OVERALL STRUCTURE OF TURKİSH NATİONAL EDUCATİON SYSTEM The National Education System, determined...
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Transcript of OVERALL STRUCTURE OF TURKİSH NATİONAL EDUCATİON SYSTEM The National Education System, determined...
OVERALL STRUCTURE OF TURKİSH NATİONAL EDUCATİON
SYSTEM
The National Education System, determined by National Education Basic Act No. 1739, consists of two main parts, namely “formal education” and “non-formal education”.
Turkish Educational System
Formal Education İnformal Education
FORMAL EDUCATİON
Formal education is the regular education conducted within a school for individuals in a certain age group and at the same level, under programs developed in accordance with the purpose. Formal education includes pre-primary, primary, secondary and higher education institutions.
FORMAL EDUCATİON
Pre-primary
Primary
Secondary
Higher education institutions
Pre-Primary Education
Pre-primary education; involves the education of children in the age group of 3 to 5 (36-72 months)who have not reached the age of compulsory primary education, on an optional basis. Pre-primary education institutions may be established as independent kindergartens or, where considered necessary, as nursery classes within a primary education school or as practice classes affiliated to other related education institutions.
The objective of pre-primary education is to ensure that children develop physically, mentally and emotionally and acquire good habits, that they are prepared for primary education, that a common environment of upbringing is provided for children who come from a disadvantaged background and that they speak Turkish properly and correctly. Pre-Primary education institutions are opened as independent kindergartens and as nursery classes and practical classes within formal and non-formal education institutions with suitable physical capacity.
Primary Education
Primary education involves the education and training of children in the age group of 6 to 13. Primary education is compulsory for all male and female citizens and is free at State schools. The objective of primary education is to ensure that every Turkish child acquires the necessary knowledge, skills, behavior and habits to become a good citizen and is raised in accordance with the concept of national morals and that he/she is prepared for life and for the next level of education in accordance with his/her interests, talents and capabilities.
In the last educational semester of primary education, necessary studies are carried out by guidance services in order to inform students on which schools and programmes in secondary education pave the way to which professions and the living standards these professions shall provide to them. Primary education institutions consist of eightyear schools where continuous education is provided and primary education diplomas are awarded to the graduating students.
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First Step Primary
Education
Primary Educatio
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Second Step Primary
Education
Secondary Education
Secondary education includes all the teaching institutions with at least four years of education such as general, vocational and technical ones. The aims and duties of secondary education, in accordance with the general purposes and basic principles of National Education, are as follows;
Enabling all students to have the awareness and power to get to know the problems of people and the society, to look for solutions and to contribute to the economic, social and cultural development of the country with the provision of a minimum amount of common world knowledge.
Secondary Education
General Secondary Education
Vocational and Technical Secondary
Education
General Secondary Education
It is a four-year educational process that prepares students both for higher education and for the future according to their interests, expectations and abilities in addition to equipping them with world knowledge with an education based on primary education.
Vocational and Technical Secondary Education
It is a four-year educational process that prepares students both for higher education and for the future as well as for an occupation and job fields according to their interests, expectations and abilities in addition to equipping them with world knowledge with an education based on primary education.
Higher Education
Higher education includes all the educational institutions which are based on secondary education, and which provide at least two years of higher education. The aims and duties of secondary education, in accordance with the general purposes and basic principles of National Education, are as follows;
Higher education institutions Universities,Faculties,Institutes,CollegesConservatoriesVocational CollegesCenter for Practice and Research
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
In accordance with the general objectives and basic principles of national education, the objectives of non-formal education, which covers citizens who have never entered the formal education system or are at any level of it or have left at that level, and which may accompany formal education or be independent
SPECIAL EDUCATİON IN TURKEY
Special education is continued by the Ministry of National Education in Turkey. Special education covers children between the ages of 0-21 who show some differences from other children because of their physical, mental, psychological, emotional or social characteristics and cannot, therefore, benefit from the regular education services
Education of the disabled children is a subject of concern for the Ministry of National Education, according to the principle of “Equality of Opportunity and in Education”.
In Turkey, educational services are provided in special education schools to children and young people in five groups: the visual impaired, the hearing impaired, the orthopedic impaired, the mentally impaired and children with long-term illness. Of the children in all groups, those in a suitable condition are included in mainstreaming (integration) education in normal schools and benefit from education services through special education classes and supportive education.
Educational services are provided in special education schools to children and young people in five groups
The basic principle of special education which has adopted along with the new legislation is to plan and carry out the services without isolating individuals with special education needs from their social and physical environment. Also in all those impairment groups, the children who meet the criteria are taken to adaptation training in normal schools and make use of education services through special education classes and supplementary education.
Adaptation education refers to disabled individual’ s sustaining education in regular or separate classes where peers that are not inadequate study. But there are some children who cannot benefit from education due to several reasons though they need special education.
SPECIAL EDUCATION APPLICATIONS IN DIFFERENT
EDUCATIONAL LEVELS
Preschool Education of Children with special needs
In Turkey pre-school education is an obligation for 32-72 months old children whose requirements for special education are defined.
Applications In Primary School Mainstreaming in Primary school Special Education class Prep class before integration Special Education Schools. Hospital schools Special Education Support with programs Open primary schools
Special Education SchoolsPrimary education schools for the visually
impairedPrimary education schools for the hearing
impairedPrimary education schools for the orthopedic
impairedHospital primary education schoolsPrivate Special Education schools
Applications in High School Integration in High School Special High Schools Open High Schools Open Vocational High Schools Integration in Vocational and Technical High
Schools
Special Education High Schools
Multi-program high schools for the hearing impaired
Vocational high schools for the physically disabled
Printing house and evening art school for the visual impaired
Job Training Centers (for mentally impaired adults
Education and application schools (for trainable mentally impaired)
Educational Support ServicesScience and Art Centers (for gifted)Special Education and rehabilitation
centers (supporting services)Center for Special Education and
Rehabilitation (RAM)
Science and Art Centers
It is the independent special educational institution which is designed with the aim of having gifted children gain awareness of their individual talents, improve their potential and make the most of it without interrupting their education in formal educational institutions.
Special Education and rehabilitation centers (supporting
services)
They are the private educational institutions which function with the goal of eliminating problems resulting from difficulties in speaking and language development, voice defects, mental, physical, auditory, social, emotional deficiencies or behavioral disorders, taking their abilities to upper levels again, improving their self-care and independent living skills and ensuring their adaptation into the society.
These institutions are providing many different services and support.
These institutions able to provide support just for children are contunue formal education.
There institutions have limeted teaching hours in a week.
Ministry of Education paying 250-300 usd for each student to these institutions for the services provided.
Center for Special Education and Rehabilitation (RAM)
Individual educational evaluation and diagnostics, created by the Board of Special Education Evaluation objective, standardized tests, and individual characteristics are appropriate measuring tools in Guidance Research Centers (RAM).
Center for Special Education and Rehabilitation (RAM) is just middle of the systemWhile individual diagnosing; medical evaluation report as well as mental, physical, emotional, social, developmental history, characteristics of all development areas, in the academic fields qualifications, training, performance, needs, access to education and duration of the child's individual progress report prepared by the teacher in the school is registered taken into consideration
individual with special needs, of the according to the results educational assessment and diagnosis are decided at least restricted educational environment and the instruction plan, including special education services and special education assessment report is prepared
Special Education Services Board, a special education assessment report in accordance with the individual in need of special education in public school or institution the appropriate places
These application automatically happening after special education assessment report published.
Guidance and research centers, to help fulfill the task of educational assessment and diagnosis, and corporate data, the Ministry of Education electronic information system "MEBBIS" over the entries made on the internet that "RAM Module" has been prepared.
3 years old 21 years old
Special Education Support Services•Special Education and rehabilitation centers
•Science and Art Centers
Type of school School/ Class/institution
Number Of Students Number of Teachers Classroom
Total Male Female Total Male Female
Kindergartens within Special Education Schools
122 890 516 374 193 28 165 205
Primary School for the Hearing-Impaired
49 3804 2157 1647 1121 571 550 670
Primary School for the Visually-Impaired
16 1362 793 569 445 225 220 293
Hospital Primary School 53 - - - 103 51 52 -
Primary School for the Orthopedic-Impaired
3 545 294 251 110 33 77 56
Primary School for the Light Levels of EducableMentally Impaired
53 2792 1785 1007 1189 519 670 671
Training Center for Autistic Children (PrimaryEducation)
51 2 066 1 629 437 683 268 415 548
Children with Adaptation Problems (Primary Education)
1 65 65 - 20 16 4 11
Type of school School/ Class/institution
Number Of Students Number of Teachers Classroom
Total Male Female Total Male Female 1435
Special Education Class (Primary Education)
- 20 958 12939 8019 - - - -
Inclusive Education (Primary Education)
- 137 893 84309 53584 - - - -
Special Education Vocational High School (OrthopedicImparied)
2 97 69 28 39 28 11 9
Special Education Vocational High School (HearingImparied )
21 2053 1 282 771 353 221 132 148
Training School (VocationalSecondary Education) ( Light Levels of EducableMentally Impaired)
89 5949 4 027 1 922 545 240 305 273
Inclusive Education (Secondary Education)
- 10860 6744 4116 - - - -
Total of Special Education, Formal Education
714 199513 122874 76639 8189 3515 4674 5694
Type of school School/ Class/institution
Number Of
Students
Number of Teachers
Classroom Type of school
School/ Class/institution
Number Of Students
Number of Teachers
Job Training Centers for theMedium and High Level of Educable Mentally Impaired
135 4302 2804 1498 104 51 53 53
Science and Arts Center (Gifted andTalented Childen))
62 10807 5 656 5151 712 454 258 599
Vocational Training Center for Autistic Childen
14 657 512 145 - - - -
Private Special Education School (Non-FormalEducation)
112 23 638 14 279 9 359 - - - -
Total of Special Education, Formal Education
323 39404 23 251 16 153 816 505 311 652
Total 1037 238917 146125 92792 9005 4020 4985 6346
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