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Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy
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tumor
gold nanoshells
Halas group, Rice Univ.
www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390
targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment
www.nano.gov/html/news/SpecialPapers/Cancer
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Perhaps the most important result in nanotechology so far: People from diverse fields working together to solve important problems in our
society• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others
• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products
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A Message for Students
Nanotechnology will change practically every part of our
lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing
societies across the world