Overhead 1 Metodología para calculo de líneas base y mitigación. Dr. René Castro.
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Overhead 1 Metodología para calculo de líneas Metodología para calculo de líneas base y mitigación. base y mitigación. Metodología para calculo de líneas base y mitigación. Dr. René Castro
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Transcript of Overhead 1 Metodología para calculo de líneas base y mitigación. Dr. René Castro.
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Metodologa para calculo de lneas base y mitigacin.Metodologa para calculo de lneas base y mitigacin.Dr. Ren Castro
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Cost of TM of Carbon
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Fuel Mix Switching
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The Costa Rican DilemmaPrepared by Ren Castro ([email protected]) and Sarah Cordero ([email protected])
PEMEXNovember 1999
This presentation uses data from a research work in progress supported by the UNDP regional office for Latin America.
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AbstractSince 1987, successive Costa Rican governments developed market instruments to attract capital investments for forests and biodiversity conservation. This situation allowed the establishment of mechanisms to use those funds to compensate local farmers for some of the environmental services provided by their land. For example, by 1996 the first $2 million contract between Costa Rica and Norway for traded CTOs was signed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)Without delay, Mr. Tattembach, Costa Rican Ambassador to the UNFCCC, and Mr. Gorbitz, general manager of OCIC (Costa Rican Office of Joint Implementation) should assess the Joint Implementation pilot phase including recommending a price for the first 1 million tons of certified carbon, coming from the Protected Areas Project (PAP). Their recommendation should consider the implications of the new trading mechanisms for Costa Rica's potential foreign exchange earnings during the next decades.
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UNFCCC Time LineRef: Castro and Cordero, Forthcoming
Sheet1
UNFCCC
Earth
SummitCOP-1COP-2COP-3COP-4
RioBerlinGenevaKyotoArgentina
199219941996199719982000200220042006200820102012
Mechan:JI, AIJ, pilot phaseCDM, Bubbles, JI, Emissions Trading
No CreditingEmissions Reduction Credits
Target:Stabilization to 1990 level According to Berlin Mandate
Additional reduction of 5.2% below 1990 levels
Kyoto's Monitoring and
Control Period
Sheet2
Sheet3
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Kyoto Targets and Forecast Emissions, Relative to 1990Ref: Jacoby and Prinn, MIT, 1999.
2010 target
2000 forecast
USA
-7%
+16%
Japan
-5%
+ 5%
EU
-8%
+ 3%
Canada
-6%
+14%
Australia
+8%
+24%
New Zealand
0%
+29%
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CO2 Emissions per Capita vs. GDP per capitaSelected Latin America and OECD CountriesRef: Castro and Tattembach, 1998
Chart1
7
4
1.3
9.5
3.75
6
9.5
10.5
17
18.5
8.5
12
7.75
VEN
COL
PER
MEX
CR
SPA
UK
NED
GER
JAP
NOR
CAN
USA
Unsustainable Development
GreenerDevelopment
GDP per capita (US dollars)
CO2 Emissions per capita (MT)
Sheet1
1994
CO2 Emissions per CapitaGDP per capita
(Metric Tons)(US dollars
COL71,417
PER41,670
CR1.31,865
VEN9.52,830
MEX3.752,961
SPA612,665
UK9.516,500
NED10.518,750
CAN1720,250
USA18.523,675
JAP8.523,773
GER1223,779
NOR7.7524,220
BRA9.11,055
CHI6.667497
Sheet1
&LSource: Castro and Tattenbach, 1998
VEN
COL
PER
MEX
CR
SPA
UK
NED
GER
JAP
NOR
CAN
USA
Unsustainable Development
GreenerDevelopment
GDP per capita (US dollars)
CO2 Emissions per capita (MT)
Sheet2
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Recipients of Wildland Benefits in Costa Rica, 1998
Types of Benefits
Benefits mainly internalized by
Owner
Country
World
Sustainable Wood Harvesting
X
Hydropower Production Potential
X
Water Supply
X
Watershed Protection
X
Scenic Beauty
X
X
X
Carbon Fixation
X
Biodiversity
X
Based on Castro and Tattembach 1998, and the Costa Rican Forestry Law
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Forestry Environmental Services Payment Scheme
MINAE`S
Greenhouse Fund
5%
Fossil Fuel
Tax
National Forestry Financing Fund
AIJ investor
CTOs
OFFSETS
Reforestation
(Private Owners)
Forest Management
(Private Owners)
Conservation
(Private Owners)
H2O
OFFSETS
OFFSETS
$
$
$
CO2
Energy Projects
Offsets
$
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Payments to landowners for the four environmental services named in the Forestry Law of 1996.(in $US per hectare)Ref: Castro and Tattembach, 1998
Environmental Service
Primary Forest
Secondary Forest
Min.
Med.
Max.
Min.
Med.
Max.
Carbon sequestration
19
38
57
15
29
44
Protection of water
2.5
5
7.5
1
3
4
Biodiversity protection
5
10
15
4
7
11
Ecosystem protection
2.5
5
7.5
1
3
4
Totals
29
58
87
21
42
63
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Land Use in Costa Rica, 1998Ref: Castro Salazar, 1999
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Hectares Consolidated in Each Protected Area Using Various Price Scenarios
Sheet1
Carbon Indifference Price between Private Natural Forest Protection and Competing Agricultural Activities
(in $/tons of carbon )
Private Natural Forest in the Buffer Zone
of Protected Areas
Crop or ActivityLa AmistadGuanacasteBarbilla
Coffee386226227
Pineapples372469487
Watermelons309389403
Yams251314327
Avocados245307320
Plantains244306319
Tiquisque*198248258
Passion Fruit189235245
Tomatoes170211221
Forest plantations1245062
Bananas102124131
Palm hearts98119126
Yucca*91111118
Coconuts738793
Dairy cattle667984
African palms637480
Oranges637681
Sugar cane617378
Beef and dairy cattle515964
Beef cattle11913
Mangoes3
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Marginal Cost of Carbon in Costa Rica According to Different PerspectivesRef: Castro Salazar, 1999.
Chart1
5.952488687810.35136361859.2579850108
7.428705882411.03271757269.5736702768
8.073130223911.21169178239.7490196433
8.207390648611.894991405810.0294313267
8.298054112511.926959930210.2987539122
8.374625262511.932775623110.8114147019
8.374625262512.189913311310.9056445847
8.374625262512.319846630110.9354992773
8.374625262512.570438473111.1220108896
8.374625262512.619033284511.1220108896
9.006620689712.936078648211.1678110588
9.006620689713.004153720811.2788795061
9.006620689713.343780424711.5012570175
9.006620689713.343780424712.2457903731
9.006620689713.493872671712.6761157537
9.041347734513.782251399712.7837184455
9.522204304113.997152030612.9720694658
9.670648192414.15702077413.219626643
9.670648192414.556535689213.2369405934
9.670648192414.652321599513.3831314502
9.670648192414.892546722613.4084038629
9.670648192415.108545568113.4163660953
9.670648192415.163711589713.4163660953
10.242823529415.343627898514.0620189883
10.242823529415.890380460814.0879003049
10.242823529416.278749499314.4974225697
10.242823529416.364255225814.9157447261
10.242823529416.424006235814.9468525889
10.358727947316.424006235815.0650816775
10.463351351416.671397016815.4093484655
10.463351351417.348479560215.6205698039
10.463351351417.65202095515.6483430493
10.521081081118.938776714715.6526308735
10.557667227719.050059833517.1970225438
10.932444073419.083253232417.3507783009
11.200943446819.45186819717.4163699233
11.200943446819.585101859917.558491724
11.200943446819.600258888917.9912452886
11.200943446819.856960199319.6989499295
11.200943446820.58328604719.7933920795
11.237030741121.596500670321.4027577389
11.423390290322.142035336621.8042884505
12.16515837123.581334366422.0663079429
12.16515837124.348803978522.3589053328
12.16515837127.570338043322.8659638392
12.232277526428.097363000925.3686364301
12.232277526429.686543463725.5695680224
12.403213726431.90894415225.5929824187
12.403213726431.965218358625.6676971228
12.403213726435.607545477526.2551603995
13.10859807835.752480351527.4227367193
13.439448579835.768641054728.3050958048
13.746947368436.66730591728.6669584123
13.746947368437.679560299128.7708577984
13.746947368437.882887064929.1189316752
13.746947368438.446314687129.3479967762
13.813882405539.782016846230.2850441172
14.974963978740.164031945131.4795714735
14.974963978740.456575930533.7099081229
14.974963978741.611189021634.8141831356
14.974963978742.259453640935.4996066133
15.057585750142.485032120335.7583660666
15.057585750143.780000286636.9447880718
15.48571260943.784424027537.7368200664
16.977260018645.867269145738.2051513376
17.871993523245.946596327338.5350846253
18.030553116846.323300688538.6810246099
18.030553116846.83280766838.8959900752
18.030553116846.97137240638.8959900752
18.109168283747.313728160940.5246419484
18.203977994147.313728160941.3714481122
18.424900057147.37925695441.7573506075
18.424900057147.585008100342.2990294534
18.526556253648.584266969642.5061282068
18.526556253648.779855037543.0377024881
18.691072595749.062525425643.2008214833
19.016671620149.413498744643.2916770929
19.139608574149.969063455243.953183124
19.139608574149.969063455244.004470562
19.139608574150.532260139244.2925004309
19.453191382751.317067530544.8991638537
19.560520998651.322830978145.2090199505
19.845302897351.492773604747.0048052265
19.845302897352.454736047547.4430593003
20.879019536552.498639799347.7324233756
20.879019536552.707355332347.9100020583
20.879019536556.172822010948.3916830741
20.879019536556.973825350648.5329996856
20.994215912357.328571765452.0578172694
20.994215912358.135667526452.0578172694
21.065983224659.59629001952.1476430334
21.448427487559.638634690253.9392739064
21.582729259760.898001453854.0762619315
21.618454051161.359028057954.2511677244
21.618454051161.680654312655.2022010609
21.618454051163.853717642355.6043670958
21.618454051164.002295456356.3444780271
21.618454051164.671929708556.5896308227
21.941117544467.042106500659.1637981757
22.116420923467.769761766459.8075067958
22.543309968769.574100146660.784343475
24.083655012870.999937967261.582502633
24.306905921171.346343158461.6918753329
24.799436294971.68200325262.1383599035
24.799436294973.405179913664.045434565
24.799436294973.700923742964.0513164178
24.799436294979.047789877964.0534806967
24.86159809179.343640387769.407224677
24.929711753479.514061230769.5001004257
24.992874587679.615850353270.6491954774
25.311013220180.002129073771.0254664308
25.392578436180.509337902571.093299498
25.829132262586.396300637573.7954289443
25.888799393288.40467717874.7198602662
28.679887446389.026680930775.1716723769
28.916539934389.083875717276.1290114265
29.472638283298.918211684879.0822861904
29.635248462899.665286145979.1911031811
30.4944899163100.950737977479.2271144527
30.5746858075102.284539529679.2485254397
30.6105420983103.685706796879.885679832
31.1152802056104.478257091481.3473507523
32.5675767686108.701763674981.7342152281
33.3816659245108.759053395192.7912584947
33.5658434874111.975994882493.2715386791
33.844766043116.396455730993.5241181752
35.9307149768118.71055977196.2675082245
37.5152941176118.9950551648100.2738204009
37.6153995138121.1894091925101.044558615
37.666667297122.0414082923109.1748683672
39.2184698857123.5081096751112.9719139788
39.2314553123124.8839134035120.3913410515
39.6570983977124.8839134035122.5772838655
41.6059748285127.2827920009123.1168245842
42.6624889199131.07088327123.1168245842
44.2392584497133.556751725125.8880801759
44.5778191985134.1336266457130.2540989699
48.2496671383138.347645376133.3037471668
48.2533649445138.3636319877138.9563651754
49.1799183772142.1121951662139.7140940532
50.3452368079143.198468922144.3263213586
50.682626949147.4711685919148.4713846
51.0818439118160.8226252693149.441417301
52.5050250882162.7623929834151.3968495703
54.4369787421163.8495487783161.0192771528
55.3718249041169.9153992376163.8666827234
61.6570875279170.4609219836164.143700297
65.3435778911180.2756847527180.8899850011
68.4138209458197.7837360498187.3440152559
72.2802461465204.1954505059187.8836566447
72.8507879545208.0608869885189.8053564779
80.3280263035210.0617363311196.8133560227
80.6357263447216.7498792464204.3988672627
84.2336899865227.5464077728205.3725000407
85.6343521214232.9237350118228.1765785906
103.6506431585240.6013903306240.4757156966
105.3052070031253.3961063599251.2284118208
117.3980798572258.3532717846259.3161339201
118.2657069071264.6507154303264.070160419
139.4677909464270.2135920425265.0241136834
142.0469474591305.4403982138273.6943071588
143.3137812568316.5376295551312.0864831676
156.3437726899326.0227006428315.2538957479
158.1396661751337.4772533679325.1710978937
183.8300890421348.0555378496362.7441341096
270.6294371172348.9360487422376.3624396239
305.3178615932463.7877862006418.8448857219
347.1392149896578.6203620219426.3402106207
475.1624747708649.4222696996586.5170244737
Government at 5%
Government at 12%
Ecologists
ecologist discount at 0%
government discount at 5%
government discount at 12%
Thousand tons
$/ton of Carbon
Sheet1
Sheet1
5.952488687810.35136361859.2579850108
7.428705882411.03271757269.5736702768
8.073130223911.21169178239.7490196433
8.207390648611.894991405810.0294313267
8.298054112511.926959930210.2987539122
8.374625262511.932775623110.8114147019
8.374625262512.189913311310.9056445847
8.374625262512.319846630110.9354992773
8.374625262512.570438473111.1220108896
8.374625262512.619033284511.1220108896
9.006620689712.936078648211.1678110588
9.006620689713.004153720811.2788795061
9.006620689713.343780424711.5012570175
9.006620689713.343780424712.2457903731
9.006620689713.493872671712.6761157537
9.041347734513.782251399712.7837184455
9.522204304113.997152030612.9720694658
9.670648192414.15702077413.219626643
9.670648192414.556535689213.2369405934
9.670648192414.652321599513.3831314502
9.670648192414.892546722613.4084038629
9.670648192415.108545568113.4163660953
9.670648192415.163711589713.4163660953
10.242823529415.343627898514.0620189883
10.242823529415.890380460814.0879003049
10.242823529416.278749499314.4974225697
10.242823529416.364255225814.9157447261
10.242823529416.424006235814.9468525889
10.358727947316.424006235815.0650816775
10.463351351416.671397016815.4093484655
10.463351351417.348479560215.6205698039
10.463351351417.65202095515.6483430493
10.521081081118.938776714715.6526308735
10.557667227719.050059833517.1970225438
10.932444073419.083253232417.3507783009
11.200943446819.45186819717.4163699233
11.200943446819.585101859917.558491724
11.200943446819.600258888917.9912452886
11.200943446819.856960199319.6989499295
11.200943446820.58328604719.7933920795
11.237030741121.596500670321.4027577389
11.423390290322.142035336621.8042884505
12.16515837123.581334366422.0663079429
12.16515837124.348803978522.3589053328
12.16515837127.570338043322.8659638392
12.232277526428.097363000925.3686364301
12.232277526429.686543463725.5695680224
12.403213726431.90894415225.5929824187
12.403213726431.965218358625.6676971228
12.403213726435.607545477526.2551603995
13.10859807835.752480351527.4227367193
13.439448579835.768641054728.3050958048
13.746947368436.66730591728.6669584123
13.746947368437.679560299128.7708577984
13.746947368437.882887064929.1189316752
13.746947368438.446314687129.3479967762
13.813882405539.782016846230.2850441172
14.974963978740.164031945131.4795714735
14.974963978740.456575930533.7099081229
14.974963978741.611189021634.8141831356
14.974963978742.259453640935.4996066133
15.057585750142.485032120335.7583660666
15.057585750143.780000286636.9447880718
15.48571260943.784424027537.7368200664
16.977260018645.867269145738.2051513376
17.871993523245.946596327338.5350846253
18.030553116846.323300688538.6810246099
18.030553116846.83280766838.8959900752
18.030553116846.97137240638.8959900752
18.109168283747.313728160940.5246419484
18.203977994147.313728160941.3714481122
18.424900057147.37925695441.7573506075
18.424900057147.585008100342.2990294534
18.526556253648.584266969642.5061282068
18.526556253648.779855037543.0377024881
18.691072595749.062525425643.2008214833
19.016671620149.413498744643.2916770929
19.139608574149.969063455243.953183124
19.139608574149.969063455244.004470562
19.139608574150.532260139244.2925004309
19.453191382751.317067530544.8991638537
19.560520998651.322830978145.2090199505
19.845302897351.492773604747.0048052265
19.845302897352.454736047547.4430593003
20.879019536552.498639799347.7324233756
20.879019536552.707355332347.9100020583
20.879019536556.172822010948.3916830741
20.879019536556.973825350648.5329996856
20.994215912357.328571765452.0578172694
20.994215912358.135667526452.0578172694
21.065983224659.59629001952.1476430334
21.448427487559.638634690253.9392739064
21.582729259760.898001453854.0762619315
21.618454051161.359028057954.2511677244
21.618454051161.680654312655.2022010609
21.618454051163.853717642355.6043670958
21.618454051164.002295456356.3444780271
21.618454051164.671929708556.5896308227
21.941117544467.042106500659.1637981757
22.116420923467.769761766459.8075067958
22.543309968769.574100146660.784343475
24.083655012870.999937967261.582502633
24.306905921171.346343158461.6918753329
24.799436294971.68200325262.1383599035
24.799436294973.405179913664.045434565
24.799436294973.700923742964.0513164178
24.799436294979.047789877964.0534806967
24.86159809179.343640387769.407224677
24.929711753479.514061230769.5001004257
24.992874587679.615850353270.6491954774
25.311013220180.002129073771.0254664308
25.392578436180.509337902571.093299498
25.829132262586.396300637573.7954289443
25.888799393288.40467717874.7198602662
28.679887446389.026680930775.1716723769
28.916539934389.083875717276.1290114265
29.472638283298.918211684879.0822861904
29.635248462899.665286145979.1911031811
30.4944899163100.950737977479.2271144527
30.5746858075102.284539529679.2485254397
30.6105420983103.685706796879.885679832
31.1152802056104.478257091481.3473507523
32.5675767686108.701763674981.7342152281
33.3816659245108.759053395192.7912584947
33.5658434874111.975994882493.2715386791
33.844766043116.396455730993.5241181752
35.9307149768118.71055977196.2675082245
37.5152941176118.9950551648100.2738204009
37.6153995138121.1894091925101.044558615
37.666667297122.0414082923109.1748683672
39.2184698857123.5081096751112.9719139788
39.2314553123124.8839134035120.3913410515
39.6570983977124.8839134035122.5772838655
41.6059748285127.2827920009123.1168245842
42.6624889199131.07088327123.1168245842
44.2392584497133.556751725125.8880801759
44.5778191985134.1336266457130.2540989699
48.2496671383138.347645376133.3037471668
48.2533649445138.3636319877138.9563651754
49.1799183772142.1121951662139.7140940532
50.3452368079143.198468922144.3263213586
50.682626949147.4711685919148.4713846
51.0818439118160.8226252693149.441417301
52.5050250882162.7623929834151.3968495703
54.4369787421163.8495487783161.0192771528
55.3718249041169.9153992376163.8666827234
61.6570875279170.4609219836164.143700297
65.3435778911180.2756847527180.8899850011
68.4138209458197.7837360498187.3440152559
72.2802461465204.1954505059187.8836566447
72.8507879545208.0608869885189.8053564779
80.3280263035210.0617363311196.8133560227
80.6357263447216.7498792464204.3988672627
84.2336899865227.5464077728205.3725000407
85.6343521214232.9237350118228.1765785906
103.6506431585240.6013903306240.4757156966
105.3052070031253.3961063599251.2284118208
117.3980798572258.3532717846259.3161339201
118.2657069071264.6507154303264.070160419
139.4677909464270.2135920425265.0241136834
142.0469474591305.4403982138273.6943071588
143.3137812568316.5376295551312.0864831676
156.3437726899326.0227006428315.2538957479
158.1396661751337.4772533679325.1710978937
183.8300890421348.0555378496362.7441341096
270.6294371172348.9360487422376.3624396239
305.3178615932463.7877862006418.8448857219
347.1392149896578.6203620219426.3402106207
475.1624747708649.4222696996586.5170244737
Government at 5%
Government at 12%
Ecologist
ecologist discount at 0%
government discount at 5%
government discount at 12%
Thousand tons
$/ton of Carbon
Marginal Cost of Carbon in Costa Rica
Sheet2
Sheet3
MBD000202B7.xls
Chart1
9.31892229268.45074383585.952488687810.35136361859.2579850108
10.37465301759.25798501087.428705882411.03271757269.5736702768
10.49867148539.57367027688.073130223911.21169178239.7490196433
11.00693908459.74901964338.207390648611.894991405810.0294313267
11.189721630410.02943132678.298054112511.926959930210.2987539122
11.371242780710.29875391228.374625262511.932775623110.8114147019
11.576076229610.4350872498.374625262512.189913311310.9056445847
12.064266283510.81141470198.374625262512.319846630110.9354992773
12.477435003910.90564458478.374625262512.570438473111.1220108896
12.495167524410.93549927738.374625262512.619033284511.1220108896
12.522791713311.12201088969.006620689712.936078648211.1678110588
12.529414404311.12201088969.006620689713.004153720811.2788795061
12.798611835111.16781105889.006620689713.343780424711.5012570175
13.120168998211.27887950619.006620689713.343780424712.2457903731
13.14933375311.50125701759.006620689713.493872671712.6761157537
13.150612556411.70566114949.041347734513.782251399712.7837184455
13.533672684611.99416352579.522204304113.997152030612.9720694658
13.533672684612.24579037319.670648192414.15702077413.219626643
13.585561487712.78371844559.670648192414.556535689213.2369405934
13.868761441612.97206946589.670648192414.652321599513.3831314502
14.11666679513.19559471979.670648192414.892546722613.4084038629
14.358486069613.2196266439.670648192415.108545568113.4163660953
14.548321435713.23694059349.670648192415.163711589713.4163660953
14.64317443213.383131450210.242823529415.343627898514.0620189883
14.730051095313.408403862910.242823529415.890380460814.0879003049
14.906924642913.416366095310.242823529416.278749499314.4974225697
15.323551793513.416366095310.242823529416.364255225814.9157447261
15.328582596414.062018988310.242823529416.424006235814.9468525889
15.608534545814.087900304910.358727947316.424006235815.0650816775
15.855287201114.268505159310.463351351416.671397016815.4093484655
15.892736185414.497422569710.463351351417.348479560215.6205698039
16.440855534514.536192300310.463351351417.65202095515.6483430493
16.597131165614.905936888610.521081081118.938776714715.6526308735
16.675809083714.915744726110.557667227719.050059833517.1970225438
17.213621920314.946852588910.932444073419.083253232417.3507783009
17.213621920315.065081677511.200943446819.45186819717.4163699233
17.82222650215.243975892811.200943446819.585101859917.558491724
18.195160061315.409348465511.200943446819.600258888917.9912452886
18.823498460315.620569803911.200943446819.856960199319.6989499295
19.455951001915.648343049311.200943446820.58328604719.7933920795
19.604372839917.061988279111.237030741121.596500670321.4027577389
20.247715236517.197022543811.423390290322.142035336621.8042884505
20.349646729217.350778300912.16515837123.581334366422.0663079429
20.48902963817.416369923312.16515837124.348803978522.3589053328
20.504886222219.180571865612.16515837127.570338043322.8659638392
21.575355315119.565331184112.232277526428.097363000925.3686364301
24.165037243619.698949929512.232277526429.686543463725.5695680224
24.185104220822.066307942912.403213726431.90894415225.5929824187
24.792739923925.157880044212.403213726431.965218358625.6676971228
26.723101307125.368636430112.403213726435.607545477526.2551603995
28.698128986225.470100891713.10859807835.752480351527.4227367193
29.256933884125.569568022413.439448579835.768641054728.3050958048
30.584321995925.667697122813.746947368436.66730591728.6669584123
31.641423531226.255160399513.746947368437.679560299128.7708577984
31.864960781527.016427965613.746947368437.882887064929.1189316752
32.048284210827.422736719313.746947368438.446314687129.3479967762
32.448716749828.305095804813.813882405539.782016846230.2850441172
32.704013852328.666958412314.974963978740.164031945131.4795714735
32.722923306528.861118061914.974963978740.456575930533.7099081229
33.058951086829.118931675214.974963978741.611189021634.8141831356
33.058951086829.33631370814.974963978742.259453640935.4996066133
33.980378060129.932775902515.057585750142.485032120335.7583660666
34.355706585230.285044117215.057585750143.780000286636.9447880718
35.145612147231.336536817715.48571260943.784424027537.7368200664
35.685559153531.479571473516.977260018645.867269145738.2051513376
36.075026196731.628706200217.871993523245.946596327338.5350846253
36.760001667732.261122049418.030553116846.323300688538.6810246099
37.981370856532.355333123818.030553116846.83280766838.8959900752
38.385415158633.709908122918.030553116846.97137240638.8959900752
39.052983777234.705211512918.109168283747.313728160940.5246419484
39.416559586134.705211512918.203977994147.313728160941.3714481122
40.178104132834.765095355618.424900057147.37925695441.7573506075
40.799061272834.814183135618.424900057147.585008100342.2990294534
40.854949356835.499606613318.526556253648.584266969642.5061282068
40.865905843235.758366066618.526556253648.779855037543.0377024881
41.233904903835.959515937618.691072595749.062525425643.2008214833
42.120713785136.050841287719.016671620149.413498744643.2916770929
42.419004639336.801467373919.139608574149.969063455243.953183124
44.129068606836.944788071819.139608574149.969063455244.004470562
44.13738804438.535084625319.139608574150.532260139244.2925004309
45.589099754238.681024609919.453191382751.317067530544.8991638537
46.509207710938.895990075219.560520998651.322830978145.2090199505
46.595340113138.895990075219.845302897351.492773604747.0048052265
47.31167520639.442532117119.845302897352.454736047547.4430593003
47.749245221539.871671197220.879019536552.498639799347.7324233756
48.391435470140.5228956520.879019536552.707355332347.9100020583
49.123417165741.055001755320.879019536556.172822010948.3916830741
49.409766947441.127916888620.879019536556.973825350648.5329996856
49.600059913341.371448112220.994215912357.328571765452.0578172694
49.864829936141.42557326920.994215912358.135667526452.0578172694
50.461105763741.757350607521.065983224659.59629001952.1476430334
50.461105763742.299029453421.448427487559.638634690253.9392739064
51.828203752542.506128206821.582729259760.898001453854.0762619315
51.841969153142.696956376721.618454051161.359028057954.2511677244
52.845491084743.037702488121.618454051161.680654312655.2022010609
53.277627205743.200821483321.618454051163.853717642355.6043670958
53.756670077243.95318312421.618454051164.002295456356.3444780271
54.422806698444.292500430921.618454051164.671929708556.5896308227
56.384903073645.209019950521.941117544467.042106500659.1637981757
58.298497916247.732423375622.116420923467.769761766459.8075067958
58.355159332447.910002058322.543309968769.574100146660.784343475
59.401606892249.196952629524.083655012870.999937967261.582502633
59.821296420150.114448251324.306905921171.346343158461.6918753329
60.284657091650.752674284324.799436294971.68200325262.1383599035
61.913530252452.721524126924.799436294973.405179913664.045434565
64.105152058252.794068787424.799436294973.700923742964.0513164178
64.523415063852.832350293224.799436294979.047789877964.0534806967
65.267327401754.251167724424.86159809179.343640387769.407224677
66.704697528854.489476818724.929711753479.514061230769.5001004257
67.589389002755.604367095824.992874587679.615850353270.6491954774
68.759009600756.344478027125.311013220180.002129073771.0254664308
73.487172749656.589630822725.392578436180.509337902571.093299498
73.691555335161.860838996525.829132262586.396300637573.7954289443
74.603384033664.051316417825.888799393288.40467717874.7198602662
79.496437410664.053480696728.679887446389.026680930775.1716723769
79.977628913564.178338816328.916539934389.083875717276.1290114265
80.287937223366.849213600629.472638283298.918211684879.0822861904
80.377209302967.363039076729.635248462899.665286145979.1911031811
80.79514605269.40722467730.4944899163100.950737977479.2271144527
81.977572791969.500100425730.5746858075102.284539529679.2485254397
82.048137899770.649195477430.6105420983103.685706796879.885679832
83.315686729471.025466430831.1152802056104.478257091481.3473507523
84.275402786671.09329949832.5675767686108.701763674981.7342152281
84.275402786672.783245578233.3816659245108.759053395192.7912584947
89.36280207374.719860266233.5658434874111.975994882493.2715386791
89.465016258675.314609319233.844766043116.396455730993.5241181752
89.476269388379.227114452735.9307149768118.71055977196.2675082245
90.302954836779.88567983237.5152941176118.9950551648100.2738204009
93.150726800480.260894034337.6153995138121.1894091925101.044558615
95.901562996581.347350752337.666667297122.0414082923109.1748683672
96.405690318881.718189243739.2184698857123.5081096751112.9719139788
100.158353194882.077883056139.2314553123124.8839134035120.3913410515
101.133828811382.077883056139.6570983977124.8839134035122.5772838655
101.331878518883.925386783941.6059748285127.2827920009123.1168245842
104.872715817286.836065979942.6624889199131.07088327123.1168245842
104.955327696388.869164777944.2392584497133.556751725125.8880801759
107.619875154793.142729368844.5778191985134.1336266457130.2540989699
109.112168292993.271538679148.2496671383138.347645376133.3037471668
109.668865574693.524118175248.2533649445138.3636319877138.9563651754
109.941146695896.217547572449.1799183772142.1121951662139.7140940532
112.675844850498.980923066650.3452368079143.198468922144.3263213586
115.477478039299.62761153450.682626949147.4711685919148.4713846
119.3059574641100.931233046851.0818439118160.8226252693149.441417301
120.63754496107.346184768552.5050250882162.7623929834151.3968495703
127.8546430847109.429133531354.4369787421163.8495487783161.0192771528
131.8731877804120.59332333455.3718249041169.9153992376163.8666827234
132.7602366587124.896010170661.6570875279170.4609219836164.143700297
137.2415680951125.255771096565.3435778911180.2756847527180.8899850011
139.1513451659126.536904318668.4138209458197.7837360498187.3440152559
139.5045979822136.915000027172.2802461465204.1954505059187.8836566447
146.3367828811138.956365175472.8507879545208.0608869885189.8053564779
153.8797812334152.117719060480.3280263035210.0617363311196.8133560227
161.13378468160.317143797780.6357263447216.7498792464204.3988672627
169.6820079625163.866682723484.2336899865227.5464077728205.3725000407
170.3218248778167.485607880585.6343521214232.9237350118228.1765785906
173.4925788252172.8774226134103.6506431585240.6013903306240.4757156966
177.2802899264176.0467736127105.3052070031253.3961063599251.2284118208
181.7815429634176.6827424556117.3980798572258.3532717846259.3161339201
210.4544397457182.4628714392118.2657069071264.6507154303264.070160419
211.8715660097196.8133560227139.4677909464270.2135920425265.0241136834
218.1690684506204.3988672627142.0469474591305.4403982138273.6943071588
226.4549403589208.0576554451143.3137812568316.5376295551312.0864831676
232.9130833895210.1692638319156.3437726899326.0227006428315.2538957479
233.3403718434216.7807319291158.1396661751337.4772533679325.1710978937
233.5221010676241.8294227397183.8300890421348.0555378496362.7441341096
305.7903328978250.9082930826270.6294371172348.9360487422376.3624396239
309.657385163279.2299238146305.3178615932463.7877862006418.8448857219
433.608182633391.0113496492347.1392149896578.6203620219426.3402106207
579.4507014388426.3402106207475.1624747708649.4222696996586.5170244737
MPAP 0%
MPAP 5%
MPAP 12%
MPAP PLUS 5%
MPAP PLUS 12%
MPAP Plus 5%
MPAP Plus 12%
MPAP 0%
MPAP 5%
MPAP 12%
Thousand tons
$
Figure 6.2. Sensitivity Analysis of MC of Carbon in Costa Rica
Plots
MPAP Plus 5%MPAP Plus 12%PAPMPAP 5%MPAP 12%
MTM Carbono$MTM Carbono$MTM Carbono$MTM Carbono$MTM Carbono$
39282601009010002000300040005000600070008000
71029371110105010002000300040005000600070008000
710210178111010
13112104781121610
131117109782121610
131117109783122411
50281219109783123411
50281227119783123611
5029123811277823133611
5029123911277827133611
5030133911277929134111
5030134011279930134211
5034134511279931134212
5036134511279931139912
643413451228091421310013
64541322271228191441410013
645414222912287101471410013
645514228612328101471410013
645614228613348101591510013
666714228613366101721510113
677714289413386101941510113
677814289413388101941510413
679815289513397102021511213
680215289513401102051511314
681415289513662104281611414
685415289813665104311611414
685415290613665104401611515
686715290714680104461611815
688916290914681104591612015
6922162924148561038021712515
6930162924149391038021712616
7153163009159391038021812616
71621730261510051138021912716
71621730271510121147341922017
71681730301512111147361922017
71811730321512121147371922317
718218304115121211474220167818
718218304615121311474320167918
720719304616121311474620168720
720719304616122911488621209220
721020304617124911490022210321
721320313917125311492722215922
721320313917125312494924216422
721820314317127212495024217522
721921315419127212496728218123
721922315420127512497928218925
735024316120127512498530219326
735324316622127712498532219326
735325321925127712502432220626
818827322825127712503136229626
820029322925128213511936231327
821929323226229913512036231328
822531324526231014512037231429
822932333626231014513438232129
823932333627235614513538247729
824132335227235614569138247729
824632335328600514571140247730
828533335329605815584740247731
831533369329606315584840249334
831533384929609315584942249735
831633385829609615585042249835
832834386030610115586242250836
833434386030612615586244250837
833435387431613515588744254438
836436387431614617588746254438
837136387832618118588946254539
837137388032619118589246256639
838538388132620018591147256639
838538389734621918591247256739
839739389735622118591247256741
847639389735622118591247256741
849540391035622118591647256742
849641391435622118592348256742
849641391535622119614249256843
863341392536623119615049256943
863441392536623219616649256943
863542392736623719616649279743
863642393237623919616750284144
866044393337626119616750284744
866044393339628319617251284744
869046395439628619617251284945
869247395539630120617251285145
869647395539630420617851286047
869747398939647920621552286347
870148398940648021623552293848
870448399041648521623553293848
892349400441648821623656293948
894849400441649721624357294049
894850400441649721629657294052
896550400941651921629658294052
896550400942654721629660294952
896650400942654721629860294954
896652401043655622629961295154
897252401243656122630061296054
900953401343656122630062296355
901253401443656222643464299156
902654405844656222643864299156
907454405844656322650965299457
907556406145656322651067301659
910258413648657122653068301660
910258413648665123653270301761
910359413849667424653571302662
910360413950667624653871302662
910560416251676925655472302962
910662417453677425660473303164
923964418553703325662074303164
924365418653703525662979303164
931565419554703825663079303169
932567420154703925666280303270
932568422856704125666480305871
937169422956704325672080306071
937173423157704425672081306071
942074425362706226673886306174
943675425364706226673988306175
945979425364706329673989306275
945980425364706629674389307776
951580425767706629674999308579
9516804257677111306762100309279
9516814258697211306762101309979
9519824258707251316792102310079
9532824285717265316792104310280
9580834286717903316793104310881
9589844286717919336793109311282
9591844287737923336793109312693
9591894287758017346796112313593
9595894309758017346811116313694
9597894316798017366815119313696
96079043188080183868151193139100
96099343248080843868241213139101
96109643308180853868261223139109
96189643318280923968581243154113
963010043348281103968641253158120
963110143358281104068651253159123
963110143458481194268731273159123
963210543498781384368891313162123
963210543508981794468901343168126
963210843519381804568971343171130
963210943609381814868981383171133
967511043619481844869001383178139
974211043619681974969001423178140
974511343819981975069051433179144
9747115438110082125169061473192148
9751119438410182125169061613192149
9751121438510782185369341633194151
9759128441310982185469791643194161
9775132441412182195569921703209164
9866133441612582236269931703228164
9871137441612582236569931803228181
9872139443812782446870541983230187
9919140447513782457270572043230188
9971146448113982467370882083244190
9972154450315282478071152103250197
10016161450316082778171502173251204
10017170451716482908471512283276205
10029170453516783088671622333290228
100401734540173831110471922413290240
100421774541176831110571922533302251
100531824546177833311771992583305259
100802104546182833311872002653306264
100802124551197835213972082703309265
100812184553204835314272103053309274
100862264553208835814372103173309312
100862334553210836015672113263309315
100972334555217836015872143373311325
100972344555242836118472143483311363
101003064555251836627172143493311376
101193104565279836630572274643317419
101234344567391838634772285793318426
101245794567426838947572316493319587
Plots
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00000
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MPAP Plus 5%
MPAP Plus 12%
PAP
MPAP 5%
MPAP 12%
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Miles de Toneladas Mtricas
$
Costo Marginal del Carbono
MPAP Plus 5%
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00000
00000
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00000
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00000
00000
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00000
00000
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00000
00000
00000
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00000
00000
00000
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00000
00000
00000
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00000
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00000
00000
00000
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00000
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00000
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00000
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00000
00000
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00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
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PAP
MPAP 5%
MPAP 12%
MPAP PLUS 5%
MPAP PLUS 12%
MPAP Plus 5%
MPAP Plus 12%
PAP
MPAP 5%
MPAP 12%
Thousand tons
$
Costa Rica Sensitivity Analysis of Carbon Cost
MPAP 5%
Insumos para el Grfico
Carbonocosto/ton% acumuladocar.accumulado
342290%0%39
3963100%0%710
58100%0%710
5269110%0%1311
523110%0%1311
53110%0%1311
50146001250%50%502812
408120%50%502812
817120%50%502912
3120%50%502912
423130%50%503013
880130%50%503013
3873130%50%503413
2107130%50%503613
13979921314%64%643413
19722130%64%645413
140140%64%645414
293140%64%645514
1607140%64%645614
210654142%66%666714
110670141%67%677714
28140%67%677814
20943150%67%679815
3135150%67%680215
12368150%67%681415
40288150%68%685415
23150%68%685415
12591150%68%686715
22182160%68%688916
33319160%68%692216
7853160%68%693016
223005162%71%715316
8662170%71%716217
375170%71%716217
5892170%71%716817
13097170%71%718117
278180%71%718218
6180%71%718218
25813190%71%720719
68190%71%720719
2232200%71%721020
3324200%71%721320
9200%71%721320
5332200%71%721820
670210%71%721921
150220%71%721922
130967241%73%735024
2506240%73%735324
204250%73%735325
835150278%81%818827
12044290%81%820029
18884290%81%821929
6414310%81%822531
3616320%81%822932
10580320%81%823932
1306320%81%824132
5400320%81%824632
39120330%82%828533
29379330%82%831533
68330%82%831533
847330%82%831633
11992340%82%832834
6536340%82%833434
366350%82%833435
29745360%83%836436
6835360%83%837136
34370%83%837137
13491380%83%838538
844380%83%838538
11420390%83%839739
78876391%84%847639
19310400%84%849540
1090410%84%849641
265410%84%849641
136567411%85%863341
875410%85%863441
1257420%85%863542
628420%85%863642
24451440%86%866044
20440%86%866044
29860460%86%869046
1903470%86%869247
4111470%86%869647
469470%86%869747
4278480%86%870148
3551480%86%870448
218550492%88%892349
25321490%88%894849
180500%88%894850
16115500%89%896550
421500%89%896550
908500%89%896650
83520%89%896652
5893520%89%897252
37227530%89%900953
2973530%89%901253
13874540%89%902654
48136540%90%907454
782560%90%907556
27260580%90%910258
100580%90%910258
553590%90%910359
90600%90%910360
2161600%90%910560
597620%90%910662
133663641%91%923964
3729650%91%924365
71537651%92%931565
9989670%92%932567
668680%92%932568
45381690%93%937169
62730%93%937173
49415740%93%942074
15776750%93%943675
23215790%93%945979
190800%93%945980
55871801%94%951580
963800%94%951680
152810%94%951681
2508820%94%951982
13557820%94%953282
47949830%95%958083
8821840%95%958984
1960840%95%959184
475890%95%959189
3565890%95%959589
1624890%95%959789
9939900%95%960790
2585930%95%960993
914960%95%961096
7655960%95%961896
125811000%95%9630100
9781010%95%9631101
391010%95%9631101
7411050%95%9632105
1921050%95%9632105
691080%95%9632108
741090%95%9632109
425861100%96%9675110
669761101%96%9742110
26591130%96.2%9745113
23541150%96%9747115
38651190%96%9751119
761210%96%9751121
83591280%96.4%9759128
158601320%97%9775132
910791331%97%9866133
50261370%97%9871137
8811390%98%9872139
464341400%98%9919140
526231461%98%9971146
3331540%98%9972154
446971610%99%10016161
2681700%99%10017170
125581700%99%10029170
105951730%99%10040173
24321770%99%10042177
110391820%99%10053182
268772100%100%10080210
4502120%100%10080212
4852180%100%10081218
46442260%100%10086226
3532330%100%10086233
113202330%100%10097233
2272340%100%10097234
20333060%100%10100306
198043100%100%10119310
41654340%100%10123434
9555790%100%10124579
10124453
MPAP 12%
Insumos para el Grfico
Carbonocosto/ton%% acumuladocar.accumulado
58100%0%010
523110%0%111
53110%0%111
408120%0%112
817120%0%212
880120%0%312
423120%0%312
3120%0%312
19722130%0%2313
3873130%0%2713
2107130%0%2913
1607130%0%3013
140130%0%3113
293130%0%3113
110670132%2%14213
2282140%2%14414
3135140%2%14714
28140%2%14714
12368150%2%15915
12591150%2%17215
22182150%3%19415
23150%3%19415
7853150%3%20215
2642150%3%20515
223005163%6%42816
3513160%6%43116
8662160%6%44016
5892160%6%44616
13097160%6%45916
33430671746%53%380217
278170%53%380217
6180%53%380218
68190%53%380219
9319951913%65%473419
2232190%66%473619
9190%66%473719
5332200%66%474220
670200%66%474320
3324200%66%474620
140436212%68%488621
13962220%68%490022
26858220%68%492722
22213240%68%494924
250240%68%495024
17208280%69%496728
12044280%69%497928
6414300%69%498530
100320%69%498532
39120321%69%502432
6835360%70%503136
87311361%71%511936
1671360%71%512036
136370%71%512037
13491380%71%513438
844380%71%513538
556767388%79%569138
19310400%79%571140
136567402%81%584740
265400%81%584840
1257420%81%584942
628420%81%585042
12589420%81%586242
20440%81%586244
24451440%81%588744
870460%81%588746
1903460%81%588946
2410460%81%589246
19586470%82%591147
469470%82%591247
565470%82%591247
45470%82%591247
3600470%82%591647
7053480%82%592348
218550493%85%614249
7995490%85%615049
16115490%85%616649
180490%85%616649
908500%85%616750
421500%85%616750
4357510%85%617251
244510%85%617251
83510%85%617251
5893510%85%617851
37227521%86%621552
19830520%86%623552
23530%86%623553
782560%86%623656
7613570%86%624357
52584571%87%629657
100580%87%629658
90600%87%629660
2161600%87%629860
727610%87%629961
583610%87%630061
597620%87%630062
133663642%89%643464
3729640%89%643864
71537651%90%650965
668670%90%651067
19907680%90%653068
2740700%90%653270
2367710%90%653571
2852710%90%653871
16881720%91%655472
49415731%91%660473
15776740%92%662074
9249790%92%662979
963790%92%663079
32090800%92%666280
1982800%92%666480
55871801%93%672080
152810%93%672081
18174860%93%673886
368880%93%673988
475890%93%673989
3565890%93%674389
6659990%93%674999
125811000%94%6762100
391010%94%6762101
302541020%94%6792102
1921040%94%6792104
7411040%94%6793104
741090%94%6793109
421090%94%6793109
26591120%94%6796112
154761160%94%6811116
38651190%94%6815119
1261190%94%6815119
90381210%94%6824121
16721220%94%6826122
319661240%95%6858124
58811250%95%6864125
13071250%95%6865125
83591270%95%6873127
158601310%95%6889131
10831340%95%6890134
66261340%95%6897134
8811380%95%6898138
17231380%95%6900138
6091420%95%6900142
51041430%95.5%6905143
6521470%96%6906147
461610%96%6906161
283911630%96%6934163
446501641%96.5%6979164
125581700%97%6992170
15691700%97%6993170
511800%97%6993180
607191981%98%7054198
33512040%98%7057204
309562080%98%7088208
268772100%98%7115210
350822170%99%7150217
2222280%99%7151228
113202330%99%7162233
297982410%99%7192241
1792530%99%7192253
70632580%100%7199258
16212650%100%7200265
73592700%100%7208270
20333050%100%7210305
3003170%100%7210317
3233260%100%7211326
30963370%100%7214337
2353480%100%7214348
1513490%100%7214349
132034640%100%7227464
9555790%100%7228579
27776490%100%7231649
7230924
MPAP Plus 12%
Insumos para el Grfico
Carbonocosto/ton%% acumuladocar.accumuladoTablexx. Marginal Cost of the MPAP
290%0%09% CumulativeTotal CarbonMarginal Cost
27100%0%0100%2.00$9.26
235100%0%0104%120.29$15.07
15308100%0%16107%223.35$17.42
241100%0%161051%1,677.81$17.56
7898110%1%241151%1,679.18$17.99
10521110%1%341151%1,686.70$19.70
1857110%1%361163%2,092.18$19.79
73110%1%361163%2,102.59$21.40
151110%1%361175%2,477.01$30.29
4955110%1%411177%2,566.87$40.52
855110%1%421189%2,939.87$48.53
22120%1%421289%2,939.89$52.06
56441122%3%991291%3,016.39$59.81
1069130%3%1001391%3,016.70$60.78
13130%3%1001392%3,058.16$70.65
165130%3%1001395%3,138.83$100.27
158130%3%1001396%3,170.87$130.25
341130%3%1001396%3,194.12$151.40
366130%3%1011396%3,194.38$161.02
4130%3%1011397%3,208.80$163.87
3352130%3%1041397%3,227.66$164.14
7451130%3%1121397%3,228.30$180.89
1498140%3%1131497%3,229.86$187.34
1342140%3%1141498%3,251.09$204.40
10140%3%11414100%3,309.35$312.09
787150%3%11515100%3,317.10$418.84
3234150%4%11815100%3,318.93$586.52
1912150%4%12015
5007150%4%12515
389160%4%12616
37160%4%12616
1116160%4%12716
92997173%7%22017
4170%7%22017
3507170%7%22317
14544601844%51%167818
1370180%51%167918
7525200%51%168720
4054812012%63%209220
10407210%63%210321
56654222%65%215922
4740220%65%216422
11345220%66%217522
5632230%66%218123
8510250%66%218925
3328260%66%219326
106260%66%219326
12768260%66%220626
90698263%69%229626
16574270%70%231327
486280%70%231328
131290%70%231429
7269290%70%232129
155982295%75%247729
47290%75%247729
151300%75%247730
12310%75%247731
16314340%75%249334
3691350%75%249735
1056350%75%249835
9575360%76%250836
253370%76%250837
35612381%77%254438
674380%77%254438
479390%77%254539
21410391%77%256639
231390%77%256639
498390%77%256739
53410%77%256741
44410%77%256741
58420%77%256742
264420%77%256742
528430%77%256843
1280430%77%256943
440430%77%256943
227092437%84%279743
44827441%86%284144
5465440%86%284744
51440%86%284744
1687450%86%284945
2243450%86%285145
9069470%86%286047
2979470%86%286347
75207482%89%293848
371480%89%293848
1018480%89%293948
382490%89%294049
19520%89%294052
239520%89%294052
8710520%89%294952
103540%89%294954
1777540%89%295154
9193540%89%296054
3261550%89%296355
27436561%90%299156
583560%90%299156
2363570%90%299457
22827591%91%301659
9600%91%301660
307610%91%301761
9326620%91%302662
246620%91%302662
3105620%91%302962
1336640%91%303164
26640%91%303164
242640%91%303164
469690%91%303169
123700%91%303270
26587711%92%305871
1773710%92%306071
72710%92%306071
1000740%92%306174
46750%92%306175
1068750%92%306275
14859760%93%307776
8514790%93%308579
6885790%93%309279
6672790%93%309979
837790%93%310079
2422800%93%310280
5508810%94%310881
3907820%94%311282
14174930%94%312693
9423930%94%313593
551940%94%313694
144960%94%313696
28131000%95%3139100
191010%95%3139101
581090%95%3139109
149761130%95%3154113
39321200%95%3158120
7061230%95%3159123
5681230%95%3159123
25591230%95%3162123
63121260%95%3168126
29101300%96%3171130
4571330%96%3171133
64351390%96%3178139
7281400%96%3178140
221440%95.8%3179144
133011480%96%3192148
2491490%96%3192149
20591510%96%3194151
2661610%96.2%3194161
144201640%97%3209164
188601641%97%3228164
6401810%97%3228181
15521870%97%3230187
201880%97%3230188
143341900%98%3244190
56061970%98%3250197
12702040%98%3251204
247662051%99%3276205
143092280%99%3290228
912400%99%3290240
120212510%99%3302251
29832590%100%3305259
6852640%100%3306264
31952650%100%3309265
702740%100%3309274
1423120%100%3309312
1273150%100%3309315
13603250%100%3311325
953630%100%3311363
593760%100%3311376
61134190%100%3317419
5424260%100%3318426
12865870%100%3319587
3318929100%
MPAP Plus 12%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Marginal Cost of Carbon
Thousand Tons
$
Costa Rica Modified Protected Areas Project
PAP
Insumos para el Grfico
Carbonocosto/ton% acumuladocar.accumulado
160380%0%28
290%0%29
27100%0%210
235100%0%210
15308100%0%1710
241100%0%1710
1674100%0%1910
7898110%1%2711
10521110%1%3811
1857110%1%3911
73110%1%3911
151110%1%4011
4955110%1%4511
855110%1%4511
22120%1%4512
21816911248%49%222712
2054120%49%222912
56441121%50%228612
13130%50%228613
165130%50%228613
6082211313%63%289413
158130%63%289413
341130%63%289513
366130%63%289513
4130%63%289513
3352130%63%289813
7451130%64%290613
1498140%64%290714
1342140%64%290914
15610140%64%292414
10140%64%292414
84981152%66%300915
17017150%66%302615
787150%66%302715
3234150%66%303015
1912150%66%303215
8449150%67%304115
5007150%67%304615
389160%67%304616
37160%67%304616
158170%67%304617
92997172%69%313917
4170%69%313917
3507170%69%314317
10903190%69%315419
70200%69%315420
7525200%69%316120
4740220%69%316622
53418251%70%321925
8510250%71%322825
1011250%71%322925
3328260%71%323226
12768260%71%324526
90698262%73%333626
80270%73%333627
16574270%73%335227
486280%73%335328
131290%73%335329
340638297%81%369329
155982293%84%384929
8198290%84%385829
2530300%85%386030
151300%85%386030
13604310%85%387431
12310%85%387431
4469320%85%387832
1527320%85%388032
573320%85%388132
16314340%85%389734
358350%85%389735
29350%85%389735
13064350%86%391035
3691350%86%391435
1056350%86%391535
9575360%86%392536
155360%86%392536
2666360%86%392736
4891370%86%393237
253370%86%393337
479390%86%393339
21410390%87%395439
231390%87%395539
498390%87%395539
34240391%87%398939
14400%87%398940
460410%87%399041
13989410%88%400441
370410%88%400441
44410%88%400441
4658410%88%400941
58420%88%400942
264420%88%400942
528430%88%401043
2004430%88%401243
1280430%88%401343
440430%88%401443
44827441%89%405844
51440%89%405844
2243450%89%406145
75207482%91%413648
371480%91%413648
1500490%91%413849
1603500%91%413950
22289510%91%416251
12771530%91%417453
10328530%92%418553
1256530%92%418653
9193540%92%419554
5860540%92%420154
27436561%93%422856
583560%93%422956
2363570%93%423157
21261620%93%425362
26640%93%425364
242640%93%425364
215640%93%425364
4219670%93%425767
29670%93%425767
469690%93%425869
123700%93%425870
26587711%94%428571
1773710%94%428671
72710%94%428671
88730%94%428773
46750%94%428775
22464750%94%430975
6672790%94%431679
2422800%95%431880
5898800%95%432480
5508810%95%433081
1059820%95%433182
3838820%95%433482
853820%95%433582
9469840%95%434584
4365870%95%434987
686890%95%435089
1092930%95%435193
9423930%95%436093
551940%95%436194
32960%95%436196
19952990%95.9%438199
3731000%96%4381100
30881010%96%4384101
3991070%96%4385107
282901091%96.6%4413109
9601210%97%4414121
23271250%97%4416125
311250%97%4416125
215011270%97%4438127
371491371%98%4475137
64351390%98%4481139
214641520%99%4503152
1361600%99%4503160
144201640%99%4517164
180321670%99%4535167
44751730%99%4540173
10271760%99%4541176
47921770%100%4546177
1041820%100%4546182
56061970%100%4551197
12702040%100%4553204
2132080%100%4553208
1902100%100%4553210
20402170%100%4555217
1422420%100%4555242
882510%100%4555251
91702790%100%4565279
19293910%100%4567391
5424260%100%4567426
4567070
Insumos para el Grfico
Carbonocosto/ton% acumuladocar.accumulado
247860%0%26
95570%0%37
1310280%0%178
3034480%1%478
4989181%1%978
480%1%978
22580%1%978
46880%1%978
17913782%3%2778
4780%3%2778
78590%3%2779
154890%3%2799
6790%3%2799
6690%3%2799
54190%3%2809
100290%3%2819
6033100%3%28710
41206100%4%32810
19925100%4%34810
18414100%4%36610
19474100%5%38610
2778100%5%38810
8034100%5%39710
4793100%5%40110
260862103%8%66210
2673100%8%66510
566100%8%66510
14790100%8%68010
385100%8%68110
175138102%10%85610
83215101%11%93910
226100%11%93910
65450111%12%100511
7206110%12%101211
199369112%14%121111
1045110%14%121211
128110%14%121211
212110%14%121311
138110%14%121311
16546110%15%122911
19821110%15%124911
3681110%15%125311
715120%15%125312
18250120%15%127212
631120%15%127212
2839120%15%127512
28120%15%127512
1361120%15%127712
630120%15%127712
128120%15%127712
4706130%15%128213
10172611312%27%229913
10358140%28%231014
714140%28%231014
45761141%28%235614
25140%28%235614
36489171443%72%600514
52967151%72%605815
4729150%72%606315
30685150%73%609315
3008150%73%609615
4364150%73%610115
24717150%73%612615
9666150%73%613515
10630170%73%614617
34910180%74%618118
10433180%74%619118
8479180%74%620018
18847180%74%621918
2249180%74%622118
395180%74%622118
105180%74%622118
13180%74%622118
9190%74%622119
10082190%74%623119
1084190%74%623219
4993190%74%623719
1362190%74%623919
22197190%75%626119
21845190%75%628319
3314190%75%628619
14914200%75%630120
3392200%75%630420
174682202%77%647920
937210%77%648021
5075210%77%648521
3038210%77%648821
8344210%77%649721
847210%77%649721
22000210%78%651921
27267210%78%654721
234210%78%654721
9492220%78%655622
4437220%78%656122
245220%78%656122
954220%78%656222
48220%78%656222
522220%78%656322
98220%78%656322
8725220%78%657122
79428231%79%665123
22920240%80%667424
1736240%80%667624
93651251%81%676925
5060250%81%677425
259079253%84%703325
1295250%84%703525
3391250%84%703825
619250%84%703925
2011250%84%704125
2372250%84%704325
1230250%84%704425
17369260%84%706226
294260%84%706226
633290%84%706329
3066290%84%706629
60290%84%706629
44951301%85%711130
100064301%86%721130
40449310%86%725131
13509310%87%726531
638090318%94%790331
16349330%94%791933
4179330%94%792333
93419341%96%801734
72340%96%801734
166360%96%801736
1030380%96%801838
66487381%96%808438
495380%96%808538
6928390%96%809239
17737390%97%811039
592400%97%811040
9163420%97%811942
18764430%97%813843
40724440%97%817944
1169450%98%818045
667480%98%818148
3012480%98%818448
13549490%98%819749
67500%97.7%819750
14329510%98%821251
618510%98%821251
6021530%98%821853
55540%98.0%821854
260550%98%821955
4408620%98%822362
334650%98%822365
20592680%98%824468
773720%98%824572
1425730%98%824673
747800%98%824780
30515810%99%827781
12370840%99%829084
18625860%99%830886
24501040%99%8311104
2561050%99%8311105
217571170%99%8333117
271180%99%8333118
193241390%100%8352139
4441420%100%8353142
53791430%100%8358143
15791560%100%8360156
131580%100%8360158
17971840%100%8361184
47942710%100%8366271
923050%100%8366305
200233470%100%8386347
28024750%100%8389475
8389081
Sheet1
Perspectives0-1 mill.1 mill.2 mill.3 mill.4 mill.5 mill.6 mill.8 mill.
TonsTonsTonsTonsTonsTonsTonsTons
Ecologists (PAP)$6$11$13$14$14$14$14$31
Policy Maker 5%$10$16$17$17$19$23$48
Policy Maker 12%$10$18$20$48
Note * : We called Policy Maker or Government Perspective the scenario including only the carbon from
trees, assuming that all land parcels have to be acquired by the state to be fully protected.
Sheet2
Sheet3
MBD000E6E5F.doc
Perspectives
0-1 mill. Tons
1 mill. Tons
2 mill. Tons
3 mill. Tons
4 mill. Tons
5 mill. Tons
6 mill. Tons
8 mill. Tons
Ecologists perspective (PAP)
$6
11
13
14
14
14
14
31
Policy Maker perspective 5%
$10
16
17
17
19
23
48
Policy Maker Perspective 12%
$10
18
20
48
-
Normalized Analysis of Carbon Cost of Regions in the US and Costa RicaRef: Castro Salazar, 1999
Chart1
101010
202020
303030
404040
505050
757575
100100100
200200200
300300300
USA Delta Regions Stavins (1998)
USA, Richards (1997)
Costa Rica
% of Carbon Tons Available
$/ton
Sheet1
Costo Marginal de la Produccin de Carbono en 40 aosTable 6. Simulated Annual Carbon Supply by Price in Regions and Projects in Costa Rica, USA and Europe
(Cifras en $)$/ thousand tons$0$10$20$30$40$50$75$100$200$300Extreme Values
1 milln TMC2 millones3 millones4 millones5 millones6 millones7 millones8 millonesCountry/regionDescriptionin (0000) tons$/ton
PAP11.0013.0014.0014141425311-Costa Rica
MPAP 5%16.0017.0017.00192348a-MPAP plus (1999)Forest and bottom-up100462526542572616645646647648$579
MPAP 12%18.0020.0048.00% available for sale a each price15%71%81%84%88%95%100%100%100%100%
MPAP Plus 5%11.0011.0011.001212131626b-PAP (1998)Forest and bottom-up100300312400
MPAP Plus 12%12.0012.0015.0040% available for sale a each price25%75%78%100%
2-USA
a-Stavins Delta states(1998)Forest and bottom-up9972,0323,1034,2075,3458,7839,23811,02011,63812,610.71$739
Costo Marginal de la Produccin de Carbono por ao% available for sale a each price8%16%25%33%42%70%73%87%92%100%
Cifras en $b-Richards (1997)Forest and bottom-up100,000200,000300,000317,500335,000400,000425,000450,000450,000450,000$160
100 mil TMC200 mil300 mil400 mil500 mil% available for sale a each price22%44%67%71%74%89%94%100%100%100%
PAP14.0014.0014.0038c- Wisconsin (1995)Energy and bottom-up1,3491,4462,7857,6188,62412,72913,11414,65214,73015,202$939
MPAP16.0017.0019.0051% available for sale a each price4%9%10%18%50%57%84%86%96%97%100%
MPAP Plus12.0012.0012.0013663Europe
Table #2 Stavins in metric units
Marginal CostsforestationAverage CostsAnnual carbonMarginal costsAverage costs
per hectarerelative to baselineper hectaresequestrationof carbonof carbonSequetrationInterpolacion
($/ha/yr)(1,000 ha)($/ha/yr)(1,ooo m ton/yr)($/Mton($/Mton)million tons/year
0.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Preciothousand tonNote: As expalin in Chapter VI most recent studies show features of both bottom-up
25518.0024.77711.43771interpo$10997and top-down. In this selective comparison only I included only studies that show the marginal cost curve,
501,057.0037.401,451.9115111interpo$202,032or a series os estimates rather than single point estimates. The idea here is to compare studies
741,615.0050.162,218.6922152interpo$303,103over the base of a cost per ton produce at different levels
992,192.0063.043,011.8029193interpo$404,207
1242,787.0076.023,828.4936224interpo$505,345Note a: The MPAP carbon offsets were annualized
1493,398.0089.074,668.7844265Note b: adapted from Stavins (1998) all values converted to metric units and certain values were interpolated from his results in Table 2, p.16, to prices rounded to multiples of ten.
1733,893.00102.235,349.3651305Note c: Adapted from Richards 1997, the $10 per ton is observed from Figure 3. P.17,
1984,224.00115.435,803.0958346All other values from Table 3, p.25
2234,455.00128.686,120.6966386Note d: Adapted from CEC (1993), all values converted to US 1996 dollars, Co2 converted to carbo with C=3.72CO2 tons, and assumed tha each country provides carbon offsets domestically to reach the stabilization level and then at increasing prices addition
2484,653.00141.986,392.9273426original$756,393
4956,579.00261.659,039.02150779interpo$1008,783
7437,484.00319.9010,283.122239410interpo$2009,238
9917,897.00352.3510,850.2729510411interpo$30011,020
1,2398,221.00386.3611,283.1236811411
1,4868,470.00419.1611,637.9344112312original$40011,638Table 7. Satbilization Scenario to 1990 Level Intertemporal Comparison of Carbon Cost reduction from various Studies from Costa Rica, USA and Europe
1,7348,689.00452.6511,938.2951413312Year2000201020202030
1,9828,874.00484.8012,193.2858614212Country/studyDescription
2,2299,038.00515.7412,418.33659152121-Costa RicaForest and bottom-up
2,4779,178.00543.7812,610.7173216013original$73212,610MPAP
2-USA
a-Rosenthal (1993)Hybrid
Table 3. USA Marginal Cost of Carbon ($/metric ton) and sensitivity analysisPrice in $/ton
Scenario0 MMT/yr100 MMT/yr200MMT/yr300MMT/yr400MMT/yearb- Wisconsin (1995)Energy and bottom up
Base case 100 years r=5%10.0020.1229.4043.4370.93Price in $/ton
100 years horizon r=8%32.0031.3547.4374.73127.67c-EMF (1993)Energy and top-down
Twenty years r=5%20.0033.0349.1975.28137.79Price in $/ton
Ref.: Adapted from Richards 1997, the $10 per ton is observed from Figure 3. P.17,3-Europe
$32 from Figure 5, p.19 and $20 from Figure 6, p.21. All other values from Table 3, p.25a- Crash study (1991)Energy and top-down
Price in $/ton
Table 4
Wisconsin Strategy for a Carbon Emissions Stabilization Scenario to the 1990 LevelNote: The majotity of these and early studies only provided a single point estimate per year
GHG reductionsCarbonCumulativeAnnualized CostsCumulative
(million tons)equivalent(million tons)CostPricesCarbon
CO2 cumulativeMillion Tons($ per tons)Scenariomillion tons/year
00.370.100.10(26)
1.721.350.360.46(21)
C0.050.010.48(6)
D0.030.010.48(3)
E1.160.310.800.0
F1.000.271.060.0
G0.200.051.121Table 8. Simulated Annual Carbon Supply by Price in Regions and Projects in Costa Rica, USA and Europe
H0.500.131.254$101,349original$/ thousand tons$10$20$30$40$50$75$100$200$300Extreme Values
I0.720.191.4522$201,446originalCountry/regionDescriptionin (0000) tons$/ton
J3.280.882.33221-Costa Rica
J0.770.212.5322a-MPAP plus (1999)Forest and bottom-up100462526542572616638646647$648$579
K0.880.242.7726% available for sale a each price15%71%81%84%88%95%98%100%100%100%
L0.050.012.7833$302,785originalb-PAP (1998)Forest and bottom-up100300312400
M0.150.042.8334% available for sale a each price25%75%78%100%
N0.190.052.88352-USA
O13.593.656.5338a-Stavins Delta states(1998)Forest and bottom-up9972,0323,1034,2075,3458,7839,23811,02011,63812,611$739
P4.051.097.6240$407,618original% available for sale a each price8%16%25%33%42%70%73%87%92%100%
Q2.710.738.3541b-Richards (1997)Forest and bottom-up100,000200,000300,000317,500335,000400,000425,000450,000450,000450,000$160
R0.280.088.4241$508,624original% available for sale a each price22%44%67%71%74%89%94%100%100%100%
S0.750.208.6251$7512,729interpoc- Wisconsin (1995)Energy and bottom-up1,3491,4462,7857,6188,62412,72913,11414,65214,73015,202$939
T13.903.7412.3653$10013,114interpo% available for sale a each price9%10%18%50%57%84%86%96%97%100%
U6.731.8114.1757$20014,652interpo3Europe
V3.590.9715.13233$30014,730interpo
W0.250.0715.20939$93915,202original
Note: Tons needed to meet the YR 2000 stabilization target= 8.83 million CO2 tons or 2.37 million C ton at cost of $52 per ton
equivalent to a $22 per ton of CO2 and total cost of $51.83 million per year
Note b: I excluded from the original the Wisconsin transportation plan will reduce emissions by 0.18 million tons with a costs of $799 per ton,however, because the paln is arleady adapted the report considered this asunk cost and is not included in this e
Note: As expalin in Chapter VI most recent studies show features of both bottom-up
Table 5 Marginal Cost of Cabon emission reductions from 1988 level by 2010 in ECUsand top-down. In this selective comparison only I included only studies that show the marginal cost curve,
Country/Emissions reduction0%5%10%15%20%30%or a series os estimates rather than single point estimates. The idea here is to compare studies
Belgium55.8055.80145.081078.800over the base of a cost per ton produce at different levels
Denmark0.00.022.32040.92119.04
France0.00.03.720159.960Note a: The MPAP carbon offsets were annualized
Germany0.00.055.8066.96159.96513.36Note b: adapted from Stavins (1998) all values converted to metric units and certain values were interpolated from his results in Table 2, p.16, to prices rounded to multiples of ten.
Greece85.56208.32833.28000Note c: Adapted from Richards 1997, the $10 per ton is observed from Figure 3. P.17,
Italy81.84416.641,536.36000
Netherlands100.44505.920.0000
Spain66.96531.965,788.32000
United King.0.00.044.640130.2234.36
Average43.40190.961,053.69572.88122.76288.92
Stand Error42.94232.071,989.40715.478925475856.3347707903202.7428440167
Ref.:Adapted fromCEC (1991a,b), CO2 estimates converted to Carbon using C=3.72*CO2
Note: All values in ECU/t of C, and exchange rate on March 1996 $1US=0.79ECU
Table 6 Marginal Cost of Cabon in US dollars for 9 European Countries
Country/Emissions Reduction0%5%10%15%20%30%
Belgium71711841,3660.00.0
Denmark0.00.0280.052151
France0.00.050.02020.0
Germany0.00.07185202650
Greece1082641,0550.00.00.0
Italy1045271,9450.00.00.0
Netherlands1276400.00.00.00.0
Spain856737,3270.00.00.0
United King.0.00.0570.0165297
Average552421,334725155366
Stand Error542942,51890671257
Ref.:Adapted fromCEC (1991a,b), CO2 estimates converted to Carbon using C=3.72*CO2
Note: All values in ECU/t of C, and exchange rate on March 1996 $1US=0.79ECU
Note b: Emission reductions to the 1988 level by the year 2010.
Table 7 The US (EMF 1993) analysis of various studies
ModelCarbon Tax ($ per ton of Carbon)
Stabilization 199020% Reduction
CRTM150260
DGEM2050
ERM70160
Fossil 280250
Gemini120330
Global 2100110240
Global Macro20130
Goulder2050
GREEN80170
MWC70180
Standard Error44.7790.77
Average74.00182.00
Table 8. US Emission (EMF 1993) Reductions and Carbon Tax for Stabilzation and 20% reduction
YearReduction of Caborn Emission to 1990 level
Stabilization$/tonAnnual emission in million tons
19900.00.01,400
200016074.001,560
2010320100.001,720
202048078.001,880
203081087.002,210
20401,13091.002,530
20501,240100.002,640
Note: All values come from visual observation of Figures 9.2 and 9.4, pp.306-307 IPCC (1996)
All values in Table 8 are an average of all models
Tree
Table 9. Annual Cost of Stabilizing U.S. Carbon Emissions at 1990 Levels
Emissions in Million Metric tonsMarginal Cost of Carbon in $ per ton
yearAnnualStabilization 1990 levelEnergy optionHybrid
1,9901,3310.00.00.0
2,0001,469138$185$20
2,0101,569238$200$25
2,0201,579248$250$25
2,0301,556225$75$10
Source: Adapted from Rosenthal et al.1993.
Sheet1
00
520
20185
25185
25200
25250
25150
25125
1075
With Trees
Without Trees
Year
Dollars per Metric Tonne
Fig.7.1 Carbon Tax Required to Stabilize Emissions at the 1990 level
Sheet2
USA Delta Regions Stavins (1998)
USA, Richards (1997)
Costa Rica
% of Carbon Tons Available
$/ton
Sheet3
010
1020
2030
3040
4050
5075
75100
100200
200300
300
Costa Rica
Wisconsin Stabilization Plan
This Study
Carbon Emissions Reduction as a % of the Maximum
$/ton of carbon
Figure 6.1. Normalized Analysis of Carbon Cost in Wisconsin and Costa Rica
MBD00115606.xls
Chart2
0.790.210
0.070.030.9
0.760.240
0.0650.0250.91
0.650.350
0.0850.060.85
0.250.750
0.0250.150.82
Source: Rosenthal et al.(1993): Stabilizing U.S. Net Carbon Emissions at 1990 levels.
Conservation
Fuel Switching
Tree Uptake
Cumulative Proportion
Fig.7.2. USA Options to Stabilize Net CarbonEmissions at the 1990 Level
Sheet1
Sources of Carbon Reductions Relative to Base Case
2000 w/o trees2000 with trees2010 w/o trees2010 with trees2020 w/o trees2020 with trees2030 w/o trees2030 with trees
Conservation0.790.070.760.0650.650.0850.250.025
Fuel Switching0.210.030.240.0250.350.060.750.15
Tree Uptake00.900.9100.8500.82
1.001.001.001.001.001.001.001.00
Sheet1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Source: Rosenthal et al.(1993): Stabilizing U.S. Net Carbon Emissions at 1990 levels.
Conservation
Fuel Switching
Tree Uptake
Cumulative Proportion
Sources of Carbon Reductions Relative to Base Case
Sheet2
Annual Cost of Stabilizing U.S. Carbon Emissions at 1990 Levels
With and Without Trees
(Billions of 1990 dollars)
MMTC ofWith TreesReduction
BaseReductionin Total
YearEmissionsNeededTotal CostTreeOtherTotalCost
(MMTC)to Stabilizewithout treesCostCostCostWith Trees
1990133100.000.000.000.000%
2000146913813.542.580.142.7280%
2010156923825.755.780.376.1576%
2020157924825.425.030.525.5578%
2030155622517.811.730.372.1088%
Source: Rosenthal et al.: Stabilizing U.S. Net Carbon Emissions
$ per metric tonWith TreesWithout Trees
199000
1995520
200020185
200525185
201025200
201525250
202025150
202525125
20301075
Sheet2
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
With Trees
Without Trees
Year
Dollars per Metric Tonne
Carbon Tax (1990 Dollars) Required to Stabilize Emissions at 1990 Levels
Sheet3
MBD001BC376.doc
Table 9. Annual Cost of Stabilizing U.S. Carbon Emissions at 1990 Levels
With and Without Trees
Year
Base
Emissions
(MMTC)
Approved
UNFCCC Reduction
Needed
to Stabilize (MMTC)
Kyoto Protocol
Reduction
Needed
if ratified (MMTC)
Without trees
Total Costs in billions/year*
With Trees
Reduction
in Total
Cost
With Trees*
Tree
Cost bill./yr
Other
Cost bill./yr
Total
Cost bill./yr*
1990
1331
0
93
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0%
2000
1469
138
231
14
2.6
0.1
2.7
80%
2010
1569
238
331
26
5.8
0.4
6.2
76%
2020
1579
248
341
25
5.0
0.5
5.6
78%
2030
1556
225
318
18
1.7
0.4
2.1
88%
Source: Adapted from Rosenthal et al.1993.
*All costs are in 1990 dollars and are for the reductions approved by the UNFCCC. I included the additional Kyoto Protocols 7% reduction below the 1990 emissions level only as a reference, this additional US reductions are expected to increase the total costs estimated by Rosental et al.
-
Comparison of the Marginal Cost of Carbon Between Nine European Countries (US$)Ref: CEC, 1991
Chart4
70.6329113924000108.3037974684103.5949367089127.139240506384.75949367090
70.6329113924000263.6962025316527.3924050633640.4050632911673.36708860760
183.645569620328.2531645574.708860759570.63291139241054.78481012661944.75949367090.17326.987341772256.5063291139
1365.569620253200.1584.75949367090.150.150.150.150
0.251.7974683544202.4810126582202.48101265820.20.20.20.2164.8101265823
0.3150.68354430380.3649.82278481010.30.30.30.3296.6582278481
Belgium
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
United King.
US$ for Each Percentage Reduction in Emissions from the 1990 Level
$ per ton of carbon
Sheet1
Costo Marginal de la Produccin de Carbono en 40 aosTable 6. Simulated Annual Carbon Supply by Price in Regions and Projects in Costa Rica, USA and Europe
(Cifras en $)$/ thousand tons$0$10$20$30$40$50$75$100$200$300Extreme Values
1 milln TMC2 millones3 millones4 millones5 millones6 millones7 millones8 millonesCountry/regionDescriptionin (0000) tons$/ton
PAP11.0013.0014.0014141425311-Costa Rica
MPAP 5%16.0017.0017.00192348a-MPAP plus (1999)Forest and bottom-up100462526542572616645646647648$579
MPAP 12%18.0020.0048.00% available for sale a each price15%71%81%84%88%95%100%100%100%100%
MPAP Plus 5%11.0011.0011.001212131626b-PAP (1998)Forest and bottom-up100300312400
MPAP Plus 12%12.0012.0015.0040% available for sale a each price25%75%78%100%
2-USA
a-Stavins Delta states(1998)Forest and bottom-up9972,0323,1034,2075,3458,7839,23811,02011,63812,610.71$739
Costo Marginal de la Produccin de Carbono por ao% available for sale a each price8%16%25%33%42%70%73%87%92%100%
Cifras en $b-Richards (1997)Forest and bottom-up100,000200,000300,000317,500335,000400,000425,000450,000450,000450,000$160
100 mil TMC200 mil300 mil400 mil500 mil% available for sale a each price22%44%67%71%74%89%94%100%100%100%
PAP14.0014.0014.0038c- Wisconsin (1995)Energy and bottom-up1,3491,4462,7857,6188,62412,72913,11414,65214,73015,202$939
MPAP16.0017.0019.0051% available for sale a each price4%9%10%18%50%57%84%86%96%97%100%
MPAP Plus12.0012.0012.0013663Europe
Table #2 Stavins in metric units
Marginal CostsforestationAverage CostsAnnual carbonMarginal costsAverage costs
per hectarerelative to baselineper hectaresequestrationof carbonof carbonSequetrationInterpolacion
($/ha/yr)(1,000 ha)($/ha/yr)(1,ooo m ton/yr)($/Mton($/Mton)million tons/year
0.00.00.00.00.00.00.0Preciothousand tonNote: As expalin in Chapter VI most recent studies show features of both bottom-up
25518.0024.77711.43771interpo$10997and top-down. In this selective comparison only I included only studies that show the marginal cost curve,
501,057.0037.401,451.9115111interpo$202,032or a series os estimates rather than single point estimates. The idea here is to compare studies
741,615.0050.162,218.6922152interpo$303,103over the base of a cost per ton produce at different levels
992,192.0063.043,011.8029193interpo$404,207
1242,787.0076.023,828.4936224interpo$505,345Note a: The MPAP carbon offsets were annualized
1493,398.0089.074,668.7844265Note b: adapted from Stavins (1998) all values converted to metric units and certain values were interpolated from his results in Table 2, p.16, to prices rounded to multiples of ten.
1733,893.00102.235,349.3651305Note c: Adapted from Richards 1997, the $10 per ton is observed from Figure 3. P.17,
1984,224.00115.435,803.0958346All other values from Table 3, p.25
2234,455.00128.686,120.6966386Note d: Adapted from CEC (1993), all values converted to US 1996 dollars, Co2 converted to carbo with C=3.72CO2 tons, and assumed tha each country provides carbon offsets domestically to reach the stabilization level and then at increasing prices addition
2484,653.00141.986,392.9273426original$756,393
4956,579.00261.659,039.02150779interpo$1008,783
7437,484.00319.9010,283.122239410interpo$2009,238
9917,897.00352.3510,850.2729510411interpo$30011,020
1,2398,221.00386.3611,283.1236811411
1,4868,470.00419.1611,637.9344112312original$40011,638Table 7. Satbilization Scenario to 1990 Level Intertemporal Comparison of Carbon Cost reduction from various Studies from Costa Rica, USA and Europe
1,7348,689.00452.6511,938.2951413312Year2000201020202030
1,9828,874.00484.8012,193.2858614212Country/studyDescription
2,2299,038.00515.7412,418.33659152121-Costa RicaForest and bottom-up
2,4779,178.00543.7812,610.7173216013original$73212,610MPAP
2-USA
a-Rosenthal (1993)Hybrid
Table 3. USA
