Overview and Detail · CS 7450 - Information Visualization April 19, 2011 John Stasko Guest...
Transcript of Overview and Detail · CS 7450 - Information Visualization April 19, 2011 John Stasko Guest...
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Fall 2011
Casual InfoVis
CS 7450 - Information VisualizationApril 19, 2011John Stasko
Guest Speaker: Zach Pousman
![Page 2: Overview and Detail · CS 7450 - Information Visualization April 19, 2011 John Stasko Guest Speaker: Zach Pousman. ... Do you agree? − But the examples on the edges show different](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060215/5f05c91a7e708231d414b279/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fall 2011
Casual InfoVis
• Let’s start off with ideas and concepts from the paper…
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Fall 2011
Casual InfoVis
• Let’s start off with ideas and concepts from the paper…
• A complement to the majority of ‘central’ infovis; which is a focus on analytic tasks and analysts as the idealized user.
• Infovis for the everyday person• Spend some time looking at the ‘edges’ of
the infovis domain
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Definition of casual infovis
• Casual Infovis is the use of computer mediated tools to depict personally meaningful information in visual ways that support everyday users in both everyday work and non-work situations.
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Fall 2011
A good example
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Fall 2011
Changes to traditional notions
• The user population− Expand to include many more kinds of people
and many more situations and scenarios.− People who are not explicit or implicit
analysts − Non-professionals in general− Low(er) motivation
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Fall 2011
Changes to traditional notions
• Usage pattern− New patterns of use that depart from the
more traditional deep-dive explorations and sensemaking
− In a word, more casual− Fleeting awareness and monitoring tasks− Could also include more substantial
reflections− Mobile and ubiquitous, not just desktop
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Fall 2011
Changes to traditional notions
• Data types also change− Often personally relevant (about ‘me’)− Tight coupling between user and the data− Tight coupling gets at what is meaningful
about the data stream… not always what is important. Sometimes the most minute and boring detail is still very meaningful.
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Fall 2011
Changes to traditional notions
• Insight− Gets a one of the fundamental questions of
infovis. We all agree that the purpose of infovis is insight… Do you agree?
− But the examples on the edges show different kinds of insights.
− Maybe insights are not perfectly quantifiable in a way that’s rigorous (for an attempt see Saraiuya and North 2005)
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Fall 2011
Areas to explore for today
• Artistic InfoVis• Ambient InfoVis• Social InfoVis (an appetizer)
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Fall 2011
A quick word…
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Fall 2011
A quick word… on birds
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Fall 2011
A quick word… on birds
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Fall 2011
A quick word… on birds
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Fall 2011
A quick word… on birds
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Fall 2011
Areas to explore for today
• Artistic InfoVis• Ambient InfoVis• Social InfoVis
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Fall 2011
Artistic InfoVis
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Fall 2011
Artistic InfoVis
• Artistic expression using visualizations of data
• They are not just generative art – they still read data, represent it, and some are interactive
• Systems often depart from the central notion of infovis that first and foremost, a visualization should be easy to read.
• Also can ‘problemitize’ the data…
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Fall 2011
Many examples
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Fall 2011
Jason Salavon
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Fall 2011
Jason Salavon
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Fall 2011
Jason Salavon
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The Top Grossing Film of All Time, 1 x 1 2000
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Fall 2011
Wignell
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Sorting (real time)
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Fall 2011
Viegas, et al.
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Artifacts of the Presence Era
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Fall 2011
Romero, Pousman, Mateas
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Tableau Machine
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Fall 2011
Romero, Pousman, Mateas
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Fall 2011
Romero, Pousman, Mateas
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Fall 2011
Romero, Pousman, Mateas
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Fall 2011
TM Evaluation (it’s hard)
• 6-8 week deployments • 3 houses• Very different uses• Games• Printouts• Generated discussion• Generated reflection?
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Fall 2011
Feltron
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Annual Report (2008)
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Fall 2011
Flags as infographics
• Foote Cone & Belding
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Foote, Cone & Belding
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Fall 2011
Flags as infographics
• Foote Cone & Belding
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Foote, Cone & Belding
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Fall 2011
Flags as infographics
• Foote Cone & Belding
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Foote, Cone & Belding
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Fall 2011
Ambient InfoVis
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Objectives
• Systems so far− What is their purpose or objective?
High-level purpose or task− Analysis, Exploration, Learning
• Are there other high-level tasks that infovis can assist with?− Awareness, monitoring
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Central idea
• People interpret images well • As they say, a picture’s worth thousand
words … so use visualization for information awareness
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 37
Calm Technology
• Mark Weiser− “A calm technology will move easily from the
periphery of our attention, to the center, and back.”
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Ambient Displays
• Conveys low- to medium-priority information to people, while residing in the periphery of their attention
• Other terms sometimes used− Peripheral display, notification system
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 39
Ambient Displays
• Purpose: − Information awareness, perhaps monitoring
• Focus:− Aesthetics
Visually pleasing enhancement to surroundings
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Fall 2011
Other dimensions in the space
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Information capacityHow much info can they transmit?
Notification levelAre they subtle or more attention-grabbing?
Representational FidelityFlexibility with regard to data mappings
AestheticsVisually pleasing enhancement to surroundings
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Fall 2011
Other dimensions in the space
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 42
Ambient InfoVis
• InfoVis off the desktop• Still visually encoding information, but not
for analytic purposes− Presenting the information in places where
you’re not doing “desktop computing”
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 43
Examples
• Let’s look at some examples of ambient displays or ambient information visualizations
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 44
Dangling String
• Plastic spaghetti wire hanging from ceiling• Hangs from motor in ceiling• Electrically connected to ethernet cable so
bits going by cause it tojiggle
• Created by artistNatalie Jeremijenko
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 45
Ambient Room
• Use variety of physical objects in office to communicate the state of relevant information
• Hiroshi Ishii’s group at MIT
VideoWisneski et alCoBuild ‘98
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 46
Karlsruhe Projects
Web awareness
Gellersen & SchmidtPersonal Technologies ‘99
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 47
Lumitouch
• Touch one picture frame, the other lights up
Chang et alCHI ’01 Extended Abstracts
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 48
Information Percolator
• Fish tank with bubble controller• Various messages can be sent in bubbles
Heiner et alUIST ‘99
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 49
Busmobile, Weathermobile
Mankoff et alCHI ‘03
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Fall 2011
‘Follow-the-lights’ ‘Clouds’
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Hazlewood, et al.DIS 2010
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 50
Ambient Orb
Monitor stock marketdata, weather, etc.
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 51
Information
• Well, they are visually presenting information
• But perhaps not an emphasis on the information− More about peripherality, calmness, aesthetics
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 52
Other Styles
• Another set of techniques/systems focus less on aesthetics and more on the quality of information conveyance
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 53
Ticker Displays
• Animated text strings (ticker, fade, roll, blast) typically in periphery of person’s monitor
Fitzpatrick et alCHI ’99 Extended Abstracts
McCrickard et alIJHCS ’03
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 54
What’s Happening/The Buzz
Screen-saver or projected display using collages of images
Zhao & StaskoAVI ‘02
Eagan & StaskoCHI ‘08
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 55
Sideshow
• Sidebar on edge of monitor• Provides info on weather, traffic,
presence, project status, etc.• Can author new items• From Microsoft (Now part of
Windows 7... inspiration for 8?)
Cadiz et alCSCW ‘02
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Fall 2011
Scope
• Corner of the screen awareness widget to help with tasks, appts, etc.
• Glanceable awareness, more details on demand
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van Dantzich et alAVI ‘02
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 57
Encoding
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 58
Ambience
Low Level-of-Detail
High Level-of-Detail
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 59
Redesign
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 60
Encoding
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 61
Round 3
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 62
Trade-off
Aesthetics Utility
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Fall 2011
Kandinsky
• Generates aesthetic information collages• Information Collage: Ambient information display of an object• Aesthetic Template:
Express Aesthetic concepts in visual form
CS 4460/7450 63
Fogarty, Forlizzi & HudsonUIST ‘02
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 64
System Architecture
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 65
Representative Images
• ImageConjure subsystem−Converts text into representative
images−Selects from large photo/clip art
collections−Uses a textual summary; prepared by a
person−Scores the images; returns the best
matches
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 66
ImageConjure Results
From: PhotoDisc Inc. (24,000 images) and Hemera Inc. (50,000 images)
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 67
Optimization Process
• Configuration of components (selection of information images, placement within collage)
• Uses aesthetic templates and “temperature” parameter
• 4-Layered Regions− Fixed visual elements− Initial image selection and placement strategy− Evaluation criteria− Post-processing
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 68
Properties of Interest
Low-Level
• Color• Texture• Edges and Lines• Direction• Shape
High-Level
• Relative Contrast• Dimensionality• Balance• Motion• Stress
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 69
Example Generation
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 70
Final collages
• Less information conveying, more aesthetic appeal
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 71
Informative Art
• Electronic paintings–Flat panel LCDs hung on the wall
• Abstract art in which aspects of the picture change to signify underlying data values
• From Future Applications Lab, Viktoria Institute, Sweden
Redstrom et alDARE ‘00
Skog et alInfoVis ‘03
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 72
Design Criteria
• Communicate useful information• Blend in with surroundings and be
appealing to look at• Minimize animation – Don’t want to draw
the eye too much
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 73
Example
Mondrian
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 74
Example
Andy Warhol
Cans gradually change from asparagus soup totomato soup to signify upcoming event
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 75
Lessons Learned
• Find info relevant to place where display is located
• Rate of change of info should be enough to promote relevance and draw interest
• Base visualization on artistic display, may support readability and promote comprehension
• Let features of info source affect visual encoding to improve memory of mapping
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 76
InfoCanvas
• Information Art–Similar approach as in Viktoria project
• Electronic painting deployed on LCDs in the environment
• Focus: User-driven views• II group at Georgia Tech
Stasko et alUbicomp ‘04
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 77
InfoCanvas
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 78
Revisit Trade-off
Aesthetics Utility
Informative art InfoCanvas
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 79
Objectives
• Personalized− Display individual’s personal information
• Flexible− Variety of info sources and representations
• Consolidated− Present multiple data items on one display
• Accurate− Be clear, and highlight uncertainty
• Appealing− Fun to use, aesthetically pleasing
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 80
Hardware
LCD – bezel + picture frame
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 81
Theme
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 82
Visual elements
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 83
Transformations
• Slider• Image swapper• Appearance• Scaler• Populater• Projector
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 84
Slider
Time of day9 am 6 pm
Temperature
0 degrees
100 degrees
Stock index
-100
+100
Airfare $400$150
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 85
Swapper
Traffic
Stock
Weatherforecast
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 86
Appearance
Email from Christy
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 87
Scaler
Account balance
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 88
Populater
Number ofunread emails
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 89
Projector
www.cnn.com
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 90
Other Example Themes
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 91
Implementation
• Java application• Data harvester classes• Painting specified through XML file• System establishes data->visual mapping
and polls data sources to maintain current representation
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 92
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 93
John’s
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 94
Evaluation: Laboratory
• Information Conveyance− Compare InfoCanvas to web portal to text
display for acquisition and memory of different information sources
− Evaluate viewing “at a glance”− Empirical study with 49 participants
Plaue, Miller & StaskoGI ‘04
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 95
Displays
Web portal
TextInfoCanvas
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Fall 2011
Information Nuggets
time of day temperature forecast
stock update website updates
baseball score update
weather forecast
traffic conditions
airfare prices
new emails
news headline
96CS 4460/7450
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 97
Methodology
• Within subjects• Participants view display for 8 seconds
then receive questionnaire about state of 10 items− Vary order of topics on questionnaires
• Three trials with each display type
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Fall 2011
Recall Questions
What is the current time of day? 4:32 AM 7:40 AM 3:20 PM 7:55 PM
What is the lowest airfare price from Atlanta to Los Angeles? $330 $292 $160 $99
What is the current news headline? Pair pleads not guilty to embezzlement Pair pleads guilty to obstruction charges Jury hung on money launderer Couple found not guilty on conspiracy charge
How many new emails were present? 22 16 1 0
98CS 4460/7450
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Fall 2011
Results
1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial
5.14 (1.59) 5.12 (1.33) 5.02 (1.57)
5.67 (1.61) 5.65 (1.54) 5.29 (1.89)
6.27 (1.80) 6.22 (1.79) 6.31 (1.76)
Statistical Significance for: InfoCanvas over Web Portal Web Portal over Text-Based InfoCanvas over Text-Based
99CS 4460/7450
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 100
Results
• Statistically significantly more information recalled with InfoCanvas than portal and more with portal than text
• Pictures helped− Participants were able to rapidly learn
mappings− Strange mappings didn’t even hurt
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 101
Evaluation
• Usage Study− Eight trial users ran system for a month− Selected own information to monitor and
designed own scene from an existing theme− We implemented the view− Picture frame monitor deployed in office
Stasko et alGVU TR
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 102
Evaluation Dimensions
• Usefulness• Personalization and flexibility• Aesthetics• Distraction• Novelty and fun• Summary impressions
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 103
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Fall 2011Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 104
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 105
Results - General
• 6 themes chosen• 6 – 17 visual elements• Participants easily remembered mappings• Swapper, slider, and image display were
primary transformations• More direct than abstract mappings, but
significant amount of each• Felt it was fun and useful
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 106
UsefulnessP1: “I could just glance over and check out something without searching for itlike going to Yahoo weather. It saved me time. It was quick. It was easy to learn for me, what things meant, kind of quick.”
P6: “I like the fact that I can look at it in one quick glance and get it OK, then return to what I'm doing. With a website, I can take a half hour there.”
P4: “It’s useful without being irritating…this doesn’t feel heavy. Now of courseone of the reasons it doesn’t feel heavy is because it’s sort of out of my normal line of sight. It’s in a sort of natural place where when I lean back and I’m staring off so I can kind of get it. So my eyes kind of drift there through the natural course of things when I’m not particularly concentrating on something else. So it’s been positive—it’s been useful without being terribly distracting. It hasn’t been distracting at all. It’s there when I need it, but doesn’t require me clicking and mousing.”
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Fall 2011 CS 4460/7450 107
Lessons Learned
• Ubiquitous computing technologies can operate effectively in the field
• Consolidating information is valuable • Abstractness/symbolism can be beneficial • “Push” technology merits reconsideration • Personalization is important• Better customization tools are needed
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Fall 2011
Social InfoVis
• Another big (and growing) area… let’s just scratch the surface today. Thursday’s class is all about social infovis.
CS 4460/7450 108
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Fall 2011
Xiong & Donath
CS 4460/7450 109
People Garden (1999)
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Fall 2011
Heer & Boyd
CS 4460/7450 110
Vizster (2005)
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Fall 2011
Tat & Carpendale
CS 4460/7450 111
Crystal Chat system
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Fall 2011
Harris & Kemavar
CS 4460/7450 112
‘We Feel Fine’ (2007)
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Fall 2011
‘Naming Names’ (NYT 2008)
114
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Fall 2011
Politilines (from Periscopic)
115
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Fall 2011
In sum…
• Different kinds of ‘insight’− Analytical insights (more traditional concept)− Reflective insights− Awareness insights− Social insight
CS 4460/7450 113
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Fall 2011
In sum…
• Info Vis is moving into lots of life, not just desk work and data analysis by experts− News, commerce, story-telling, sociality− Self-reflection− One way to help manage information
overload
• Requires a change to evaluation techniques (what matters is changing)
• Opens new design spacesCS 4460/7450 114
![Page 118: Overview and Detail · CS 7450 - Information Visualization April 19, 2011 John Stasko Guest Speaker: Zach Pousman. ... Do you agree? − But the examples on the edges show different](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060215/5f05c91a7e708231d414b279/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Fall 2011
Thanks!
Spring 2010 CS 4460/7450 115