OVEMBER 2012 • V OLUME 12 • N UMBER 5 - Archaeology · NOVEMBER 2012 • V OLUME 12 • N UMBER...

SAAarchaeological recordNOVEMBER 2012 • VOLUME 12 • NUMBER 5

the

SPECIAL FORUM: LIFE IN RUINS? WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN ARCHAEOLOGY

S O C I E T Y F O R A M E R I C A N A R C H A E O L O G Y

See You in Honolulu, HI!April 3–7, 2013 • www.saa.org/annualmeetingJoin the Conversation! Mention #SAA2013 on Twitter, Facebook, and now

Instagram for all Annual Meeting Related Posts

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FORTHCOMING IN 2013!

Hawaii’s Past in a World of Pacific Islands

By James M. Bayman and Thomas S. Dye

A NEW VOLUME IN THE SAA CONTEMPORARYPERSPECTIVES SERIES

Editor’s Corner

From the President

In Brief

Annual Meeting: More than Surf and Sand

Annual Meeting: Welcome to Hawaii!

Publication Guidelines for The SAA Archaeological Record

Volunteer Profile: Gwynn Henderson

The SAA’s Historically Underrepresented GroupsScholarships Fund: A New Opportunity and Challenge

Managing the Unexpected: The East St. Louis MoundGroup and the New Mississippi River Bridge

Careers in Archaeology:A “Long and Winding Road…”

Introduction: A Life in Ruins? Work-Life Balance in Archaeology

You Want to Go Where for Six Months? Work-Life Balance and International Field Research

You Want Me to Move Where? Living with an “Alpha” and Making Your Career Work

Life on the Parenting Track and the Tenure Track

Will You Please Move With Me To…? Work-Life Balance in a Museum Setting

Dual-Career Couples: A View from the Trenches

In Memoriam: Duccio Bonavia Berber

In Memoriam: David A. Fredrickson

financial statements

positions open

calendar

2 Jane Eva Baxter

3 Fred Limp

4 Tobi A. Brimsek

5 Gordon F. M. Rakita

7 Kathy Kawelu and James Bayman

8

10

11 Diane Gifford-Gonzalez and Anna S. Agbe-Davies

17 Thomas E. Emerson and Brad H. Koldehoff

23 Ranel Stephenson Capron

26 Caryn M. Berg

27 Sarah “Stacy” B. Barber

29 Heidi Roberts

31 Christopher B. Rodning

33 Stephen E. Nash

35 M. Kathryn (Kat) Brown and Jason Yaeger

38 Ramiro Matos

39 Richard E. Hughes, Gregory G. White, and Thomas M. Origer

40

42

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The Magazine of the Society for American Archaeology Volume 12, No. 5November 2012

SAAarchaeological recordthe

SPECIAL FORUMLIFE IN RUINS: WORK–LIFE BALANCE IN ARCHAEOLOGY

sponsored by the committee on the status of women in archaeologyguest editor: sarah barber

2 The SAA Archaeological Record • November 2012

This month features a wealth of content from the SAA. The Committee on theStatus of Women in Archaeology (COSWA) sponsored this month’s specialforum, which was guest-edited by Sarah Barber. This forum, “Life in Ruins?”

features articles on work-life balance in archaeology. In 2005, I wrote an article for TheSAA Archaeological Record that reported on the COSWA-sponsored questions in the2003 Member Needs Assessment Survey (5(4):7–9). Responses revealed that over two-thirds of the male members of the SAA and over half of the women in the SAAbelieved that work-life balance was the most important issue facing women in archae-ology at that time. As the authorship and content of these current articles suggest,engaged parenting by both parents and active careers for both partners means thatbalancing careers and lives beyond careers is a relevant issue for many SAA membersregardless of their gender.

Work-life balance also is not an issue exclusive to those who are in a partnership or whomade the choice to have children. If anyone would like to write about issues of work-life balance that are not related to partnerships or parenting, I’d be happy to includesuch an article in an upcoming issue of the magazine.

Content beyond this forum comes from different corners of the SAA as well. The Pub-lic Education Committee offers its latest installment in the occasional Careers Col-umn, a feature that will appear regularly over the next several issues. Our VolunteerProfile this month features Gwynn Henderson who is half of the dynamic team (alongwith Nicholas Laracuente) behind these continuing columns that build on the March2011 issue of The SAA Archaeological Record on Careers in Archaeology. This issue alsoreports the launch of the new SAA Historically Underrepresented Groups ScholarshipFund, and details the rationale and process behind this important new initiative by theSAA and its individual members. And, if you are not already excited about going toHonolulu for the Annual Meeting, the venue and program reports are certainly entic-ing.

Finally, the new guidelines for The SAA Archaeological Record are available here inprint, and are also available on the SAA website. These guidelines were approved bythe Publications Committee at the Annual Meeting in Memphis and are consistentwith SAA policies. Authors wishing to publish in the magazine should consult theguidelines in preparing their manuscripts, and work with the editor as necessary.Future editors may wish to change the guidelines and/or SAA policy changes mayrequire amendments to the document, and authors should always consult the elec-tronic version for the most up to date guidelines for publishing in The SAA Archaeo-logical Record.

EDITOR’S CORNERJane Eva Baxter

The SAA Archaeological Record(ISSN 1532-7299) is published fivetimes a year and is edited by JaneEva Baxter. Submissions should besent to Jane Eva Baxter, [email protected], DePaul University,Department of Anthropology, 2343North Racine, Chicago, IL 60614

Deadlines for submissions are:December 1 (January), February 1(March), April 1 (May), August 1(September), and October 1(November). Advertising and place-ment ads should be sent to SAAheadquarters, 1111 14th St. NW,Suite 800, Washington, DC 20005.

The SAA Archaeological Record isprovided free to members and insti-tutional subscribers to AmericanAntiquity and Latin American Antiq-uity worldwide. The SAA Archaeo-logical Record can be found on theWeb in PDF format at www.saa.org.

SAA publishes The SAA Archaeolog-ical Record as a service to its mem-bers and constituencies. SAA, itseditors and staff are not responsiblefor the content, opinions and infor-mation contained in The SAAArchaeological Record. SAA, its edi-tors and staff disclaim all war-ranties with regard to such content,opinions and information pub-lished in The SAA ArchaeologicalRecord by any individual or organi-zation; this disclaimer includes allimplied warranties of mer-chantability and fitness. In no eventshall SAA, its editors and staff beliable for any special, indirect, orconsequential damages or anydamages whatsoever resulting fromloss of use, data, or profits, arisingout of or in connection with the useor performance of any content,opinions or information includedin The SAA Archaeological Record.

Copyright ©2012 by the Society forAmerican Archaeology. All RightsReserved.

SAAarchaeological recordthe

The Magazine of the Society forAmerican Archaeology Volume 12, No. 5November 2012

3November 2012 • The SAA Archaeological Record

Dear Colleagues:

A great “perk” of serving as the President of theSociety is an opportunity to see the extraordinaryrange of activities. I want to share with you infor-mation on a few of these. The SAA ArchaeologicalRecord is another fantastic source of information onwhat’s happening— as is our website and our Face-book page.

Committee Membership

One of the most important Society activities is serv-ice on a committee. The call for committee mem-bers will go out in early November. There are morethan 40 committees, and service is an excellent opportunity tobecome more engaged, to have a better understanding of theSociety’s activities, and to help influence our future directions.In 2009, the Society’s Board initiated a new way of filling mem-berships on the committees. This is the “open call” approach. Ineach annual open call all members are encouraged to submit anapplication to serve on a committee. Even current committeemembers must re-apply if they would like to serve a secondterm. The application is your opportunity to introduce yourselfand to indicate why you are both interested and capable of serv-ing on the committee. Almost all of SAA’s committee membersare chosen from the pool of these applications. Membership onany committee is available for only two consecutive two-yearterms, after that an individual must rotate off, though they mayrejoin the committee later. The objective of this system is toopen the committees to the widest possible participation. In ourSociety-wide needs assessment, more than 40 percent of themembers said they wanted to serve on a committee, and thisstrategy has been developed to make that possible. But itdepends upon you— please take the time to submit a thoughtfulapplication. Even if you are currently serving on a committeeyou must again submit an application to serve a second term.The committee’s Board liaison and the committee chair maketheir selections from the pool of applications. We recognize thatfor many committees there may be more applications thanthere are slots in the committee. If you are not selected— don’tbe discouraged— remember that every year new slots open up.Remember also that you may apply at one time to two commit-

tees. With very few exceptions all committees have atleast two student members— so if you’re a studentplease consider applying. It’s a great way to becomemore knowledgeable about the Society and frankly todevelop lifetime connections.

The Society is a volunteer organization and we havea truly exceptional group of volunteers. If you are notalready I encourage you to join this group— I thinkyou will find it immensely rewarding.

Online Journals and New Developments

This year the board authorized the implementationof new online journal options. The complete con-

tents of both American Antiquity and Latin American Antiquityare available to the members on the web immediately upon publication— as are the last two years. To access them you onlyneed to log on to the SAA’s website with your member login. Inthe latest issue of Latin American Antiquity supplemental digitalmaterial has also been added to the web. Recommendations fora comprehensive strategy for supplemental digital materials,color photos, video, databases, etc. are now under review by theBoard. Planning is also underway for a digital version of Cur-rent Research.

Chimney Rock National Monument

Along with many other groups and individuals, the Society, viathe Government Affairs Committee, strongly supported the des-ignation of the Chimney Rock National Monument. We aredelighted that President Obama has designated the area as anational monument. Our thanks to all of the Society membersand all of those who worked so hard to make this happen.

New Meeting Submission System

Those submitting abstracts for the Hawaii meeting were thefirst to use our new meeting submissions technology. This hasallowed our abstracts to now be 200 words. The system was alsodesigned to increase the ease of submission and reduce thecomplexities. The submission process for this year’s meetingwas the smoothest so far and the numbers were among thelargest we’ve experienced.

FROM THE PRESIDENTFred Limp

Fred Limp is the President of the Society for American Archaeology.

FROM THE PRESIDENT


SAA Is Returning to Latin America!

August 2014 has been selected for the 2a Conferencia Interconti-nental in Lima, Peru. The exact dates will be announced once thelocation has been contracted. The Conferencia Intercontinentalis a unique meeting designed to bring SAA and Latin Americanstogether. The first was held in Panama City, Panama this pastJanuary and was extremely well received. For the most part, all ofthe materials developed about and for the Conferencia have beenin Spanish, as Spanish is the sole language for the meeting.Watch the SAAweb Home Page for the details on submitting forand attending this meeting. ¡Nos vemos en Lima en 2014!

SAA 2013 Ballot

The 2013 SAA ballot link will be sent to all members the firstweek in January via email. If the Society does not have youremail address, or if the email bounces back, a postcard withinstructions on how to access the ballot material will be mailed.

To help ensure the efficiency of the web-based balloting system,please remember to update your email address in the Members’section of SAAweb (www.saa.org) or by emailing your updated/current email address to the SAA staff at [email protected].

Most importantly, please make sure that the ballot email [email protected] makes it through your spam filters!

Committee Service—It’s Time to Volunteer!

Two years ago, the Society began a new way to populate its com-mittees with volunteers. In order to open the process to themembership, each November the Society puts out a web-basedcall for volunteers for SAA committee service. This Novemberthe call will be put out for committee vacancies beginning at theclose of the Business Meeting at the 2013 Honolulu meeting.Committee terms are generally two years. You may submit up totwo separate interest forms each November. If you are seekinga reappointment to a committee, you are also required to applythrough the open call and submit a form. Board policy allowsfor a member to serve up to two consecutive terms on the samecommittee. The exception is all awards committees, where nomember is eligible for a second term.

IN BRIEF

IN BRIEFTobi A. Brimsek

Tobi A. Brimsek is executive director for the Society for American Archaeology.

The committee interest form does include a question for eachpotential volunteer to address: Please describe your experiences,skills and/or interests that are relevant to the committee’s charge.Your response is one way for the committee chair and Boardliaison to get to know you and your potential contributions tothe work of the committee.

Please be aware that there are generally more volunteers thanavailable slots. Decisions from among the volunteers are madewith the input of the committee chair by the Board liaison to thecommittee. With the open call, the Board instituted a selectionprocess that involved the Board liaisons, rather than all com-mittee appointments resting with the President and the chair.One goal of the selection process is to ensure the diversity ofperspectives on the committee. Please watch for the emailannouncement of the open call in early November. Thank youfor considering volunteering on a committee.

Honolulu 2013 Annual Meeting

Please plan ahead to attend the 78th Annual Meeting of theSociety for American Archaeology in Honolulu, HI. The head-quarters hotel for the meeting is the Hilton Hawaiian Village,which is about a 12–15 minute walk from the Hawaii Conven-tion Center, where all of the sessions and the Exhibit Hall willbe scheduled. Three properties have been contracted exclusive-ly for SAA student attendees: Aqua Palms Waikiki, RamadaPlaza Waikiki, and the Ambassador Hotel, Waikiki. A link willbe established for an airport shuttle service for which advancereservations will be required. Discounts on two air carriers havebeen arranged. For details and the most current logistical infor-mation, please check out www.saa.org and click the appropriatelink for the 78th Annual Meeting. The preliminary program willbe mailed in late December and posted online in mid-Decem-ber. Don’t miss the array of workshops, excursions, and specialevents such as the Saturday night lu’au at the Bishop Museum.Honolulu will surely provide a memorable experience to the2013 Annual Meeting attendees, especially given that the num-ber of submissions received for this meeting is the second high-est ever!


Aloha! As I write, the Program Committee is diligentlyreviewing and organizing the over 800 individual paperabstracts and nearly 300 contributed posters that have

been submitted. Additionally, the committee will be scheduling160 organized symposia, 18 poster sessions, and 13 forums. Asmy predecessors have often remarked, being Program Chair forthe meetings is an eye opening experience. While I, like theother committee members, am reviewing in detail my portionof abstracts, I also am getting a chance to see the full sweep oftopics, methods, geographic regions, and theoretical perspec-tives being explored by Archaeologists from around the globe.

Many years ago, when submissions to American Antiquity andLatin American Antiquity were sent via snail-mail, the editors ofthese journals had a tradition of remarking at the Annual Meet-ings upon the most interesting/unusual/creative use of postage.Alas that tradition has gone extinct with the new online sub-mission system. By way of substitution, I offer the following listof interesting/unusual/creative titles from the 2013 meeting:How to Make Stone Soup: Paleolithic Archaeology and the “PaleoDiet”; Hide and Seek: Children in Ancient Maya Art and Iconogra-phy; What a Waist: Examining Dimensions in Victorian EraCorsetry; It’s the Pits!: Optimal Field Methods for the Location andExcavation of Prehistoric Roasting Pits in the Jornada Mogollon;Knee Deep in Paul Revere’s Privy: Archaeology of the Paul RevereHouselot, Boston, Massachusetts; and Amelia Earhart’s Last Meal?A Review of Zooarchaeological Evidence from a Castaway Camp onNikumaroro.

Of course, the Hawaii venue allows more of our colleagues fromAsia to join us and it’s no wonder that the sessions from theseareas are numerous. Some highlights include a double sessionon the origins, spread, and development of metallurgy in South-east Asia and Southwest China, a session that reviews the stateof Mongolian cultural heritage, a session focused on the bioar-chaeology of northeast Asia, a session examining the applicationof historical archaeology to the Khmer and other southeast Asianstates, and a group of papers exploring the cultural sequence ofHokkaido Island, Japan. Of course it would not be an SAA meet-ing in Hawaii if there weren’t a generous helping of sessionsfrom around the Pacific Rim and Oceania. These include a dou-ble session on theoretical and methodological issues of Oceanic

colonization, a session highlighting historical archaeology in thePacific, a forum that explores the ways Native Hawaiian com-munities have and are transforming archaeological practice, anda symposium developing global perspectives on the Archaeologyof Islands. If these and other organized sessions are not enoughfor you, relax— there are an additional forty individual Oceaniapapers that will be presented in Honolulu.

Not to be outdone, our colleagues working in Mesoamerica havesubmitted over twenty organized symposia. These sessionscover a range of sites from Monte Albán to Chichén Itzá andfrom the Tuxtlas Mountains to Cerén, El Salvador. Themesinclude social inequality, multiethnic population centers, powerand identity, funeral contexts, iconography, population mobility,households, and political economy. Our meeting will alsoinclude over ten sessions from South America including paperson Amazonian archaeology, Nasca society, the formative periodat Chavín de Huantar, Tiwanaku temples, multidisciplinaryresearch on Ecuadorian prehistory, and the Inka landscape inthe Cusco Valley. The program committee will certainly work ashard as possible to make sure these regionally themed sessionsdo not all get scheduled at the same time, but we know therewill be some overlaps and thus difficult choices for you aboutwhich sessions to attend. However, I am happy to report that allpaper sessions will be held in twenty-seven rooms on the samefloor of the Hawaii convention center.

If you become overheated in the Hawaiian sun, you can alwaysattend the “35 Years of History and Archaeology on the IditarodNational Historic Trail” session. Cultural Resource Manage-ment sessions explore large-scale hydroelectric projects, theNavajo-Gallup water supply project, and CRM on military instal-lations. Several sessions honor notable archaeologists includingLeigh Kuwanwisiwma, Patrick Kirch, Henry Wright, Bill Isbell,Ken Ames, Anthony Aveni, Richard Gould, and Bernard Wailes.Bioarchaeology and forensic archaeology are well representedwith a paper entitled “Clandestine Burials of U.S. Personnel inDien Ban District, Vietnam” and a session on “Children andChildhood in the Past: Exploring Biological and Social Transfor-mations of Children in Antiquity through Emerging Bioarchae-ological Method and Theory.” Equally common are papers usingevidence from mortuary contexts and a session titled: “Per-

MORE THAN SURF AND SANDGordon F.M. Rakita

Gordon Rakita is the Program Chair for the SAA 78th Annual Meeting.

78TH ANNUAL MEETING


forming Death: Archaeologies of FuneraryDrama in Early Medieval Europe.” Gender andgender theory figures prominently in manypresentations, for example the “Up Close andPersonal: Gendered Materialities and theComplexity of Situated Knowledge in theEveryday Life” session. Archaeologists areoften on the bleeding edge of new technologyand several sessions highlight this including asession on mobile computing in the field andone by Indiana University of Pennsylvaniagraduate students on using new technology.

Other things that you should definitely put onyour “must attend” list include the PresidentialForum on Wednesday evening entitled “TheFuture of Archaeology: Engagement withDescendant Communities.” Participants willexplore the intersections between the differingepistemologies of archaeologists and descen-dants, and how archaeological practice is beingchanged to meet the needs of both groups.Please also make sure to schedule your Fridayevening dinner plans late enough for you toattend the 5:00 pm annual Business Meeting.This is a great opportunity to hear what newinitiatives the Board of Directors are exploring,reports of some of the reports Society’s offi-cers, and the presentation of awards. Ofcourse, there will be a cash bar at the meeting,so it won’t have to cut into your post-sessioncocktail hour.

The 2013 Annual meetings in Honolulu prom-ises to be one of our biggest meetings ever.With abstract submissions second only toMemphis, there will be no shortage of papers,symposia, forums, and posters to see. But our2013 and 2012 meetings have another connec-tion besides being our largest to date: bothlocations boast former homes of Elvis Presley.While Memphis has its Graceland, Hawaii hasa grand estate on the North Shore where theKing stayed when filming in Hawaii. So just aslast year we promised you “No Cause for Bluesin Memphis” I can assure you that whetheryou are an Elvis fan or not, there will be noBlue Hawaii.

78TH ANNUAL MEETING

Waikiki beach and Leahi (Diamond Head). Photo credit: Hawaii Tourism Authority (HTA) /

Tor Johnson


SAA visitors to Hawai‘i will encounter an abundance ofopportunities to witness and experience our rich history,heritage, and beautiful island landscapes.

Many archaeologists will be attracted to state and federal parkson O‘ahu and elsewhere in the archipelago, where heiau(Hawaiian religious monuments) and other Hawaiian culturalsites can be experienced. The Pali Lookout, 5 miles northeast ofHonolulu, offers a spectacular view of the windward coast. Keepdriving past the lookout and you’ll reach Ulupo Heiau State His-toric Site, where this ancient heiau sits next to taro gardenstended by a local communitygroup. Travelers with more timecan take inter-island trips to cul-tural sites on Kaua‘i (Wailua RiverState Park) and Hawai‘i Island(Pu‘ukohola Heiau National His-toric Site, Pu‘uhonua O Honau-nau National Historical Park,Lapakahi State Historical Park).Inter-island air service is frequentand easily arranged by visitorswishing to experience more ofHawaii’s island cultures and natu-ral scenery.

The first Hawaiian ruler to politi-cally unify the archipelago, Kame-hameha, is memorialized in astatue just steps away from his former compound in Honolulu.Those interested in Hawaii’s “post-contact” history will want tovisit ‘Iolani Palace, across the street from the Kamehameha stat-ue, constructed in the late 19th century under the direction ofKing David Kalakaua, the Merrie Monarch. Or visit QueenEmma’s Summer Palace in Nu‘uanu Valley, the Victorian Peri-od retreat of Alexander Liholiho, King Kamehameha IV, and hisqueen and their son.

SAA visitors with an interest in World War II history will wantto visit the Pearl Harbor Visitor Center and the USS Arizona

Memorial that is administrated by the National Park Service tocommemorate the 1,177 men and women who died on Decem-ber 7, 1941.

Experience the many cultures of Hawai‘i through our food.Grab some manapua (char siu bao, pork-filled steameddumplings) in Chinatown, or poke (raw fish) at Tamashiro Mar-ket. Walk to Ke‘eaumoku Street for some excellent Korean food.Or drive out to Kahuku on the North Shore for fresh shrimp,prepared in one of the many roadside shrimp trucks. Don’t for-get the Portuguese malasadas from Leonard’s Bakery, or the Fil-

ipino cascaron for desert. TheSaturday morning Ala MoanaFarmer’s Market is only a fewblocks away from the ConventionCenter, stop there for some Konacoffee in the morning. Of coursewe’ll serve delicious Hawaiianfood at the SAA lu‘au on Satur-day night at the Bishop Museum.

Finally, visitors longing for theoutdoors can take surfing lessonsfrom the renowned WaikıkıBeach Boys, or snorkel with arainbow of fishes at HanaumaBay. Enjoy one of the countlesshiking trails throughout theislands, such as the famed

Kalalau trail on the Na Pali Coast of Kaua‘i. Witness the awe-some beauty of sunrise at the summit of Haleakala, Maui, orstargaze on the slopes of Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i Island. For a trueget-away travel to the islands of Lana‘i or Moloka‘i, where thepace of life slows, and the need for stop-lights don’t burdenthese communities. Or just find a spot near the ocean whereyou can tune in to the rhythm of the waves, and allow the pulseof island life calm you. Whether you’re interacting with peopleor place, allow yourself to appreciate the pace of life here, andthe unique mixture of cultures in our island home.

WELCOME TO HAWAI’I!Kathy Kawelu and James Bayman

Kathy Kawelu (University of Hawai‘i–Hilo) and James Bayman (University of Hawai‘i–Manoa)

are the chairs of the local advisory committee for the 78th Annual Meeting.

78TH ANNUAL MEETING

Pu‘ukohala heiau (temple) constructed by Kamehamha, the first Hawai-

ian ruler to politically unify the archipelago. Credit: National Park Service.


Launched in January 2001, The SAA Archaeological Record isissued five times a year, and is available in PDF format onthe SAA website. It is a four-color magazine encompass-

ing SAA business, commentary, news, regular columns, job list-ings, opinions, forums, and articles. The magazine is not a peer-reviewed publication and does not currently have an editorialboard. Each Editor volunteers to serve a three-year term and isselected by the Board from among the SAA membership. TheManaging Editor is a member of the SAA staff. The SAA Archae-ological Record replaced The SAA Bulletin, which was publishedfrom 1993–2000. The SAA Publications Committee approvedthese guidelines in April 2012 at the Annual Meetings in Mem-phis, TN.

Submission Deadlines and Details

The SAA Archaeological Record publishes articles and forums ofinterest to the organization’s diverse membership, and is theSAA’s primary way of proactively reaching all of its memberswith organizational news and business. Authors wishing topublish in The SAA Archaeological Record should consider theappeal of their topic to the SAA’s professional, avocational, andstudent membership, and are encouraged to contact the Editorregarding potential articles, forums, and ideas for publication.

Submissions and inquiries should be sent to the current Editor.Contact information for the current Editor may be found insidethe front page of each issue of the magazine and on the SAAwebsite. Electronic copies of manuscripts are preferred. Manu-scripts should be sent as Microsoft Word documents.

Deadlines for time-sensitive materials including Letters to theEditor, Obituaries, and pieces for “News and Notes” and the Cal-endar are as follows: December 1 (January), February 1 (March),April 1 (May), August 1 (September), and October 1 (November).

News and Notes and Calendar items are published on a space-available basis.

The Editor does not solicit obituaries for publication, butmemorials of colleagues are welcomed as submissions to themagazine. Individuals wishing to write a memorial piece shouldcontact the Editor as soon as they are able.

Book reviews are published in SAA journals and are not a fea-ture of The SAA Archaeological Record.

The above deadlines do not apply to authors wishing to publishan article in or organize a forum for the magazine. Generally,articles are published in the order the Editor accepts them; how-ever, the Editor reserves the right to publish accepted materialsin a manner that enhances content and accommodates time-sensitive material from the SAA and its members. Most articlesare published within a year of their acceptance.

Forums may be proposed at any time, and should include anabstract as well as a list of potential contributors. The Editor willevaluate the proposal, and if accepted the forum will be sched-uled for publication in a specific issue of the magazine. The Edi-tor will issue a deadline for forum participants. Most forums arepublished within a year of their acceptance. It is the responsi-bility of the forum organizer/guest editor to communicate rele-vant policies and procedures to contributors, to collect the man-uscripts from contributors and provide them to the Editor, andto review the manuscripts to be sure authors have followed theguidelines and style guide for the magazine prior to submittingthem to the Editor.

Advertising and placement ads should be sent to the manager,Membership and Marketing ([email protected]), SAA head-quarters, 1111 14th St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20005.

Submission Lengths and Style Guide

Items for News and Notes and the Calendar should be between50–150 words. Longer pieces and pieces with artwork cannot beaccepted.

PUBLICATION GUIDELINES FOR THE SAAARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD

APPROVED BY THE SAA PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE IN APRIL 2012

SAA PUBLICATIONS


Obituaries should be kept to 650 words including selected bibli-ographies. A single photograph may accompany memorialpieces.

Article lengths vary, and authors are encouraged to contact theeditor to negotiate an appropriate word count for their article.Most articles are kept to fewer than 2,500 words, although occa-sionally items up to 4,500 words are accepted for publication.Longer articles generally are subjected to longer wait times forpublication.

Because The SAA Archaeological Record is a magazine and not apeer-reviewed journal, authors are encouraged strongly to keepbibliographic citations to a minimum and to focus their contentaccordingly. If an extended bibliography is required, a selectedbibliography may be published in the magazine and an author’scontact information furnished for those wishing to acquire afull list of citations.

The magazine does not publish abstracts, keywords, or sum-maries with articles, and these items do not need to be submitted.

Authors should otherwise follow the SAA Style Guide availableon the SAA website.

Photographs and Images

High-quality color images are encouraged with each submis-sion to The SAA Archaeological Record. The number of images issubject to approval by the Editor, but as a general rule between3–5 images is considered ideal for the magazine format.

All photographs, images, and other figures submitted must beat least 300 dpi in resolution at 7 inches wide (4 megapixels).Written permission must be obtained from the copyright hold-er (usually the photographer), and also from each individualdepicted in a recognizable fashion in the image. For furtherquestions about copyright permissions, please contact the man-aging editor at [email protected]

Single images for the cover are welcome from all SAA mem-bers, whether or not they are authors in the magazine. Maga-zine images must also have at least a 300 dpi resolution when theimage is expanded to a 9” x 12” size (2700 x 3600 pixels, or 9megapixels).

SAA PUBLICATIONS NNeeww ccoouurrsseess ooffffeerreedd bbyy tthhee UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff CCoolloorraaddoo

CCeenntteerr ffoorr CCooggnniittiivvee AArrcchhaaeeoollooggyy

• History of Cognitive Archaeology Since 1969with Prof. Thomas Wynn, University of Colorado

• Cognitive Evolution with Profs. Thomas Wynn and Frederick L. Coolidge, University of Colorado

• Neandertal Cognition with Profs Thomas Wynn • Neandertal Cognition Profs. Thomas Wynn and Frederick L. Coolidge, University of Colorado

• Paleoneurology with Prof. Emiliano Bruner, Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain

• Rock Art and Modern Cognition with Prof. Iain Davidson, Emeritus Professor, University of New England, New South Wales, AustraliaEngland, New South Wales, Australia

• Symbolic Evolution with Prof. April Nowell, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

• Language Typology and Universals in Relation to Language Origins, Cognition, and Social Discourse with Prof. Linda Watts, University of Colorado

These 3 credit courses are a ailable online at both theThese 3-credit courses are available online at both theundergraduate and graduate levels. Sign up through theCollege of Letters, Arts and Sciences Extended Studies.Enroll now or ask questions:

Contact: [email protected] or [email protected]: www.uccs.edu/~lases or www.uccs.edu/~cca/

The timing of Editor Jane Eva Baxter’sinvitation couldn’t have been better. Inpreparing this essay, I have discovered,much to my amazement, that when Inext attend the Annual Meeting(which will be in 2014), it will be thefirst time in two decades that I will notbe a member of any SAA committee!Much to my chagrin, my current termas an advisor to the Public EducationCommittee (PEC) is ending, and I can-not renew it given the new member-

ship rules. Jane’s request has given me an opportunity to reflecton my volunteer experience in a formal way. It’s unlikely I wouldhave done so otherwise. Thank you, Jane!

My SAA volunteering began in 1992, with a short stint on theGovernment Affairs Committee. Site protection and site preser-vation issues were hot topics for me at that time: I had recentlyestablished a site stewardship program for privately ownedarchaeological sites in Kentucky. Acting on an informal invita-tion from a committee member, I sat-in on a meeting, and then,I joined. I remember it being as simple as saying, “I’d like tobecome a member.”

It was fascinating to hear about the issues and challenges facingarchaeology on a national level and to be part of a conversationconcerning how the SAA should respond. But, I didn’t feel I hadenough experience in Section 106 regulations or in handlinggovernment issues at the state and federal level to be a usefuland active member. So, I left the committee and wished it goodluck in its important work.

Through my work with the site stewardship program, I hadbegun to realize that archaeologists needed to do a much betterjob of reaching out to, educating, and enlisting the public in ourefforts to protect and preserve archaeological sites. And, I hadheard about another committee: the PEC. As I had before, Iacted on an informal invitation from a committee member andsat-in on a meeting. WOW! Members talked about educationprojects they were involved with in their respective states and


volunteer profile:

Gwynn Henderson

VOLUNTEER PROFILE

about effective teaching tools and approaches. They discussedand worked on committee projects and initiatives like theArchaeology and Public Education Newsletter, Native Americaneducation, a network of state/provincial archaeology educationcoordinators, and improving university undergraduate educa-tion. It was instantly clear— I had found a home in the Society.I joined the PEC in 1995, the same year I became EducationCoordinator for the Kentucky Archaeological Survey. And therest, as they say, is history.

What did I do as a PEC member? All kinds of things! I served(still will) as the Education Network Coordinator for Kentucky. Iprepared content for the Archaeology for the Public webpages.As part of a membership survey project, I conducted interviewswith Society members to learn about their perspectives on pub-lic archaeology/education. I chaired and organized a workshopabout education programs evaluation. I co-chaired the Careersin Archaeology project. I offered my insights and perspectivesfrom Kentucky on topics large and small considered by theCommittee.

And what I gained personally was invaluable. I networked withcolleagues and participated in real discussions and idea sharingon topics and issues of deep importance to me. I also receivedprofessional development in many aspects of education (and anew vocabulary). I discovered a new and stimulating research focus— how kids learn about the past— on which I have sincepublished. And I improved my ability to communicate theresults of my archaeological research to the public.

And oh my goodness, the people I’ve met! It’s funny, but I thinkof them as “new” friends (after all, I did meet many of them inmy early 40s), but that is a misnomer. They are old friends, now,in the very best sense of the term.

So, what’s the take-away message from this “reflective piece”?

Find a committee with a mission that resonates with you. Thenvolunteer. It will change your life in ways you cannot imagine!


The Society for American Archaeology’s Mission Statementasserts that “to serve the public interest, SAA seeks thewidest possible engagement with all segments of society,”

and its Statement on Diversity says that the SAA “is committedto promoting diversity in our membership, in our practice, andin the audiences we seek to reach through the dissemination ofour research” (http://www.saa.org/AbouttheSociety/tabid/54/Default.aspx). Notwithstanding these aims, some groups havebeen, and continue to be, underrepresented in archaeology andin the SAA. More significantly, failing proactive recruitmentefforts, this demographic imbalance may become even morestark in coming decades.

The SAA Board of Directors recognized these issues severalyears ago by setting up a Diversity Initiatives Task Force, whichsubmitted its recommendations in 2011 (Rogers et al. 2011),and by creating the Minority Scholarships Committee (MSC).In principles and objectives, the MSC roughly parallels theNative American Scholarship Committee. By its charge, theMSC, “oversees the Historically Underrepresented GroupsScholarships program by developing guidelines and policy, pub-licizing the program, selecting the recipients, monitoring theprogram, and recommending changes in guidelines as needed.”These are “intended to encourage members of underrepresent-ed ethnic minorities to complete archaeological field schoolsand to pursue undergraduate and graduate degrees in archaeol-ogy, thereby contributing to diversity in American archaeology.”The MSC strategy is modeled on the successful Native Ameri-can Scholarship Fund’s incrementally developed field school,undergraduate, and graduate awards.

As members of the MSC, we’d like to sketch why supporting theHistorically Underrepresented Groups Scholarship fund is notjust “doing the right thing” but also a way to practically assurethe SAA’s future relevance and vitality. Being archaeologists, wewill give you some data to support our assertions.

Demography: USA and Canada in the Twenty-First Century

The 2010 U.S. Census (Humes et al. 2011:4 Table 1) indicatesthat 63.7 percent of the U.S. population identify themselves asnon-Hispanic white (Figure 1). Since 2000, this group had theslowest growth (1.2 percent) of any census category for race1

and ethnicity. Faster-growing census categories include AfricanAmerican (12.3 percent growth since 2000), Asian (43.3 percentgrowth), Pacific Islander (35.4 percent growth), two or moreraces (32 percent growth), and Hispanic or Latino (43 percentgrowth). Projections suggest that these trends will continue inthe next decades, regardless of shifts in immigration rates (Ort-man and Guarneri 2009).

The recruiting pool for future archaeologists is rapidly changing.The 2010 census showed that 46.5 percent of US residents under18 identified with a census category other than non-Hispanicwhite (Groves et al. 2011: 22). This K-12 demographic is thefuture of our discipline (Figure 2). Specifically for the SAA, thedata presage a dramatic demographic shift toward groups fromwhich very few archaeologists have been recruited in the past.

The SAA’s 1994 Member Survey of over 1,600 members provid-ed the first well-documented baseline for assessing demograph-ic trends, including ethnicity, in North American archaeology.Zeder’s analysis noted that the survey

provides empirical support for the impression one getsattending any major archaeological gathering in NorthAmerica, that American archaeologists are a homoge-nous group composed almost exclusively of people ofEuropean ancestry. People of Hispanic, African American,Native American, or Asian ancestry make up only 2 percentof respondents [Zeder 1997:9, emphasis ours].

Zeder (1997:13) concluded that, though archaeology aims to

THE SAA’S HISTORICALLY UNDERREPRESENTEDGROUPS SCHOLARSHIPS FUND

A NEW OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGE

Diane Gifford-Gonzalez and Anna S. Agbe-Davies (with assistance from Tiffiny Tung)

Diane Gifford-Gonzalez is at the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz and can be reached at ([email protected]).

Anna S Agbe-Davies is at the Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and can be reached at ([email protected]).

SAA COMMITTEES


understand diversity in the past, the North American disciplineis “starkly homogeneous.”

Canada, home to 4.6 percent of current SAA members, has alsoseen dramatic changes in ethnic composition. In Canada, Eastand South Asians comprise the preponderance of non-FirstNation minorities. These minorities increased from about 4.7percent of Canada’s total population in 1981 to around 16.2 per-cent in 2006 (Statistics Canada 2008). Between 2001 and 2006alone, this population segment grew at five times the 5.4 per-cent total population growth rate (Statistics Canada 2008).

The Canadian Archaeological Association has not conductedsurveys comparable to those conducted by the SAA, nor does itrequest ethnic affiliation data from its members, but Canadianmembers of the MSC believe it unlikely that the ethnic compo-sition of archaeological professionals is keeping up with thesedemographic trends.

The SAA’s 2002 and 2010 Needs Assessment Surveys (Societyfor American Archaeology 2003, 2011) indicate that ethnic bal-ance within the SAA has changed somewhat since 1994, withabout 16 percent of current membership identifying as mem-bers of groups other than non-Hispanic white (Figure 3). How-ever, the increase from two percent in 1994 to 16 percent in2010 is not keeping pace with the present or projected demo-graphic composition of North America. Moreover, close study ofthe by-age breakdown in the 2010 survey indicates that the 84percent “non-Hispanic white” segment of the SAA is not simplya Baby Boom effect that will shift to a more ethnically diversecomposition when that generation’s many senior members

cycle out of active participation in the SAA. Among surveyedarchaeologists under 35, 82 percent identify as non-Hispanicwhite. Absent significant new recruitment, 10 years from now,the membership of the Society will probably still be predomi-nantly white, with even higher proportions of this ethnic groupamong its senior leadership. Viewed in the context of the 2010demographic profile for U.S. K-12 students, the disparitybetween SAA membership and societal composition maybecome more pronounced in two decades.

One could claim that, because the percentage of non-whitemembers has increased at an increment of close to one percentper year since 1994, that these demographic patterns “naturally”will produce greater ethnic diversity in the SAA, with yet anoth-er 16 percent of members recruited from non-white groups inanother 16 years, bringing the society closer to US nationaldemographics.

However, one can also argue from the data that, failing proactiverecruitment, incremental progress will still leave the society wellout of balance with national demographic composition by 2028,when a majority of college-age people will be from non-whiteethnic groups. A laissez-faire perspective also does not considerthat the one percent per year growth may fall off, due to the dif-ferentially heavier impacts on minority families of college-eligi-ble students of the home mortgage debacle, parental layoffs in apoor jobs market, and recent, steep increases in state collegetuitions (College Board 2011). As is the case with entry intosmall business ownership, members of minority groups are dif-ferentially affected by economic downturns, due to markedly

SAA COMMITTEES

Figure 1. Distribution of racial and ethnic groups in the 2010 census data.

“Asian” and “Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander” categories combined for

consistency with Figure 3. Hispanic/Latino ethnic category includes a diver-

sity of racial self-identifications. Source: Humes et al. 2011.

Figure 2. Distribution of racial and ethnic groups among youth under 18

years of age in the 2010 census data. “Asian” and “Native Hawaiian/Pacific

Islander” categories combined for consistency with Figure 3. Hispanic/Lati-

no ethnic category includes a diversity of racial self-identifications. Source:

Humes et al. 2011.


lower median levels of family income (College Board 2011: 24)and familial wealth accumulation (Fairlie 2008).

Does It Matter?

One could argue that this is simply an ethical problem and thatthe correct action is for the Society as a whole to live up to thegoals of its mission statement by increasing the diversity of itsmembership. Another argument for proactively recruitingunderrepresented groups is that, as we have learned from thegreater participation of women and Native Americans/First Peo-ples in the profession, diversity among archaeologists signifi-cantly enriches our ability to generate self-critical theory andmethod (Leone and Preucel 1992).

If these worthy goals are not sufficiently compelling, then con-sider that anyone who values the SAA’s role in protecting Amer-ican archaeological heritage should view building a sociallydiverse membership as a practical strategy for maintaining thesociety’s relevance in the twenty-first century. Promoting publicappreciation and preservation of our archaeological heritage is acentral goal of North America’s archaeological societies. Region-al and national archaeological societies have made archaeologyand the deep American past relevant to many North Americansof European ancestry, thereby positively influencing culturalresource legislation and implementation. Incorporating morepersons from groups historically underrepresented in archaeol-ogy will enable the discipline to continue prospering and con-tributing intelligibly in our increasingly diverse political con-texts. Without establishing its relevance with other communi-ties, the SAA’s painstakingly nurtured public appreciation of

archaeology may wane— and with it, a commitment to conserv-ing national archaeological heritage.

What Kind of Scholarships?

As one of several tactics to recruit a broader segment of societyinto archaeology, the MSC has proposed to the Board that theawards eventually parallel those of the Native American Schol-arship Fund. The NASC originally focused on field schools butit quickly became apparent that a wider range of needs existed.Support now includes college tuition, books and supplies, andsimilar expenses. However, the MSC believes that summer fieldschool scholarships for college-age students from historicallyunderrepresented groups are centrally important. Archaeologi-cal field training is an unofficial prerequisite for entry into grad-uate programs and entry-level public archaeology jobs. TheMSC surveyed Canada/US and domestic college-sponsoredoverseas field school costs for 27 programs in 2011. The averageexpected student expenditure for a field school offering aca-demic credit was around $5,800 (Figure 4). When one elimi-nates overseas field schools— these ranged from Antigua-Bar-buda to Ethiopia— domestic field school costs average a healthy$3,530. However, this is only part of the cost of field training.

Few college financial aid packages cover summer coursework orlab and field training outside the regular academic year, makingsuch study an out-of-pocket expense. Moreover, the timerequired for rigorous field instruction, even if near home, isusually incompatible with paid employment. Even working atminimum wage, a student could gross around $4,600 in a 16-week summer. In combination, these facts present many stu-dents from low-income backgrounds with a major economicbarrier to intensified participation in archaeology. This may beespecially true for students who are the first in their families toattend university, who come from communities where archae-ology is an unusual career choice, or whose families or univer-sity financial aid programs expect them to earn a share of col-lege expenses over the summer. Thus, a field school scholarshippackage should go toward offsetting both the program cost andthe financial losses incurred through participation in field train-ing. The Native American Scholarship Committee (NASC) haslong acknowledged this fact in their well-established Scholar-ships for Archaeological Training.

The NASC has supported Native American students’ entry intocareers as anthropological archaeologists for nearly twodecades. Using income from the donation-based Native Ameri-can Scholarship Fund, the National Science Foundation grants,book royalty donations, and proceeds of its Silent Auction atSAA Annual Meetings, the NASC regularly offers field trainingscholarships ( now up to $5,000), as well as some undergradu-ate educational scholarships (up to $5,000), and graduate fel-

SAA COMMITTEES

Figure 3. Distribution of self-identified ethnicities in the 2010 SAA Needs

Assessment Survey (Q4, N=3012). Source: https://ecommerce.saa.org/saa/

staticcontent/staticpages/survey10/index.cfm.


lowships (up to $10,000). The Historically UnderrepresentedGroups Scholarship effort would be designed to establish soundfunding for its scholarships and to pursue all possible avenuesfor developing higher education.

Minority Scholarships Committee’s Functions

To swiftly offer a parallel set of scholarship opportunities to stu-dents from historically underrepresented groups without wait-ing decades for an endowment fund to reach critical mass, theSAA Board of Directors implemented an annual fund for thescholarships, allowing scholarships to be given directly fromdonated funds, rather than solely from interest earnings. Mean-while, the MSC is pursuing other lines of fundraising.2 TheMSC has a representative, Jason de Leon, on the SAA Fundrais-ing Committee.

The MSC has developed a scholarship solicitation, application,and selection process, modeled on the well-established NASCprocess. The first solicitation for applications will be publishedin an issue of The SAA Archaeological Record and online. Appli-cations and nominations will be reviewed and ranked by a panelof reviewers from the MSC. Recipients of Historically Under-represented Groups Scholarships will be required to submit abrief report on their field school experience, which will formpart of the MSC report to the SAA Board.

Who Is Eligible for the HUG Scholarships?

After assessing SAA survey data, the MSC and the Board ofDirectors concurred that the HUG Scholarships program shouldencourage applications from “underrepresented minorities,”typically targeted by federal guidelines, as well as members ofother groups that are strikingly underrepresented in the SAA, for

SAA COMMITTEES

Figure 4. Costs of 2011 public and private institution archaeological summer field schools, from MSC survey of advertised schools. Overseas field schools noted

with an asterisk.


example, persons of East and South Asian ancestry (Figure 3).Eligibility criteria approved by the SAA Board are as follows:

Applications are encouraged from U.S. and Canadian cit-izens who are (1) members of North American ethnicminority groups historically underrepresented in Ameri-can archaeology, including, but not limited to: AfricanAmericans, Asian Americans, and Latino/as, Chicano/as;(2) enrolled in a full-time academic program leading to adegree in anthropology/archaeology at the time of appli-cation; (3) a member of the Society for American Archae-ology. Note: for the present, Alaskan Natives, AmericanIndians, Native Alaskans, Native Hawaiians, and PacificIslanders are encouraged to apply to the Native AmericanScholarships program for parallel funding opportunities.

Language for (1) was adapted from criteria of the AmericanAnthropological Association’s Minority Dissertation Fellowship(funded since 1999), with specific amendments to parallel andcomplement the NASC eligibility criteria, and criteria (2) and (3)are used by the NASC.

A few points can be clarified. First, the application form andreview process refines the grosser-grained ethnic survey cate-gories to recognize the existence of “minorities within minori-ties” with differential economic advantages. Second, since theNASC has previously included not only Native Hawaiians butalso all Pacific Islanders as “Native peoples” within their purview,we have not included this group in our eligibility criteria.

Third, the MSC will initially seek HUG Scholarship applicantsfrom underrepresented minorities in the U.S. and Canada only.This is in part because the members of the MSC believe them-selves best equipped to assess such applicants on the basis oftheir application package. This is also in part because wepresently believe that most members of “historically underrep-resented minorities” in Latin America are of indigenous affilia-tion and would thus be eligible for a scholarship through NASC.Should Latin Americans who are from non-indigenous minori-ties emerge as applicants, the MSC have been accorded the flex-ibility to develop policy changes.

Finally, in developing our policy, MSC chair Gifford-Gonzalezconsulted with then-NASC chair Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonhon several occasions. As individuals, rather than committeechairs, we shared the perspective that the missions of the twocommittees may ultimately lead to establishment of a com-bined, diversity scholarship committee to solicit, review, anddisburse student support. However, in the short run, the SAABoard of Directors deemed it important to use the energy of anew, fully staffed committee to begin the fundraising and pub-licity activities for this other cohort of underrepresented groups.

Conclusion

Public outreach, one of the principles of archaeological ethicsarticulated by the SAA, is enhanced when the disciplineincludes people who are members of the population with whichthey seek to communicate. This was demonstrated during theintense controversies over the African Burial Ground in Man-hattan, and in the steps toward their resolution with concernedcommunities. Greater diversity among practicing archaeologistsin the academy and in public archaeology thus not only enrich-es the discipline’s intellectual life, but also facilitates outreach toa broader range of communities and legislative bodies in theyears to come.

The SAA’s low representation of archaeologists of AfricanAmerican, Latino, South Asian, East Asian, Pacific Islander, andother, non-European heritage likely results from the interactionof diverse social factors, only some of which are under our con-trol. These include an historic disinclination for first-genera-tion-to-college students to opt for such fields as archaeology, andour discipline’s lack of investment— literal and figurative— inmaking the initial steps toward entry into archaeology moreattractive and economically feasible to students from underrep-resented groups. Archaeology and the other social sciences havebeen unusual career choices for first-to-postsecondary-educa-tion students from less privileged sectors of society (NationalCenter for Education Statistics 2005: vi). Such preferences werestrikingly reflected in archaeologist Warren Barbour’s (1994)“Musings on a Dream Deferred,” in which he recounts the neg-ative reaction of his middle class, African American uncles andstepfather to the notion that he would not follow them into theircareers in medicine and pharmacy, and his grandfather’s spirit-ed defense of his choice to be an archaeologist, as one under-written by their achievements in their own professions.

Funding scholarships is but a single step in bringing the com-position of the SAA closer to parity with North American popu-lations as a whole, but it is an important one. Scholarship out-reach to students from underrepresented groups signals that weas a profession have invited them to join our ranks and to carryon the Society’s mission.

Most of us have had a helping hand along our way into careersin archaeology, from a Work-Study job, to a Pell Grant, to thatone, strongly encouraging instructor. Support provided by theHistorically Underrepresented Group scholarships will pay for-ward that kind of help. It will not only assist individuals to real-ize their goals of entering careers in archaeology but also willassure the resilience and relevance of American archaeologyinto the future.

SAA COMMITTEES


References Cited

Barbour, Warren T. D. 1994 Musings on a Dream Deferred. Federal Archeology Report 7,

no. 1. U.S. Department of Interior: National Park ServiceArcheologist/ Archeological Assistance Division (Spring1994), Washington, D.C.

The College Board 2011 Trends in College Pricing 2011. College Board Advocacy and

Policy Center, Princeton, New Jersey.Fairlie, Robert W.2008 Race and Entrepreneurial Success: Black-, Asian-, and White-

Owned Businesses in the United States. MIT Press, Boston.Groves, Robert, Marc Perry, and Nicholas Jones2011 Operational Press Briefing, National Press Club. U.S. Depart-

ment of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration,U.S. Census Bureau. Electronic document, http://2010.cen-sus.gov/news/pdf/transcript_3-24-11.pdf, accessed September17, 2012.

Humes, Karen R., Nicholas A. Jones, and Roberto R Ramirez2011 Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin. U.S. Department of

Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S.Census Bureau. Electronic document, http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf, accessed September 17,2012.

Leone, Mark P., and Robert W. Preucel1992 Archaeology in a Democratic Society: A Critical Theory Per-

spective. In Quandries and Quests: Visions of Archaeology’sFuture, edited by L. Wandsnider, pp. 115-135. Southern Illi-nois University at Carbondale, Center for ArchaeologicalInvestigations, Carbondale.

National Center for Education Statistics2005 First-Generation Students in Postsecondary Education: A

Look at Their College Transcripts. Executive Summary. U. S.Department of Education Institute of Education. Washington,D.C. Electronic, document, http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2005171 accessed 9/17/2012.

Ortman, Jennifer M., Christine E. Guarneri2009 United States Population Projections: 2000 to 2050. Analytical

Papers, 19. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington D.C. Electronicdocument, http://www.census.gov/population/www/.../ana-lytical-document09.pdf.

Rogers, J, Daniel, J. Anna S. Agbe-Davies, Frances M. Hayashida, LisaJ. Lucero, and Desirée Renée Martinez

2011 Diversity Initiatives Task Force Final Report. Submitted to theBoard of the Society for American Archaeology, April 6, 2011.

Society for American Archaeology2003 2003 Needs Assessment Survey. Association Research Inc.,

Rockville MD. https://ecommerce.saa.org/saa/staticcontent/staticpages/survey/index.cfm

2011 2010 Needs Assessment Survey. Association Research Inc.,Rockville MD. https://ecommerce.saa.org/saa/staticcontent/staticpages/survey10/index.cfm

Statistics Canada 2008 2006 Census: Ethnic origin, visible minorities, place of work

and mode of transportation. Statistics Canada. Electronic doc-ument, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/080402/dq080402a-eng.htm, accessed September 17, 2012.

Zeder, Melinda 1997 The American Archaeologist: A Profile. Altamira Press, Walnut

Creek, California.

Notes

1. The US Census Bureau continues to use the term “race” todescribe geographic variations in ancestry and culture that mostanthropologists would be happier terming “ethnicity,” and it reservesthe latter term only to make the Hispanic/Latino vs. non-Hispanic/Latino distinction. Our citation of 2010 Census categories inno way diminishes our anthropologically informed view of “race” as asocially constructed category rather than a biological reality.

2. In 2011, NSF Archaeology declined to fund a MSC grant appli-cation paralleling the one which it had funded for the NASC.

SAA COMMITTEES

Book Indexing

Professional archaeologist with 30 years of experience in indexing scholarly books.

Turn-around time about 3 weeks, sometimes less. Fee depends upon book length, text density, etc.

More information at: myweb.cableone.net/alchristenson

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[email protected] 928-308-5758


MANAGING THE UNEXPECTEDTHE EAST ST. LOUIS MOUND GROUP

AND THE NEW MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRIDGE

Thomas E. Emerson and Brad H. Koldehoff

Thomas E. Emerson is director of the Illinois State Archaeological Survey (ISAS) and Principal Investigator of the Mississippi River Bridge Mitigation Project.

Brad Koldehoff is Chief Archaeologist with Illinois Department of Transportation and responsible for the management of the agency’s

transportation archaeology program.

Archaeology, of course, is all about the unknown— that ispart of its mystique. So, we should not be disconcertedwhen we encounter the unexpected, but we often are. As

much as we try to plan for every contingency, and after all thatis what the entire Section 106 process is about, we occasionallyget surprised. During the over half-century that the Illinois StateArchaeological Survey (ISAS, formerly the Illinois Transporta-tion Archaeology Research Program, University of Illinois) andthe Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) have coopera-tively carried out archaeological investigations under an inter-governmental agreement (http://www.isas.illinois.edu/), wehave seldom encountered truly unexpected discoveries. IDOTand ISAS put an inordinate amount of effort into the prelimi-nary survey and testing stages of projects to ensure that they arenot caught unawares. But, there are those instances when thetraditional approach is not possible, and the new MississippiRiver Bridge is one of those projects. As it turned out, thisbridge project has posed all sorts of new and unexpected chal-lenges that are being favorably resolved with flexible thinkingand good old fashion communication— not only between high-way engineers and archaeologists but also among archaeolo-gists, agencies, and federally recognized American IndianTribes. As a consequence, an abundance of new data about theearly historic city (late nineteenth century) and the late pre-Columbian city (eleventh to thirteenth centuries) of East St.Louis are being revealed in advance of construction.

The Tale of Two Cities

The new bridge, which is now under construction, will link EastSt. Louis with St. Louis, the famed “Gateway to the West” (Fig-ure 1). The St. Louis area has been a commercial and trans-portation hub since ancient times, owing in large part to its loca-tion at the intersection of major river and overland routes.Today, interstate highways retrace old wagon roads that in turnfollowed footpaths blazed by earlier native populations. On an

average day, well over a hundred thousand vehicles cross theMississippi River on the Poplar Street Bridge, which is one ofonly two bridges in the nation that carries three interstates high-ways. In 2007–2008 the States of Illinois and Missouri, with fed-eral support, agreed to construct a new I–70 bridge. This $640million suspension bridge is a crucial link in facilitating localand interstate traffic flow and in providing a kick-start to localeconomic redevelopment.

Since the second half of the twentieth century, East St. Louishas suffered, along with much of the Midwest and Northeast,from the loss of local heavy industry and associated railroadinfrastructure. The resulting economic decline has been cou-pled with a lack of new development—a situation the newbridge will likely change. Along the 144-acre alignment thatwill carry the highway through East St. Louis are the hiddenremnants of an ancient aboriginal city. Beneath the present-daypost-industrial landscape, ISAS crews are unearthing the firstcity of East St. Louis— a Mississippian culture mound and towncomplex linked to and likely an extension of the World Heritagesite of Cahokia Mounds located just a few miles inland. To date,within the alignment we have excavated nearly 6,000 habitationfeatures.

The rise and fall of historic East St. Louis, the second city, par-allels events that occurred in this same location nearly 1,000years earlier. Based on what we know from early antiquarianaccounts, at about A.D. 1050 this location was the home of anative “East St. Louis” that with its ~50 mounds was the secondlargest Mississippian mound complex in North America— animportant elite ceremonial precinct within Cahokia’s 14.5 km2

central political-administrative complex (Pauketat 1994, 2004).East St. Louis’ prehistoric ruins were still visible when visited byHenry M. Brackenridge in the early 1800s, but by the mid to late1800s its observable traces were obliterated by industrial andcommercial expansion.

ARTICLE


Parenthetically, the new bridge runs from the former location ofthe St. Louis Mound group with its 26 mounds (now destroyed)in Missouri to the East St. Louis Mound center in Illinois (Fig-ure 2). In a project this size with impacts to major native habi-tation sites and possible mortuary areas, tribal consultation is acritical issue. The Missouri Division of the Federal HighwayAdministration (FHWA) took the lead in the Section 106process and initiated consultation with numerous tribes; how-ever, only the Osage Nation asked to be involved.

Illinois is in an unusual position in the Midwest: it has had noresident land-holding tribes for nearly two centuries. Nativeland loses in the 1818 Treaty of Edwardsville were followed byfinal land cessations at the Treaty of Castor Hill in 1832. Giventhis history, Illinois agencies have little experience in dealingwith tribal governments. However, with the recognition of trib-al consultation as a significant aspect of the Section 106 process,IDOT initiated contact on a project-by-project basis with tribeshaving a treaty land cessation in the state. In 2008 and 2009,IDOT and the Illinois Division of FHWA invited a wide array oftribes to a discussion aimed at broadening the consultationprocess.

One result of this consultation was the creation of a web-linkedProject Notification System (PNS) by the Illinois State Archaeo-logical Survey (ISAS) that enables IDOT and FHWA to provideimmediate project information, including maps and nearbyburial sites, to the tribes (http://www.isas.illinois.edu/news/fhwa_award.shtmlIn). The development of the PNS wonan Exemplary Human Environment Initiatives Award (EHEI)from FHWA. Another positive outgrowth was the drafting of aTribal Memorandum of Understanding that laid out the consul-tation process and created a consensus agreement to treat buri-als in accordance with the Illinois Human Skeletal Protection

Act (20 ILCS 3440, 17 IAC 4170). Finally, in recognition of trib-al concerns for burial places, ISAS-IDOT initiated a process toconfirm the location and condition of about 5,000 burial siteslisted in the Illinois Inventory of Burials Sites.

On the archaeological front, ISAS-IDOT has been conductingtesting and geomorphological work in the East St. Louis sitearea since the late 1980s as part of highway infrastructureimprovements. Earlier excavations along existing I55/70 haddiscovered intact plaza, mound bases, storage compounds, pal-isade lines, and residences (e.g., Fortier 2007; Pauketat 2005).While these demonstrated that portions of the site were intact,its extent and integrity were unknown. To some extent, we knewwe were going into the project with blinders on— land accessdelays, a 150 years of industrial development and demolition,the lack of reliable historic records, extensive brownfields withHAZMAT problems, standing buildings to be demolished, andmost significantly variable layers of historic fill and rubble (2–10 feet thick) along with live and abandoned utility lines andhidden old factory foundations presented obvious problems(Figure 3). Despite over 600 geomorphic cores and numerousbackhoe trenches, we had only an imprecise sense of the natu-ral landforms and historic development in the area. Every exca-vation block had the potential of revealing the unexpected.

Even after ISAS had access to portions of the right-of-way(ROW), investigations were hampered by extensive logistical andsafety concerns. The development of a heath and safety plan tocover all possible exigencies was a challenging and ongoing

EMERSON & KOLDEHOFF

Figure 1. Artist rendition of the new Mississippi River Bridge at St Louis

(courtesy of the Illinois Department of Transportation).

Figure 2. The new bridge span and associated road infrastructure begins at

the location of the former St. Louis group “Big Mound” in Missouri and

ends in a large Mississippian residential neighborhood of the East St. Louis

Mound group. (Courtesy of ISAS).


process. Excavating of up to 10 feet of historic rubble createdthousands of cubic feet of back dirt— dirt that has to be truckedto other locations within the ROW and often relocated as manyas three to four times. Since we had little historical structureinformation, the convoluted and complex construction and dem-olition sequences within the National Stockyard tracts provideda constant unknown that hampered excavations. Excavationplacement, priorities, and time schedules were, as expected, setby construction needs. Such circumstances highlight the needfor precise coordination among archaeologists, IDOT engineers,and construction contractors. This coordination would havebeen impossible without the appointment of an IDOT residentproject engineer to ensure that archaeology and constructionneeds were appropriately mediated. Against this backdrop, sys-tematic testing of the ROW was virtually impossible.

Feature 2000: Unexpected Discovery

Even with all this preparation, we were not prepared for the dis-concerting discovery of a heretofore-unidentified mound rem-nant secreted beneath the rubble of the National Stockyards.The basal remnants of this 900-year old earthen monument,called Feature 2000, covered approximately 1,300 square meters.Its precise size and function are difficult to determine becauseits upper layers were removed when the stockyards were con-structed in the 1870s, and multiple buildings and a city streetfurther compromised its integrity.

Recognizing this feature reiterated the difficulty in identifyingand interpreting archaeological deposits in a highly disturbedurban context. We initially encountered these deposits whileremoving historic rubble and fill associated with the demolitionof Stockyard facilities and the asphalt and underlying road baseof a street. The mound deposits were generally sterile and werenot immediately distinguishable from episodes of historic-erasterile infilling. However, adjacent excavations revealed a smallcluster of burials and nearby trenching profiled a borrow pit thathad been purposely filled. This clustering of activities in a rela-tively confined area alerted us to the potentially unique deposits.The challenge was to identify and delineate those deposits.

To resolve this issue, large-scale excavations were halted and aseries of targeted test squares and profile trenches were initiat-ed. While these focused investigations were ongoing we werefortunate, with excavations stretching across a site nearly onekm in length, that we could reassign crews to other areas tokeep the excavations moving forward. We knew we were dealingwith a constructed Mississippian landscape— but its specificform was not clear, i.e., was it a constructed plaza or platform orwas it actually a previously unknown mound base? Ourexploratory work confirmed a complex sequence of excavatedand refilled borrow pits, zones of horizontal fill, and possibly

MANAGING THE UNEXPECTED

Figure 3. ISAS crews excavating prehistoric features among the foundations

and footings of an abandoned industrial complex. (Courtesy of ISAS).

Figure 4. Composite illustration of Feature 2000 mound, borrow and pit fill (note distinctive buck-shot fill of intrusive pit). (Courtesy of ISAS).


related burial episodes (Figure 4). What proved to be critical wasthe discovery of a profile showing a short segment of a diagonalmound face proving that we were dealing with the several feetthick remnant of a rectilinear mound, about ~25m by ~52m, ori-ented to the cardinal directions. Within a short time, ISAS hadidentified the constructed landscape of refilled borrow pits anda mound base and through coring had been able to trace itsapproximate boundaries, even where it continued outside theright-of-way. Two things became immediately apparent: that acredible excavation of the mound remnant could not be per-formed in the timeframe allotted; and given the special natureof the feature, such an excavation was not, even if feasible, desir-able to our tribal partners.

ISAS and IDOT immediately began exploring options for thepreservation of the mound remnant. Once the feature was spa-tially defined, IDOT engineers and consultants began crafting asolution to protect the area. At the same time, the Osage Nationprovided comments and guidance during an on-site meeting.Within a month, IDOT’s engineering staff and consultants creat-ed a redesign that replaced a broad open ditch with a 42” enclosedculvert, rerouted a 42” waterline that would have cut through themound’s center, and proposed crucial landscaping changes.

The coordinated action of ISAS archaeologists and IDOT’s engi-neers and planners meant that FHWA and IDOT could imme-diately brief tribal representatives on the issues and offer sever-

al potential solutions, one being preservation in place. Furtherconsultation created a 488-m2-preservation area blanketed witha 3–5’ cap of earthen fill, fenced, and given formal legal stand-ing to ensure its long-term protection (Figure 5). In addition,IDOT offered to make the area available if the tribes wish toreinter human remains that had to be removed from other areasof the bridge project.

Lessons Learned

The unexpected discovery of a mound within the right-of-way inthe third year of construction on a high-profile project couldhave been catastrophic to the project schedule. That this poten-tial crisis had a successful resolution was the result of a longIDOT tradition of integrating archaeology into transportationproject planning.

• IDOT ensures that archaeology is not outside the planningand construction process but is an integral part of it. IDOTand ISAS have worked cooperatively for over half-a-centuryto ensure this integration. Consequently archaeologists andengineers have long-term working and personal relation-ships and a great deal of shared knowledge about managingarchaeological resources in the context of a construction-driven agency. This is certainly true in the American Bottomwhere, particularly during the last three decades, hundredsof archaeological sites have been investigated as part of high-

EMERSON & KOLDEHOFF

Figure 5. Aerial showing location of the Feature 2000 preserve within the construction corridor of the new Mississippi River Bridge. (Courtesy of IDOT and ISAS).


way construction (Emerson et al 2006; Emerson and Walthall2007). This long-term relationship with its mutual knowl-edge and trust was essential when archaeologists and engi-neers had to cooperate in devising an emergency preserva-tion plan.

• IDOT has integrated tribal consultation into its standardplanning procedures. FHWA, IDOT, and their partner ISASused the tribal gatherings in 2008 and 2009 as a stimulus tomove beyond project consultation. It promoted the creationof the PNS, a Tribal MOU and initiated a reevaluation of bur-ial sites. For IDOT the legal requirement of tribal consulta-tion has been a stepping-stone in implementing innovativeways to assist in the preservation of resources of concern tothe tribes. Meaningful consultation is best achieved withface-to-face meetings, which foster mutual respect and goodfaith negotiations. In this case, the foundation for such con-sultation was built not only during our 2008 and 2009 Tribalworkshops but also sustained with regular email projectnotifications, which almost daily reinforces the openness ofIDOT-FHWA consultation.

• IDOT, FHWA, and ISAS have ensured that tribal, agency,and archaeological relationships are broadly based. A greatemphasis has been placed on the development of personalinteraction in tribal consultation and we would add that it isequally true in dealing with the various agency constructionand engineering staff and contractors. Ultimately the Fea-

MANAGING THE UNEXPECTED

Figure 6. Plan map of historic buildings superimposed over a prehistoric res-

idential neighborhood at East St. Louis. (Courtesy of ISAS).

ture 2000 consultation was successful because of the activeinvolvement and face-to-face interaction among multipleparties on all sides of the process. We saw the value of flexi-bility, open-mindedness, and goodwill. Like any negotiatingprocess the active involvement of multiple participantsserves to smooth out bumpy spots and keep the discussionsbalanced and on track.

• The results of these joint efforts has been that since the Fallof 2008, ISAS crews have excavated nearly 6,000 features dat-ing between ~A.D. 900 to 1250 including over 1400 structurefloors, 72 monumental post pits, and over 3,600 cooking/storage pits (Figure 6). No excavations of this scale have evertaken place in a Mississippian center. Additionally more thanone hundred residential and commercial features filled withhousehold refuse dating to the late 1800s and early 1900shave been excavated, providing new insights into the lives ofearly working-class families in East St. Louis.

The cooperative and successful partnerships created and theresults produced during this process were recognized by FHWAthrough the presentation to ISAS and IDOT of a 2011 Environ-mental Excellence Award for the management of cultural andhistorical resources (http://environment.fhwa.dot.gov/eea2011/historical_resources.htm) in the context of the Missis-sippi River Bridge Project.

References Cited

Emerson, Thomas E. (editor)2006 Transportation Archaeology Advances in American Bottom Pre-

history. Southeastern Archaeology 25(2).Emerson, Thomas E. and John A. Walthall 2007 Archaeological Practice in Large Transportation-Related Corri-

dors: The I–270 Archaeological Mitigation Project. In Land-scapes Under Pressure: Theory and Practice of Cultural HeritageResearch and Preservation, edited by L. R. Lozny, pp.163–185.(Revised Paperback Edition), Springer, New York.

Fortier, Andrew C. (editor)2007 The Archaeology of the East St. Louis Mound Center, Part II: The

Northside Excavations. Illinois Transportation ArchaeologicalResearch Program, Transportation Archaeological ResearchReports No. 22, University of Illinois, Urbana.

Pauketat, Timothy R.1994 The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in

Native North America. University of Alabama Press,Tuscaloosa.

2004 Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge.

Pauketat, Timothy R. (editor)2005 The Archaeology of the East St. Louis Mound Center, Part I: The

Southside Excavations. Illinois Transportation ArchaeologicalResearch Program, Transportation Archaeological ResearchReports No. 21, University of Illinois, Urbana.


THE ARCHAEOLOGY DIVISION

OF THE

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION is pleased to announce

the 2012 Patty Jo Watson Distinguished Lecturer:

Susan D. Gillespie

"The Entanglement of Jade and the Rise of Mesoamerica"

the 2012 Gordon R. Willey Prize Recipient:

Kathryn Weedman Arthur

for "Feminine Knowledge and Skill Reconsidered: Women and Flaked Stone Tools"

American Anthropologist vol. 112, no. 2.

the 2012 Alfred Vincent Kidder Award Recipient:

Wendy Ashmore

Join us at the 2012 meeting in San Francisco, November 14-18, to celebrate the achievements of our colleagues. See http://aaanet.org/meetings/index.cfm for program details.


For the past 25 years, I’ve worked in the State Office for theWyoming Bureau of Land Management (WY BLM). Andin those years, I’ve gone from being a temporary support

staff archaeologist to Deputy Preservation Officer/State Archae-ologist/Tribal Consultation Coordinator.

But I’m not even from Wyoming. I’m from Texas. And I didn’tplan to become an archaeologist. I wanted to travel overseas asa languages expert. How on earth did I get here? A “long andwinding road” took me from Texas, through Oklahoma,Arkansas, Illinois, and Indiana, to Wyoming.

History was always a favorite subject, but I entered collegeintending to major in languages and work for the State Depart-ment. In my mind, at the time, that type of job seemed adven-turous and exotic (though now, after 25+ years with the govern-ment, I’m fairly certain reality would not have equaled thedream). Besides, my college, Southwestern University inGeorgetown, Texas, didn’t have an anthropology degree program.

The summer after I started college, my mother took me to visita dig near our community. I think I became an archaeologistbecause she thought it would be interesting (the things we dofor our mothers!). I recall climbing down into a very deep (non-OSHA!) trench and looking at a bone. The archaeologist told meit had been “modified,” though, at the time, I’m not sure Iunderstood what that meant.

Regardless, after that summer of “discovery” and a fall semesterrealization that going overseas was not to be, I transferred toTexas A&M University at College Station, Texas. There I took anIntro to Anthropology course from Dr. Harry Shafer.

I must have impressed Dr. Shafer, because he allowed me tosign up for that summer’s field school, and I hadn’t even takenIntro to Archaeology! Field school hooked me (and I aced thatfirst archaeology class). Dr. Shafer’s classes were so interesting— I just knew archaeology would be great fun and

hopefully, a great career choice. Other people influential in mycareer include Martha Doty Freeman, project historian for theStacy (O.H. Ivie) Reservoir Project, Don Cochran, director ofBall State University’s Archaeological Resources ManagementService, and Tim Nowak, former BLM Wyoming DPO. Theirdedication to the discipline and the job, as well as their encour-agement at the most opportune times, kept me on the path I fol-low today.

After college, I found work with archaeological consultingfirms, working on projects in Illinois, Oklahoma, Arkansas, andTexas. Like most field archaeologists, I started out as a crewmember. I excavated in Illinois at the Smiling Dan Site and pro-filed trenches (again very deep) at the nearby Campbell HollowSite. I moved on to surveying in East Texas, where crawlingunder brambles (and meeting up with a copperhead half waythrough!) was common. I learned how to do flotation (in the Illi-nois River in November— can you say cold?), identify artifacts,and run a transit. Researching courthouse records, writingreports, and managing people came later, once I had the fieldand lab experience. Remember: this was before GPS, GIS, theInternet, and cell phones (or at least their use in my world); itcertainly seems like technology has made cultural resourcemanagement easier today.

During the Stacy Reservoir Project in Texas, I noticed that wewere doing a great deal of upfront recording for a historicpreservation consultant/historian. She and her husband visitedthe project on a monthly basis to make the eligibility determi-nations for historic period sites, to conduct historic research,and to do HABS drawings for the historic structures our surveycrews encountered.

Not that fieldwork wasn’t fun and exciting— all those snakes andornery cows— but I thought what she did was very interesting:putting a face on the cultural remains we encountered. So Idecided to go back to school for a graduate degree, looking pri-marily at schools with Historic Preservation programs.

CAREERS IN ARCHAEOLOGYA “LONG AND WINDING ROAD...”

Ranel Stephenson Capron

Ranel Stephenson Capron is Deputy Preservation Officer/State Archaeologist/Tribal Consultation Coordinator for the

Bureau of Land Management’s Wyoming State Office, Cheyenne, WY ([email protected]).

CAREERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY


I ended up at Ball State University (BSU) in Muncie, Indiana. Atthe time (1982), it had two interesting degree programs: theHistoric Preservation program in the Architecture School andthe Archaeological Resources Management program in theAnthropology Department. “Hmm, the best of both worlds,” Ithought, so I took classes in both programs. I was lucky to get aresearch assistantship with the Archaeological Resources Man-agement Service at BSU and that helped pay for grad school.

I was at BSU for three years, though it took an additional threeyears to finish my thesis (a job with BLM in Wyoming, mar-riage, and motherhood got in the way). My degree is a MS inArchaeological Resources Management with a minor in His-toric Preservation.

A fellow BSU grad student helped me get a “temporary” archae-ology job with WY BLM in 1985. That “temporary” job was madepermanent in 1990. In the years since, my duties have expand-ed, and my responsibilities have grown. Although I worked inconsulting for a relatively short period of time— six years— thatexperience, my grad school coursework, and the knowledge Igained as an assistant to the BLM cultural lead for 20+ years, allled to my ability to move into the lead job in 2008.

BLM is part of the Department of the Interior. The agency man-ages America’s National System of Public Lands. In Wyoming,those lands consist of more than 17.5 million surface acres and40.7 million acres of federal mineral estate.

Because BLM has a multiple-use mission, we must find a wayto allow (or in some cases, not allow) numerous uses on ourpublic lands. My program encompasses cultural resources,paleontology, and tribal consultation. But BLM also has respon-sibilities for, among other things, minerals (leasing for oil, gas,coal, gravel), lands and realty (authorizing rights of way, landexchanges), renewable resources (forestry, wildlife, air, wild

horses), recreation, and the National Landscape ConservationSystem (America’s national monuments, national historic trails,wilderness areas).

The year before I arrived in Cheyenne, WY BLM had assumedauthority from the National Park Service for permitting quali-fied researchers and consultants to conduct work on culturaland paleontological resources on BLM-administered lands. Ithad issued about 50 permits that year. The archaeologist posi-tion I was hired into was a support position for the cultural pro-gram lead, and I was put in charge of the permitting programfor both cultural and paleontological resources. I never imag-ined that, decades later, the program would be at 650 permitsand counting! This number would be even higher if we hadn’tsplit out the paleontology permits from the cultural permits inthe mid-90’s.

Over the years, I have taken on other responsibilities. In 1996, Ibecame responsible for collections management, and heritageand environmental education outreach. This change allowedme to have more influence over the cultural program’s funds.My interaction with school districts, teachers and students alsoincreased. I enjoyed this part of the job and turned down twoopportunities for promotion because it meant passing the edu-cation role off to another person.

I finally stepped up into the Deputy Preservation Officer job in2008, after the death of my co-worker and friend Tim Nowak.The agency has chosen not to fill my previous position, so I haveretained old responsibilities and absorbed many new ones,including senior technical specialist, budget and statewideaccomplishments, policy making, training for archaeologistsand managers, and tribal consultation coordination.

Another of my “new” responsibilities is cultural lead for twolarge transmission projects that cross several states. Have you


Figure 1. Ranel at work: with so many diverse responsibilities, she’s earned

the two monitors and the corner office! Photo by Maren Felde.

Figure 2. Ranel and co-worker, Kathy Miller Boden, discuss complex multi-

state wind energy projects. Photo by Lesly Smith.


noticed the government’s recent focus on renewable energy?For Wyoming, this means wind energy and the transmissionlines needed to move it to markets in the Southwest. These proj-ects are very complicated, and the consultation efforts are on amuch larger scale than we are used to. In my position, I relyheavily on the field office archaeologists, as well as the stateleads for the other 2–3 states involved in the transmission proj-ects. Flexibility (in process and schedule) is important as are therelationships we have built with our partners.

It’s difficult to explain my typical day— truly no two days arealike! I’ll illustrate this through a litany of what might happen,and then finish by discussing the most challenging and themost favorite parts of my job.

My typical day is filled with meetings. I might host a conferencecall to negotiate a programmatic agreement for one of thosetransmission lines. It would include the project applicant, theAdvisory Council on Historic Preservation, several state historicpreservation officers, tribes, and other consulting parties. Thenthere’s mailing out Wyoming Archaeology Awareness Monthposters to local schools, museums and libraries, or participatingin a conference call with our Washington Office on a review ofour cultural manuals or high priority, fast-tracked energy proj-ects. I might go to the University of Wyoming to speak to a pub-lic archaeology class, or conduct a review of our curation facili-ty at the University of Wyoming Archaeological Repository. Imight visit one of ten BLM Field Offices to discuss particularprojects with the field archaeologists, or go with them to visit adata recovery in progress. And let’s not forget my monthly coor-dination meeting with our State Historic Preservation Office todiscuss various compliance issues, educational opportunities

such as site stewardship efforts, or funding of our culturalresource data sharing partnership.

Truly, I think the most challenging part of my job is tribal con-sultation. WY BLM consults with tribes from Idaho, Montana,Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, andWyoming. Many of our cultural resources are of interest to thetribes, but tribal interest also extends to the other resources wemanage such as air, water, plants, trees, wildlife, and minerals.Our managers and other program leads do not always under-stand why they must consult with tribes, so I strive to educateindividuals within WY BLM as well as the tribes about the bestway to participate in consultation. Tribal consultation for memeans going in the field with tribal members to look at sites,working via conference call on agreement documents, or assist-ing our project managers to present information at tribal coun-cil meetings. But bottom line, my tribal consultation job isabout building a relationship with the tribes through tribal lead-ership, the Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, cultural con-tacts, or tribal elders. Relationship building is most effectivewhen both sides have continuity of personnel.

By far one of the most enjoyable aspects of my job is participat-ing in educational outreach, whether by giving talks to students,writing for BLM’s Heritage Education program or the BLMFacebook page, participating in the national Boy Scout Jam-boree, or engaging with peers as part of the Project Archaeolo-gy (PA) Leadership Team. In 1997, WY BLM began promotingProject Archaeology and training teachers. We had several yearsof success. Then, as is often the case with government, ourbudgets were cut and management support declined. Less effortwas placed on teaching teachers and more energy went intobroader overall celebrations, such as the Antiquities Act Cen-tennial. Recently, we’ve re-energized Wyoming’s PA program:five Master Teachers from around the state now work with meto spread the word about archaeology.

So, to close, I would encourage archaeologists to consider a fed-eral government job. You can stay in one place your entirecareer; you can move around within your agency; or you canswitch agencies for more diversity.

And what I’ve learned is this: the job is never dull. It can bedemanding. It can be satisfying. It can be so very frustrating,and you can often feel more like an administrator than anarchaeologist.

But when you get to see projects through to fruition, whether it’sprotecting rock art, having a site listed on the National Registerof Historic Places, repatriating sacred objects to tribes, or justgetting the permit filing done, it’s all worth it at the end of theday. I wouldn’t change a thing!


Figure 3. Ranel surrounded by documents relating to the various projects she

coordinates. Photo by Maren Felde.


For its practitioners, archaeology can be a profession, apassion, a pastime, and a problem. At work, archaeolo-gists may have professional responsibilities that can

complicate their personal lives. And at home, archaeologistsmay have personal responsibilities that can complicate theirwork lives. In 2011, the Committee on the Status of Womenin Archaeology (COSWA) sponsored a forum titled “A Life inRuins? Work-Life Balance in Archaeology.” We broughttogether archaeologists from across the spectrum of the pro-fession and examined the question: how do archaeologistsjuggle the sometimes unusual demands placed on them bytheir profession with the realities of everyday life? Therewere numerous challenges identified in this session: how tomaintain a family while working far from home, how to bal-ance raising growing children and taking care of aging par-ents while still retaining identity as an archaeologist, how tostay financially afloat while trying to succeed in school, howto balance life with a non-archaeologist spouse, as well assustaining a dual-career household.

We asked our participants to address what work-life balancemeans, what aspects of their career create the greatest tensionwith their personal lives and how they mitigate some of thistension, what practices are most effective in maintaining ahealthy work-life balance, and what pitfalls might be on the

road ahead? A lively discussion ensued during the forum. Werealized that times have changed dramatically and there is nolonger one “right way” to be an archaeologist— if indeed thereever was. It is possible to be an archaeologist and a mother, afather, a devoted child, and a spouse. In this issue, we presentseveral of the challenges of balancing life as an archaeologist.Contributors address the challenges of sustaining two archae-ology careers in the same family (Brown and Yaeger), advanc-ing an archaeological career while raising children and sup-porting the career of a non-archaeologist spouse (Roberts),maintaining a marriage and parenting with an active interna-tional research agenda (Barber), balancing the demands offamily life with a career in museums (Nash), and having suc-cess in personal life and on the tenure track (Rodning). In myown life, I am balancing raising four children with a spousewho is a pilot, while working part-time as an adjunct instruc-tor and part-time in publishing. We are all archaeologists. Weare all passionate about this career we have chosen. We allhave to find a way to juggle our careers with the world thatlies beyond the ruins.

Some archaeologists are still walking traditional paths, whileothers are creating their own niches for themselves. As thepapers in this special forum demonstrate, we can do it all ifwe are willing to be creative in finding our balance.

LIFE IN RUINS? WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN ARCHAEOLOGY

A LIFE IN RUINS? WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN ARCHAEOLOGY

Caryn M. Berg

Caryn M. Berg is an acquisitions editor with Left Coast Press, Inc., and an adjunct instructor at Colorado State University.


From the very beginning, travel to exotic locations waspart of archaeology’s appeal for me. Having grown upin several (decidedly not exotic) places, leaving the con-

fines of small-town America for adventure abroad was highon my list of life goals. While a career in archaeology has lit-erally exposed me to a world of amazing experiences— a factfor which I am perennially grateful— it has also created anumber of unexpected challenges in my personal life.

For 13 of the last 17 years I have spent atleast a week, and more often severalmonths, engaged in archaeologicalresearch in Mexico, Honduras, and ElSalvador (Figure 1). Those years havebeen full of important personal mile-stones: college, graduate school, moves,marriage, parenthood, and a tenure-trackposition in academia. As my responsibil-ities and commitments have changed, sohave my tactics for balancing my archae-ological career and my personal life.Work-life balance, thus, has been anongoing process for me, often with a verysteep learning curve. I make no claims tobeing an expert at the juggling actrequired to maintain personal relation-ships and meet obligations while shut-tling off to foreign shores, but I can speak to my own experi-ences of the challenges and joys of a life spent in ruins farfrom home.

Communication and Compromise

For anyone who travels for extended periods of time, com-munication with family and friends takes on heightenedimportance. Personal relationships must be maintainedwithout the benefit of daily face-to-face interactions. One ofthe most important work-life balance questions that I havebeen forced to consider, and reconsider, is: how long can I go

without communicating with someone before our relation-ship begins to deteriorate? The answer varies significantlyfrom person to person and highlights the kinds of compro-mises that must be made in balancing international field-work with a personal life.

Before becoming a parent, I was generally undaunted byextended periods without direct communication home. Cer-

tainly there were moments when I, orsomeone back home needed a hug, but Ifound that a phone call could function asan imperfect substitute. All of that haschanged now that I am a mother. A phonecall is not a good substitute for a hug to afour-year-old. Fortunately, the expansion ofthe Internet into even remote areas of LatinAmerica over the past five years has greatlysimplified contact with the people impor-tant to me. While an internet-based videocall still doesn’t have the same value to myson as a real hug, we both prefer Skype tothe telephone. Internet-based technologiesare no panacea, however. Slow connectionspeeds and irregular hours for Internetcafes in rural Mexico can turn a video callinto an exercise in futility. I cannot recounthow many of my video call conversations

consisted mostly of the word, “What?” Five minutes of that isusually enough for even the most devoted mother and wife toadmit defeat— I do not lay claim to being either. Sometimes aphone call has to be good enough.

But communication home from the field is actually lessimportant than clear communication prior to departure. Tol-erance for research, particularly very long field seasons awayfrom home, is essential for anyone who shares his or her lifewith a field archaeologist. Some people understandably don’twant a vanishing partner, and I have seen long-term rela-tionships fail because the realities of fieldwork were not dis-


YOU WANT TO GO WHERE FOR SIX MONTHS? WORK-LIFE BALANCE AND INTERNATIONAL FIELD RESEARCH

Sarah “Stacy” B. Barber

Stacy Barber is an Assistant Professor at the University of Central Florida.

Figure 1. Stacy Barber at the site of Río Viejo,

Oaxaca, Mexico, in 2009.


cussed clearly and up front. Part of the reason that my ownrelationship has survived the inevitable disruptions in ourlives caused by my field research is an open flow of commu-nication that enables both my spouse and I to express toler-ance levels and limits. My husband understood from thebeginning how important my career was to me, and I havesought to keep him well informed of my research plans. Idon’t “spring” a long international field season on him. Inreturn, he has been clear on how much of my traveling hecan handle. I am incredibly fortunate that he is supportive ofmy career and accepting of a partner who disappears formonths every few years. We have found, in fact, that periodsof separation remind us of the many things we appreciateabout each other.

Uncertainty and Flexibility

As we approach 10 years of marriage and thebeginning of formal schooling for our son,my husband and I have both had to redefineour positions in regard to my field research. Itwas one thing when my husband was respon-sible for the rent and the dog. It is anothermatter when he is single-parenting our child.Indeed, to reduce the childcare burden creat-ed by my absence, I have attempted to takeour son with me whenever possible. Myefforts have met with mixed results, empha-sizing that it is essential to accept uncertaintyand to keep plans flexible. I planned a 10-week summer field season in 2009 when myson was still a toddler. We purchased his planeticket, withdrew him from childcare, andbegan looking for a caregiver in Mexico. Thenthe H1N1 flu outbreak began. With only a fewweeks to go before my departure, all of ourwell-laid plans had to change. My son needednew childcare close to my husband’s office,my husband needed to modify his workschedule, and I needed to develop long-dis-tance parenting tools. It turns out that videocalls with toddlers are a lot of fun becausethey don’t realize that you can’t really passobjects like toys and drinks through the mon-itor. My son enjoyed our video calls and I learned to acceptthat I must be flexible enough to handle extraordinary cir-cumstances.

My second attempt at international parenting was more suc-cessful. This year my son joined me for three months of a six-month field season in Mexico, even attending the local publicschool (Figure 2). He made a few friends and was an object offascination to local children. Despite his young age, however,he found both the language barrier and the change in livingconditions stressful. My visions of an amazing cultural expe-

rience for my child had to be modified to meet the realities ofhis desires and expectations. Again, flexibility was funda-mental. I adjusted how and where we spent our time onweekends and at the end of the workday. The bounce houseand trampoline in the town park became our evening hang-out. Using old-fashioned parenting tricks like play dates andcreating consistent meal and sleep schedules, I was able toattain a level of stability that reduced behavior problems andallowed my son to more fully enjoy his time in Mexico. Mysolutions weren’t perfect, and there were lots of calls home toDaddy for help (communication was critical), but I found thatbringing my child with me on international fieldwork was aneffective means of balancing my career with my personalresponsibilities. It is something I will definitely do again.

Lessons Learned

My life in far-away ruins has undoubtedlyplaced unusual demands on my personal life,but I have no plans to stop traveling for mycareer. Rather, I try to learn from my manymistakes in the perpetual balancing actrequired of archaeologists who conductlengthy field season abroad. Among my mostimportant experiences:

• Define boundaries: Clarify to yourselfand communicate with others regarding whataspects of your personal life you are willing tocompromise on to facilitate international fieldresearch. Know what your family membersand friends can tolerate in terms of limits todaily interaction and your absence fromimportant life events like weddings, funerals,and graduations.

• Be flexible: With well-defined bound-aries, it is much easier to adjust to theinevitable uncertainties of everyday life. If you,your family, and your friends all understandwhat kinds of events will and won’t affect yourresearch plans, then taking the next step in theface of the unexpected becomes much easier.

• Appreciate opportunities: Accept thatyour choices have created these conundrums in work-lifebalance. Be thankful to have a career that not only allows,but encourages, you to see the world.

My early fascination with exotic locations has not been dimin-ished by repeat exposure. I get as excited about internationalfield research today as I did 17 years ago. While balancingarchaeology and personal life unquestionably causes stress, atleast I’m not an accountant. Instead I am able to do what Ilove, making me a more contented person and thus hopeful-ly a better spouse, mother, daughter, sister, and friend.


Figure 2. The author’s son (Liam,

aged 4) getting ready to visit excava-

tions at Río Viejo, Oaxaca, Mexico,

in 2012.


Like many young and inexperienced primates my selec-tion criteria for a perfect mate ignored logic and wentsomething like this: handsome-check, smart-check,

alpha-check, pheromone compatibility-check. My husbandhas always been supportive of my plans to pursue an archae-ology career, but not to the extent that he would put his careeron hold for mine. I discovered this when I landed a perma-nent government archaeology job, and he refused to move.Since the job was in rural Utah, and there were no employ-ment opportunities for my husband in the area, his careerwould have languished, and so too would our relationship.

In our 33 years of marriage, we relocated five times for myhusband’s jobs and each move took my career down newpaths. One of those paths led me twice to motherhood,which is my proudest achievement. My decision to supportmy husband’s career was a good one and today he works asa senior scientist at Sandia National Lab. Because my hus-band’s career was stable and secure, I was able to take biggerrisks and start my own contract firm. My children are bothgrown (Figures 1 and 2), and as an empty nester I havereturned full time to the field. Currently I’m directing a largedata recovery project in southern Utah, which for me is adream come true. I’m not going to say any of this was easy,sometimes my career path felt like a Mobius Strip, but bal-ancing a personal life with an archaeology career is possible,and definitely worth the effort.

The purpose of this article is to encourage those of you whoare struggling with these issues, not to get discouraged; staythe course and you will find a way to make it work. I’d alsolike to offer some tips that I discovered— often the hard way— for balancing career and family life. My first word ofadvice is that family takes priority, what is good for them isalso good for your career. I have found that it is difficult tofocus on your work if your personal life is not in order. In myexperience, working for an understanding employer whoempathizes with the complications that fieldwork imposeson your private life is a key to success. When my children

were very young, I sometimes did my best report writingafter they were tucked into bed at night. Fortunately, myemployer didn’t mind if I worked at nights as long as I metmy deadlines. During these early childrearing years, mybosses also allowed me to limit out-of-town travel to 10 daysa month since longer stints did not work well with my fami-ly. Figure out what type of schedule works best for you andthen negotiate a plan with your employer.

My next word of advice is to be flexible with your career path.Sometimes the path not taken is a blessing in disguise. Thefive relocations that I made for my husband’s career all ben-efited my career too, even though at times it seemed like Ihad veered quite far off my main path. For example, whenmy husband was offered a graduate scholarship at M.I.T Ineeded to find a job in Boston to support us. Because thetelecommunications industry was booming, I was hired as acustomer service representative installing telephone busi-ness systems in hospitals and corporations. While this posi-tion had absolutely nothing to do with archaeology, I did findthat my anthropology background helped me understandcorporate cultures and more readily interpret their phonesystem needs. More importantly, I honed my business skillsand took a few courses in management, which proved usefullater in my career. I also learned quite a bit about myself,namely that career success comes easier when you are doingwhat you love; I’d found telephones to be duller than dirt.

Some of you may be wondering how I was able to shift fromone profession to another and obtain jobs whenever Imoved. I did it by following these steps: I researched poten-tial employers, figured out what skills I could offer them, andI knocked on their doors and marketed myself. My first wordof advice is to skip the emailed resume and find a way to talkface to face to prospective employers. Network, meet them atprofessional meetings, and market your skills. In my 15years as owner of HRA only one person has ever knocked onmy door and introduced themselves as an archaeologist look-ing for work. I hired that person on the spot because I


YOU WANT ME TO MOVE WHERE?LIVING WITH AN “ALPHA” AND MAKING YOUR CAREER WORK

Heidi Roberts

Heidi Roberts is the owner of HRA Inc., Conservation Archaeology.


admired their gumption, and they caught my attention withtheir enthusiasm. Most undergraduates don’t have theknowledge and experience yet to be a field archaeologist. Keyskills such as reading a map, safely driving on bad roads inremote areas, finding archaeological sites, evaluating a site’ssignificance, or writing a survey report aren’t usually taughtin school. The best way to obtain these skills is to offer towork as a low-paid intern.

All of my five moves for my husband’s career opened up newjob opportunities for me in archaeology, and I benefitedfrom working for employers in unique prehistoric cultureareas. I choose jobs that would fill gaps in my skill sets, andI also took classes when possible. When my oldest child wasan infant, I attended graduate school and earned my M.A.soon after my second child turned one. Looking back at myvarious career moves, I doubt that I would have made any ofthem if I hadn’t been forced to relocate for my husband’sjobs. Because I put my young family first, I think I took myown career less seriously and as a result I was able to relax,enjoy my work, and learn from my co-workers.

Figure out what skills you excel at and make those the cen-terpiece of your career. Ask your professors, employers, orfamily members where they think your career strengths lieand set your goals accordingly. Do you like working with arti-fact collections, but can’t seem to locate archaeological siteduring surveys if your life depended on it? Are pithousefloors as elusive to you as differential equations? Would yourather sit in a meeting than drive on dirt roads in the middleof nowhere? If you are sociable, and like to network, youwould probably find marketing or government work reward-ing. If you like to work outdoors and enjoy hiking and exca-

vating, then contract archaeology might be just the ticket.Once you identify your strengths, hone the complimentaryskills. If you have never gotten the knack of finding archaeo-logical sites, but you enjoy lab work, then focus on being anartifact analyst. If contract archaeology is your goal, thenlearn how to write descriptive and clear reports. Don’t beafraid to volunteer or work for free to obtain these skill sets,and then ask for feedback on how you are doing.

Lastly, one of the most important tools I discovered to help menavigate the complex and mysterious roles of spouse and par-ent was what I came to call the “Mom culture.” Stay-at-homeMoms have a culture all their own, which can be an importantsource of information, support, and comfort. I don’t knowhow I would have survived parenting without my best friendBonnie, and her network of friends, who educated me on theways of motherhood and stood by me through good times andbad. They took turns taking care of my infant daughter whenI wrote my thesis, they taught me what to expect at parent-teacher conferences, they referred me to the best doctors, andthey knew remedies for everything from removing stains totreating chicken pox. They also taught me mysterious thingslike when kids should learn to swim and how to entertain chil-dren on long summer days. We shared babysitting responsi-bilities, driving duties, and even, yes, recipes.

The knowledge of people and cultures that you gained inanthropology will find hidden benefits. Sometimes we strayfrom our personal goals to accommodate the needs of others.Life is often a wild roller coaster ride, with hidden twists andunexpected turns. So fasten your seat belt, relax, and enjoythe ride, sometimes a career can pick its own course, even ifit is not necessarily the route that you would have chosen.


Figure 1. My son Keith (26), who is pursuing a music career, working

on the Jackson Flat Reservoir Project in a Basketmaker II pithouse.Figure 2. My daughter Fern (21), who is studying to be a pharmacist,

working this summer at the Jackson Flat project.


My life on the parenting track began when I startedlife on the tenure track. Both tracks are challeng-ing, and both are worthwhile. Archaeology can be

family-friendly, and family can be archaeology-friendly. I wasrecently awarded tenure at a research university, in a depart-ment with a doctoral program. My wife (Hope) is a lawyer.Our sons are seven years, five years, and six months old, andI am on paternity leave this term after the birth of our thirdson. Here are some of my perspectives on the method andtheory of work-life balance as an academic archaeologist withyoung kids, and some of the challenges of balancing archae-ology, family, and life in a dual-career household.1 Importantelements of work-life balance are control in scheduling, pos-itive attitudes about lives in ruins, and support from others.

Schedules in Ruins

Schedules of dual-career households are tricky, as are sched-ules of parents with children. Scheduling conflicts arisebetween schools and jobs, children get sick when parentshave deadlines to keep and classes to teach, and it is hardenough trying to get everything done on “normal” days.Helpful strategies include doing what we can to control ourschedules, being disciplined about following our schedules,and making the most of brief intervals of time that we haveto get work done— or to take a nap, to go for a run, or to helpwith homework.

Anybody in academia works hard, and expectations are high,but academic jobs often afford some degree of schedulingflexibility and freedom. I try to schedule classes and officehours for days and times that fit our daily rhythms of gettingkids to and from school and other activities. I would prefernot to bring work home, but I get a lot done in the eveningsafter bedtime and during afternoon naps. Although I try tomake myself available as much as I can on campus, I some-times ask to schedule events around family commitments— and, sometimes, it is possible to do so.

Schedules of parents are often fragmented and unpre-dictable. During grad school, I sometimes had long periodsduring which I could focus on my dissertation (and distrac-tions from it, for better and worse). As a faculty member anda parent, my schedule is more fragmented, but when I writea little bit here and type in some references there, and read acouple articles while kids are napping (and, sometimes, readthem aloud to Leif, my six–month–old ... poor kid), it addsup, in the long run.

I strive to set “personal” deadlines ahead of “real” deadlines,although I am still perfecting that skill. It wreaks havoc onschedules when kids get sick, or when kids have days offfrom school. It is stressful to lose an afternoon set aside forpreparing syllabi or revising a manuscript when somebodyhas to stay home from school. If lesson plans and slides areprepared in advance, if papers are drafted or proofread aheadof schedule, if proposals are submitted before grant dead-lines, then unpredictable instances when parents need to orwant to concentrate on kids or on each other create lessstress. My wife and I typically “trade off” on cases when wehave to leave work unexpectedly, and we try to determinewhose schedule would be made less complicated by taking aday off or working at home for a day.

As a parent of young children, I have found it difficult if notimpossible to control much of anything, and it is best just tolet go, to go with the flow, and to accept some amount ofchaos and imperfection. That said, the more we do to createstability in our routines, the better we can balance work withfamily life, and the better we can absorb the instability andunpredictability inherent in life with young kids.

Lastly, with respect to scheduling, when should one havekids? Some people choose not to, or cannot make it work fora number of reasons, but for people who want to have chil-dren, there is never a “good” time and never a “better” time.By that, I mean that we will always feel busy with something,whether finishing school, getting a book done, getting


LIFE ON THE PARENTING TRACK AND THE TENURE TRACK

Christopher B. Rodning

Chris Rodning is an Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Tulane University. He can be reached at [email protected].


tenure, or doing a field project. Finding the right person withwhom to start a family takes time, but it is not worth waitingtoo long to reach predetermined career milestones beforestarting a family. There will always be more milestones onthe horizon. Conversations about when to have kids areworthwhile, and the answers will vary from one case toanother. But, then, just do it, and make it fit.

My discussion here has focused on how parents might man-age schedules. From another perspective, it is helpful ifemployers can give parents some freedom in scheduling— periods of family leave, flexible hours, good day care andschools near workplaces. With support, parents are better atthe jobs they have at work and at home.

Kids in Ruins

Scheduling challenges aside, having kids can be compatiblewith archaeology, and several aspects of archaeology canactually have positive impacts on children. We travel to inter-esting places, whether to attend conferences, or to conductfieldwork, or to visit museums. We get to dig, and we findinteresting stuff on the ground and in the ground. We solvepuzzles, and we get to read and write. We explore a worldand a time different from ours. Kids benefit from thesekinds of activities and perspectives, when we can includethem, bring them along, or share our experiences with them.I like having our sons in the field (Figure 1), and I think thatis a positive experience for them. That said, the logistics canbecome difficult, and one of my current challenges is fittingfieldwork into our family schedule.

Balance

Nobody does archaeology around the clock. Many of us lovewhat we do— and we are privileged in that respect— but we

all have more than archaeology in our lives, and we all havecommitments to family and friends. I am sure I did moredigging, reading, writing, and teaching prep before havingkids. That said, family life puts career pursuits in perspec-tive, and I still find time to get work done. It is worth it to meto coach youth soccer teams, to participate in life at my kids’schools, and to play at the park now and then. I once dashedoff to a graduate seminar immediately after doing a kinder-garten workshop about archaeology, and both were enrich-ing in different ways.

Balance is hard to find and to maintain. It is not somethinganybody “gets,” but something for which we must constantlystrive, and we are better off with help along the way; my wifeand I try to support our respective career pursuits while divid-ing household tasks as evenly as we can. What “balance”means to any of us changes during our lives— and as archae-ologists, we know that the only constant is change. None ofus will figure out how to balance everything perfectly, but ifwe reflect upon what we want and need, and if we talk aboutwhat is going well and what is missing in our lives, everybodybenefits. For some of us, “family” means spouses and chil-dren; for others it includes siblings, aging parents, other rel-atives, and friends. For all of us, happiness and balance willmake us better friends and family members.

Doing archaeology is an adventure, sometimes puzzling andvexing, but always stimulating; so also is life with kids. It isworth smiling and laughing about what goes right, what sur-prises us, and what at first glance seems to have gone wrong.Most of us got into archaeology because we find it fun andfascinating, and because we decided that studying the past isworthwhile. As my friend Chris Glew once pointed out,doing something that excites and energizes us makes ushappy, which makes us better spouses and better parents,and it sets a good example for our children. I cannot imag-ine life without my wife and our kids, and family life puts myinvolvement in archaeology in perspective while also makingit more meaningful for me. I feel fortunate to have the careerthat I have, and I am glad my family and friends support mylife in ruins.

Notes

1. Of course, I write from the experience of one man andfather. For sage commentary from a woman and a mother on thechallenges that women (and men) face in balancing careers andfamily, see the essay by Anne–Marie Slaughter in the July/August2012 issue of The Atlantic (http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-can-8217-t-have-itall/9020/).Recent discussions about Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer’s decision totake a short maternity leave and to “work through it” are also relevant.


Figure 1. Erik Rodning (left) and Henry Rodning (right) jumping off a

backdirt pile at the Berry site (31BK22), North Carolina, June 2012

(photograph by Chris Rodning).


Igrew up within a half-mile of the Museum of Science andIndustry (MSI) in Chicago, a world-class museum thatwas ahead of its time with respect to the interactive exhi-

bitions. I worked at MSI as a tour guide, making minimumwage, from the beginning of my junior year of high school in1980 to the time I entered graduate school at the Universityof Arizona in the fall of 1988. As a result I grew up, andindeed came of age, uncritically thinking and believing thateveryone, everywhere, enjoyed access to such a remarkableinstitution. How wrong I was, and how widely my eyes havesince been opened. Put simply, if you are lucky enough to belocated near a great museum, take advantage of it as often asyou can. That said, working as a tour guide was not glam-orous, and it was at MSI that I learned how to deal with bore-dom. My first day’s assignment was to an art gallery thatalmost no one visited, but I dutifully and faithfully guardedmy post. If one can learn to deal with boredom, one can learnto deal with almost anything. Looking back, I never thoughtabout making a career in museums. Fate didn’t work sodeliberately, at least in my experience.

Fast forward through graduate school, to 1997. My first jobafter successfully defending my dissertation at the Universityof Arizona in Tucson was loading cactuses into a containerthat was being shipped to the Netherlands. During June andJuly, I repeatedly traveled 14-hours by car to and from Mon-trose, Colorado, for ten-hour days of contract archaeology,eight days on; six days off. In August, at the ripe old age of 32,I received an offer for my first full-time, fully benefitted job— as an assistant field crew chief in the cultural resource man-agement division of the Gila River Indian Community(GRIC). That job, which I could’ve had with just a bachelor’sdegree, required an 80-mile commute each way from Tucsonfor meager pay. I had to ask myself: was nine years of gradu-ate school and the Ph.D. really worth it? As luck (or was itfate?) would have it, however, before I worked even a singleday at the GRIC, The Field Museum offered me a post-doc-toral research fellowship in my hometown of Chicago.

I vividly remember standing with my wife at a payphone inRidgeway State Park in Ridgeway, Colorado, and asking her

“Will you please move with me to Chicago?” She and I hadlong discussed the possibility (indeed probability) that wewould have to leave her hometown of Tucson, but for thefirst time, reality sank in. Because Carmen works in healthcare, and because people get sick everywhere, we knew thather geographical options were not restricted, as mine clearlywere. Six weeks later we loaded our belongings into a U-Haul truck and drove to Chicago. While at the Field, I cata-logued Paul Sidney Martin’s wonderful archaeological collec-tions from the American Southwest for about $14.00 perhour, a wage rate set by the National Science Foundation forpost-docs regardless of where they worked. Necessity beingthe mother of invention, I took second jobs in catering tomake ends meet. Carmen soon got a good job at Northwest-ern Memorial Hospital, so things began to stabilize.

After the post-doc position ended in 1999, I was promoted toserve as head of collections in the Department of Anthropol-ogy at the Field. Even as a native Chicagoan, I had no idea ofthe epic scope and depth of that institution’s fine anthropolo-gy holdings, which are undeniably world-class. I enjoyed theprivilege of meeting top scholars from around the world,many of whom made Chicago and the museum a destinationof choice to analyze collections that simply cannot be dupli-cated in this day and age. That said, working at the FieldMuseum made me realize just how important it is to proper-ly catalog and curate our research collections. Suffice it to saythat a great deal of the research potential in archaeologyworldwide has been permanently lost because collectionshave not been properly cataloged and curated. This is partic-ularly galling when the justification for new fieldwork is oftenthat “we can only answer these questions through more field-work,” which then exacerbates a nefarious feedback loop.

Just over halfway through my time at the Field, Carmen andI welcomed the birth of our first son, Benjamin, in June2003. I took a month of paternity leave; it was by far thefastest month of my life. I quickly asked for another monthoff, and then went back to the daily grind, for the first timebalancing work and children. It made me realize how hardparents work, and especially how hard Moms work. I learned


WILL YOU PLEASE MOVE WITH ME TO...? WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN A MUSEUM SETTING

Stephen E. Nash

Stephen E. Nash is a Curator of Archaeology at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science.


to back off a bit on my expectations across the board. Onesimply cannot do, or have, it all. But it sure is fun to play withone’s children.

When we moved to the Denver Museum of Nature & Sciencein late 2006, we sought to simplify our lives. We were luckyenough to purchase a home six blocks from the Museum, soI can walk to work, thereby adding up to two hours of pro-ductive work or family time over what I had in Chicago,where my (relatively) easy commute on the “L” train took anhour each way. In spite of our best efforts at simplification,however, our lives got more complicated in April 2008, whenCarmen gave birth to our twin sons, Charles and Thomas.Since then, our collective struggle to find balance betweenwork and family life has become that much more challeng-ing. But the dudes are hilarious.

Curators at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science areresponsible for making contributions in five arenas, or“buckets”: research, collections, outreach, service, andadministration. We are expected to conduct and publish orig-inal research, and to publish at least one senior-authored,peer-reviewed article per year. If the research requires field-work, the work-life challenges we face are similar to thoseidentified by Stacy Barber (this issue). With respect to collec-tions, we are expected to continuously improve the intellec-tual and physical control of the collections we hold in thepublic trust, and we work hard to make sure that our collec-tions are legally and ethically held. With respect to outreach,the Museum’s primary audience is “stroller moms” and theirchildren, and curators are expected to possess a range ofpublic speaking skills such that we can easily present toeveryone from professional colleagues to preschoolers andelderly volunteers. This often presents a challenge to newhires, but we all ultimately feel better about ourselves whenwe garner such diverse skills and reach out to disparate audi-ences, particularly while using new distance learning tech-nologies. Finally, we are expected to provide service to the

Museum and to our disciplines, and have various levels ofadministrative duties.

How, then, does one maintain work-life balance in a muse-um setting? Recognizing full well that I represent a sampleof one, and that my life-long experience with world-classmuseums was not a foregone conclusion and is not thenorm, I offer a few thoughts. Looking back over the last sev-eral decades, whenever I have told people that I am anarchaeologist, or that I work in a museum, I have neverheard “Oh, how boring.” Instead, I have heard “Oh, I alwayswanted to do that, but couldn’t figure out how to make a liv-ing in it.” What this tells me is that many, many people havepursued careers in order to satisfy their wallets, not theirminds, hearts, or souls. I find this tragic and disappointing,particularly in a society as wealthy as ours. The quest formoney is at once intoxicating and addictive.

I will never get rich working in a museum, and indeed havelearned to live on salaries that would make other workingprofessionals cringe in despair. Maintaining a work-life bal-ance in museums requires that one take advantage of thespecial opportunities that an archaeologist and museumcurator can enjoy. I include as much of my family as possi-ble in my fieldwork and other business trips, such that mysons have enjoyed life in rural New Mexico while I searchedfor the sites that Martin excavated but failed to properlyrecord between 1939 and 1955 (Figure 1). As long as the chil-dren remain at least tacitly interested in archaeology andfieldwork, they are welcome to join me. Carmen and I wentto Pompeii together as I conducted background research toprepare to host the exhibition A Day in Pompeii this fall. Asshe so often does, Carmen served as my foil when I startedgoing too deep into the archaeological weeds, reminding methat not everyone is so well versed, nor wants to be, in theminutiae of our discipline.

Working in museums, I often feel as though I am a child ina candy store. In that context, it seems comparatively easy tomaintain a work-life balance when your children’s friends,not to mention their teachers, are so interested in your lifeand work. That said, one has to maintain a sense of per-spective. Although I may want to live, sleep, eat, and breathearchaeology, I cannot expect others, particularly my spouseand children, to do the same. One approach is to marryanother archaeologist. Or one can marry outside the disci-pline, as I did, and hopefully find someone whose work maybe practiced anywhere and who is willing to tolerate life thatlies a bit outside the mainstream. But as many of our friendspointed out when we went to Pompeii, lots of people pay topdollar to do on vacation what we do under the guise of“work.” When all is said and done, we as archaeologists areexceedingly lucky to have the opportunities we enjoy, partic-ularly when our children are able to experience the wondersof our cultural and natural worlds up close, and in person.


Figure 1. Steve Nash and sons Ben (age 9), Thomas (age 4) and Char-

lie (age 4) "surveying" the Great Kiva at the Sawmill Site near Reserve,

New Mexico, July 2012. Photo by Rick Wicker, Denver Museum of

Nature & Science.


Dual-career couples have a long history in archaeology.In 1937, Oliver and Edith Rickeston published Uax-actun, Guatemala, Group E, 1926–1931, a description

of the results of fieldwork that they conducted together atUaxactun. Following the gendered division of labor commonat the time, Oliver Ricketson directed the excavations andEdith Ricketson ran the field lab, a common role for femalearchaeologists at the time, whether they were married to anarchaeologist or not. Dual-career couples have become morecommon, perhaps in part because professional opportunitiesfor women in archaeology have grown. We would like tooffer some of our own observations and experiences aboutthe benefits and pleasures of being married to a fellowarchaeologist, and some of the challenges as well. Our reflec-tions derive from our experience in academia, but we thinksome of our observations apply equally to archaeologistsworking in CRM and other non-academic settings.

Most of the dual-career couples we know met in graduateschool, and a few began dating as undergraduates. That wasnot our path. For years, we followed parallel trajectories firstmajoring in Anthropology— Kat at Texas State University,Jason at the University of Michigan— and then pursuingPh.D.s with an emphasis in Maya archaeology— Kat atSouthern Methodist University, Jason at the University ofPennsylvania. Life is full of ironies, and perhaps the greatestirony in our history is that— by all accounts— we should havemet long before we actually did.

For most of the 1990s, we both went to Belize every year toconduct our dissertation fieldwork, excavating sites only 25km apart. We had bad timing, however: Kat would arrive inJune for a summer field season, just around the time thatJason was leaving after a spring field season. Working inBelize, we knew of each other’s research, had many friendsin common, and probably rubbed shoulders at the bar at theSAA annual meetings more than once, but we never met.

That changed when Jason began conducting fieldwork in thesummer. By that point, we both had tenure-track positions,

Jason at the University of Wisconsin, Kat at the University ofTexas at Arlington. Another irony: we both were very happyin our jobs and imagined that we would spend our wholecareers at those institutions. As our relationship grewstronger, however, and we began a commuting relationship,it became clear that one or both of us would have to leave hisor her job.

For us, being married to an archaeologist has been profes-sionally very fulfilling. Some dual-career couples co-direct aproject and co-author many of their publications; otherswork on different continents and never collaborate formally.We fall somewhere in between. Our research projects inBelize are close enough that can we share a field camp, butour distinct interests lead us to excavate at different sites,and we each hold our own research permit from Belize’sInstitute of Archaeology. Consequently, we can share thelogistical challenges of running a big field program and betogether as a family in the field, while maintaining our ownresearch agendas. We read and comment on each other’swork, and we share ideas and insights about archaeology andthe ancient Maya, but we rarely publish together. Indeed, thisis only our second co-authored article.

Despite the positive aspects of a dual-career relationship, thechallenges are difficult to understate, particularly when it isa commuting relationship. Being away from your significantother is a constant strain, and communication can be chal-lenging. No amount of email, phone calls, Facebook, or Face-time can replace face-to-face interaction. For us, findingways to be together was a top priority, and like many dual-career commuting couples, we expended a lot of energy find-ing creative ways to achieve that.

Commuting is also time-consuming and expensive. Whilewe found that long flights and lay-overs provided opportuni-ties to catch up on emails, grade papers, and take the occa-sional cat-nap, we both logged many travel hours that wewould rather have invested in other professional or personalendeavors. Because we had both established homes, we


DUAL-CAREER COUPLESA VIEW FROM THE TRENCHES

M. Kathryn (Kat) Brown and Jason Yaeger

M. Kathryn (Kat) Brown is Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, and Jason Yaeger is Professor of Anthropology,

University of Texas at San Antonio.


faced the added stress and expense of maintaining twohouseholds. When we finally found jobs together, we brieflyfound ourselves in the unenviable position of owning three houses— and holding three mortgages!

When you layer these challenges and stresses on top of thedemands of the workplace and the anxieties of being a jun-ior faculty member, it’s surprising to us that dual-career rela-tionships last at all. We chalk their strength up to the passionfor archaeology and the intimate knowledge of the job and itsdemands that dual-career partners share. Could a non-archaeologist really understand why you cannot come homefor the weekend because you are analyzing eroded bodysherds? Or why you stayed on campus until midnight writ-ing letters of reference for your graduate students?

Despite being happy in our jobs, we setour sights on the holy grail of manydual-career couples: tenured/tenure-track positions in anthropology— whether at the same university or atuniversities within easy driving distance— that would be professionallyfulfilling AND allow us to live togetheras a family. We knew that might not bepossible. The job market is challenging;academic positions are few-and-far-between.

Given this, we knew that we might haveto compromise, and we were ready to doso if necessary. It’s not uncommon forone or both partners in a dual-career couple to accept a posi-tion that may not have been their ideal choice. Historically,such compromises have fallen more often on women, buthappily, this seems less so today.

We established a time-line for how long we were willing toendure the commute, and we embarked on the well-troddenpath made by other dual-career couples, returning to the jobmarket. There are many reasons that dual-career couplesfind themselves job-hunting. Many universities don’t havethe resources for a new hire; others will only entertain aspousal hire within the context of a retention offer.

Even in cases where a spousal hire is possible, many facultymembers have reservations about having two partners in thesame department. Some fear that a couple will lead to faction-alization and create tensions around decisions that impact oneof the two partners. While we know this can occur, we findthat couples are more likely to go out of their way to avoidinfluencing decisions about their partner. We also think fearsof spousal voting blocks are overblown— as often as not, wefind ourselves on opposite sides of an issue, an experience thatwill resonate with anybody who has a partner!

Of course, some universities and departments take a morepositive view of dual-career couples. They understand thatwhen you take away the stress and time-sink of commuting,the productivity of partners in dual-career couples usuallyincreases substantially. That has certainly been our experi-ence. Furthermore, they will be less likely to seek anotherjob, out of loyalty and because of the challenges of findingnew jobs together. A few of the most progressive depart-ments further recognize that not all dual-career couples aremarried, nor are all of them in heterosexual relationships.

Returning to our story, we commuted for six years. Our questtook on added urgency when our son, J.C., was born at theend of our second year of commuting. Like many couples inour position, we found ways to mitigate the commute. Katreceived a research leave one year, and Jason took a sabbatical

another year, which allowed us to com-mute every other year. When we werenot living together, childcare fell moreheavily on Kat’s shoulders, who essen-tially functioned as a single parent dur-ing the week. The stress of juggling ourcareers, parenting, and a long commutewas at times overwhelming, but wenever lost sight of our goal to be togeth-er and to have fulfilling careers. Whilejobs together in an academic depart-ment was our hope, we realized thatmight not be possible, and we wereready to consider a wide variety of alter-natives.

We were thrilled that the University of Texas at San Antoniooffered us both positions in in the Department Anthropolo-gy. It felt like we had won the archaeology lottery! Kat beganat UTSA in Fall 2009, and Jason followed in Fall 2010, aftergiving the University of Wisconsin a year of service he owedfollowing his sabbatical. We consider ourselves very fortu-nate: we found jobs together at a rapidly growing universitythat emphasizes research. The Department of Anthropologyis an exciting place, with an established MA program and anew Ph.D. program. We are privileged to have supportiveand collegial colleagues that include another dual-career cou-ple and many faculty members with young children. For Kat,a native Texan, UTSA has the added bonus of being in theLone Star State and only 2 hours from her family.

Our story is a success story, and we hope that it provides aglimmer of hope for other dual-career couples that are insearch of the “holy grail.” At the same time, a realistic apprais-al of the academic job market should encourage dual-careercouples to be open to creative alternatives. Looking to thefuture, we are optimistic that our experience will come to bethe new normal as our discipline and academia increasinglyappreciate the benefits of supporting dual career couples.


Jason Yaeger, J.C. Yaeger, and Kat Brown at Tikal,

June 2012.


ology, and led many major expeditions and field research proj-ects. His work ranged from extensive fieldwork, such as thatdone in the Huarmey Valley where he conducted excavationsat the site of Los Gavilanes, to contributing bibliographicoverviews and developing and refining concepts used inAndean archeology. His bibliography is extensive and multi-disciplinary. The totality of his work established him as one ofthe influential leaders of American anthropology. In additionto topics within the field of archaeology, he dabbled in art and

art history, pre-Columbian urbanism, botany,zoology, ecology, paleopathology, the indige-nous diet, parasitology, physiology, and evensome aspects of medicine. In studying hisbibliography I counted 13 books, 7 mono-graphs, and 50 chapters in books, in additionto countless entries made in encyclopedias.He also wrote 144 articles for specialized jour-nals, 38 popular articles, and scores ofreviews and comments on the publications ofhis colleagues.

Duccio was Duccio, one of a kind, an exampleof discipline, honesty, responsibility, andethics. He had no enemies and won great

respect and admiration. He always supported his criticismswith factual evidence. He never made assumptions and there-fore earned the great respect we have for him in the archaeo-logical community. He formulated a hypothesis and collecteddata, as seen in his defense of the antiquity and domesticationof maize in the Andes.

Duccio was a principled and ethnical archaeologist who tookresponsibility for his actions and his words. He never left aproject unfinished, never left a site with open excavationswhich would encourage looting. He always completed hisreports on a collection and related the results to the NationalMuseum, always reported the results of his fieldwork toappropriate state agencies. He never failed to publish his exca-vation reports. He is truly an example for all of us.

—Ramiro Matos

Duccio Bonavia Berber died at age 78, on SaturdayAugust 4, 2012 in Ascope (Trujillo), Peru. His deathwas sudden, but at least it occurred while he was

doing what he loved to do most— field archaeology. Ducciowas working with Tom Dillehay at the iconic site of Huaca Pri-eta, on the north coast of Peru.

With Duccio’s death, Andean archeology has lost one of itsmost dedicated scholars. Duccio was without doubt one of thegreat Peruvian archaeologists of his genera-tion. His extensive publications are a testa-ment to his intellectual leadership, thebreadth of his interests in science and com-mitment to multidisciplinary research. Hehas left a legacy that will be hard to match. Hewrote on so many important topics, fromcamelid domestication to the origins ofmaize, from the pre-ceramic lifeways to theMoche state, and beyond.

Duccio and I shared a great and enduringfriendship. We met at the UniversidadNacional Mayor de San Marcos in the mid-1950s and remained very close friendsthroughout our lives. He was born in Spalato (Dalamazia),Italy in 1935, and immigrated to Peru in 1949 with his fami-ly. He graduated with a Bachelors degree in 1960 and went onto receive a Ph.D. from the Universidad Nacional Mayor deSan Marcos. He studied with Francois Bordes in Paris from1967 to 1968. During his lifetime, he was a teacher andresearcher at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; atthe Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, at Huaman-ga University at the University of Trujillo; and a visiting pro-fessor at the University of Bonn in Germany.

His first excavations were in Ayacucho in 1958. In 1960 heturned his attention to Los Gavilanes in the Huarmey Valley;his work there was commissioned by the Botanical Museumof Harvard University. His explorations of the Casma Valley,in collaboration with Donald Collier, opened new avenues forDuccio’s future research. Those early years instilled in him apassion for the study of early maize cultivation in the Andes.As he advanced in his studies on Peruvian archaeology andgained knowledge of the Andes, his passion for the indige-nous peoples of Peru grew. He dedicated the rest of his life tothe study of the Andean past and its people tremendouscapacity to maintain many cultural traditions.

Duccio devoted more than half a century to Peruvian archae-

IN MEMORIAM

DUCCIO BONAVIA BERBER1935–2012


Particularly committed to including Native Americans in allaspects of his archaeological work, Dave developed close per-sonal relationships with many of the individuals with whomhe interacted. He was at the forefront of breaking downunproductive stereotypes and helped to pave the way for morecooperation, mutual respect, and beneficial relationshipsbetween Native California peoples and archaeologists.

Dave was a very productive scholar who pub-lished frequently and was actively committedto participation and service at all levels ofarchaeology. He was a founding member ofthe Society for California Archaeology (1966),and variously acted as President, Vice-Presi-dent, and Northern California Vice-Presidentfrom 1967–1985. He also served on the Boardof Editors for the Journal of California andGreat Basin Anthropology from 1973–2000.

He was an extremely popular teacher andprobably the most beloved figure in Califor-nia archaeology, possessed of an inclusive,non-judgmental, nurturing, and honest per-sonality that was felt by all of his many stu-dents and in the wider archaeological com-munities in which he participated. He alsowas an accomplished guitarist in the Berkeleymusic community, completing an album(Songs of the West) for Folkways Records

(1961) and, as a member of the Berkeley-based music groupCrabgrass (or Crabgrassers), recorded an album (Out West-Berkeley) for Arhoolie Records (1964). Dave’s last album, FourCords, was completed in 2005. Dave always looked forward toplaying music— around a campfire, at music festivals, or atpost-banquet gatherings at the Society for California Archae-ology. Dave and Vera-Mae’s music parties at their home onParker Street in Berkeley were legendary, and many of themajor and lesser known folk musicians in the Bay Areaplayed there at one time or another.

Despite all this, Dave was extremely modest, with the highestpersonal integrity, and was an unwaveringly supportive friendand colleague. The profession will never again see the likes ofDave Fredrickson.

—Richard E. Hughes, Gregory G. White, and Thomas M. Origer

David Fredrickson, professor emeritus in anthropologyat Sonoma State University (SSU), California, passedaway after several years of declining health. Born in

Berkeley he spent most of his non-school time with his moth-er’s extended family in the San Joaquin Valley. After highschool he attended the University of California, Berkeley,before enlisting in the Navy. He took an interest in archaeolo-gy and spent several summers on excavations at central Cali-fornia sites under the direction of RobertHeizer, entering graduate school at Berkeleyin 1948. In 1952 he left graduate school andtook jobs driving cab, driving truck, givingguitar lessons, playing music, modelling, andother odd jobs.

Dave returned to archaeology (1960), directingexcavations at sites throughout California,completing his M.A. degree at U.C. Davis(1966). He was hired as Assistant Professor ofAnthropology at Sonoma State College (SSC,later SSU) in 1967, received his Ph.D. degreefrom U.C. Davis (1973), and retired at SSU asProfessor Emeritus (1992). Dave was thearchitect of the archaeology program at SSCand SSU, transforming it from a very smallgroup of student volunteers in 1973 to a full-fledged Anthropological Studies Center with anational reputation that has provided scoresof students with the experience and trainingnecessary to move on to professional careers in culturalresources management (CRM) and academia. In recognitionof his CRM efforts in California, he received a grant from theSouth African Research Council to travel to South Africa (in1989) as an Overseas Research Fellow to introduce conceptspertaining to CRM as practiced in the United States to pro-fessionals in South Africa.

Dave received (among other awards), the Presidential Awardfor Outstanding Contributions in the Service of Archaeologyfrom the Society for California Archaeology (1985), the MarkR. Harrington Award for Conservation Archaeology from theSociety for California Archaeology (1988), the LifetimeAchievement Award from the Society for California Archaeol-ogy (1993), and the Award for Excellence in CulturalResources Management from the Society for AmericanArchaeology (1998). The Anthropological Collections Facilityat SSU was named in his honor in 2004.

IN MEMORIAM

DAVID A. FREDRICKSON1927–2012


POSITIONS OPEN

position: assistant professor,archaeologylocation: tempe, azArizona State University School ofHuman Evolution and Social Changeinvites applications for an assistant pro-fessor in archaeology. Required qualifi-cations include a Ph.D. in anthropolo-gy/archaeology, regional specializationin the U.S. Southwest and/orMesoamerica, the ability to direct sus-tained fieldwork that involves students,and the ability to contribute to under-graduate and graduate education.Desired qualifications include peer-reviewed publications and externalgrants, and an established researchfocus on topics such as urbanism andother complex social formations,resilience, technology, or other themesrelated to existing strengths of the ASUanthropology/archaeology program.Application deadline is December 1,2012. Applicants must apply online athttp://academicjobsonline.org andinclude curriculum vitae, a cover letterno longer than two pages that includes abrief statement of professional goals andteaching philosophy, and the names andemail addresses of three references.Please make sure your last nameappears in each uploaded file name. Youmay address your cover letter to Profes-sor Ben Nelson, Archaeology SearchCommittee Chair. Information aboutthe School can be found athttp://shesc.asu.edu. A backgroundcheck is required for employment. Ari-zona State University is an equal oppor-tunity/affirmative action employer com-mitted to excellence through diversity.Women and minorities are encouragedto apply. See https://www.asu.edu/titleIX/. ASU job ID# 10201.

position: two assistant professors,evolutionary anthropology or evo-lutionary psychologylocation: tempe, azArizona State University School ofHuman Evolution and Social Changeseeks to build on existing strengths todevelop a World-class program in evolu-tionary social science, with a focus onthe dynamic interactions between biolo-gy and culture responsible for humanuniqueness. We seek to hire two assis-tant professors with exceptional scholar-ly potential in this scientific domain.Minimum qualifications include a Ph.D.in anthropology, psychology, or a closely-related field, and evidence of researchproductivity and teaching effectiveness.Desired qualifications include a strongrecord of field, laboratory, and/or model-based research on the interactionsbetween human culture and biology thatis grounded in evolutionary theory.Research should focus on human bio-cultural evolution in deep or morerecent time, biocultural interactions incontemporary societies, and/or researchon nonhuman primates (particularlygreat apes) relevant to human unique-ness. Examples include but are not lim-ited to: the evolution of the human lan-guage and cognition; the evolution ormechanics of cooperation, sociality, andinstitutions; human behavioral ecology,technology, and innovation; behavior,cognition, and sociality of great apes.Additional desired qualifications includeevidence of success in obtaining exter-nal funding, teaching experience inanthropology or related fields, experi-ence mentoring and supporting stu-dents, and collaborative experienceswith an interdisciplinary research team.Application deadline is December 1,2012. If not filled, reviews will occur onthe first of the month thereafter untilthe search is closed. Applicants mustapply online at http://academicjobson-

line.org and include a letter of applica-tion, curriculum vitae, and the namesand email addresses of three references.Please make sure your last nameappears in each uploaded file name. Youmay address your cover letter to Profes-sor Michael Barton, EvolutionaryAnthropology Search Committee Chair.Information about the School can befound at http://shesc.asu.edu. TheSchool collaborates extensively withASU’s Institute for Human Origins(http://iho.asu.edu). Arizona State Uni-versity is an equal opportunity/affirma-tive action employer. Women andminorities are encouraged to apply. Seehttps://www.asu.edu/ titleIX/. A back-ground check is required for employ-ment. ASU job ID #10202.

position: associate/full professorto serve as department chairlocation: washington, dcAmerican University invites applica-tions for an advanced associate or fullprofessor who will serve as the Chair ofthe Department of Anthropology begin-ning August 2013. The successful candi-date will have an extensive record ofresearch and publication, experience inacademic and administrative leadership,and success in obtaining externalgrant/contract support for research andprogram development. Subfield andcontent area are open. However, the suc-cessful candidate’s research agenda willcomplement the department’s commit-ment to undergraduate and graduatetraining in publically engaged anthro-pology. Applications should include: acurriculum vita, a statement of researchand teaching interests, a discussion ofadministrative and grant/contract expe-rience, a statement of leadership philos-ophy and academic vision, and contactinformation for letters of recommenda-tion. Electronic applications are preferred:please put “Chair Search” in the by-line


2013

JANUARY 9–12The Society for Historical Archaeology’sannual Conference on Historical andUnderwater Archaeology; RamadaLeicester Hotel and University of Leices-ter, Leicester, England, UK. Abstractsubmission deadline: July 9, 2012. Con-tact: Dr. Sarah Tarlow, School of Archae-ology and Ancient History, University ofLeicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leicester,England, UK; email sat12@ le.ac.uk; fax+44 (0)116 252 5005

JANUARY 14–18The Seventh World Archaeological Con-gress (WAC-7) will be held in Jordan atthe King Hussein Bin Talal ConventionCenter on the Dead Sea, January 14-18,2013. For further details and the mostup-to-date WAC-7 information, includ-ing submission, registration, and travelgrant deadlines, visit: http://wac7.worl-darchaeologicalcongress.org/ or contactthe WAC-7 Program Committee at:[email protected]

MARCH 26–31International Rock Art Congress will beheld at the Marriott Pyramid North Hotel,Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Hosted

by American Rock Art Research Associa-tion (ARARA). Registration and moreinformation: http://www.ifrao2013.org.Contacts: Conference Co-Chair: DonnaGillette [email protected], 805-343-2575; Conference Co-Chair: Peggy White-head [email protected], 303-426-7672.ARARA website www.arara.org.

APRIL 3–778th Annual Meeting of the Society forAmerican Archaeology. Honolulu,Hawaii. www.saa.org.

MAY 15–19Canadian Archaeological AssociationAnnual Meeting. Whistler, BritishColumbia. Contact: Eldon [email protected].

MAY 26–31International Rock Art Congress. Albu-querque, NM. www.ifrao2013.org

2014

AUGUST 8–102a Conferencia Intercontinental, Lima,Perú.

and send to [email protected]. Sendhard copies to: Department ChairSearch Committee, Department ofAnthropology, Hamilton Hall–8003,American University, 4400 Massachu-setts Avenue, NW, Washington DC20016. Review of applications will beginNovember 6, 2012, and continue untilthe position is filled. American Univer-sity is an Equal Opportunity/AffirmativeAction employer, committed to a diversefaculty, staff and student body, andactively encourages applications fromwomen and members of minoritygroups. AU offers employee benefits tosame-sex domestic partners of employ-ees and prohibits discrimination on thebasis of sexual orientation/ preferenceand gender identity/expression.

CALENDAR

2012

NOVEMBER 27–30The ICOMOS International ScientificCommittee on Archaeological HeritageManagement (ICAHM) will hold its2012 annual conference in Cuzco, Peru,27–30 November. The theme of the con-ference is Archaeological Heritage Man-agement at the 40th Anniversary of theWorld Heritage Convention. The confer-ence website is: http://www.icomos.org/icahm/cuzco_home.html

¡Ya viene laSegunda

ConferenciaIntercontinental!

Lima, PerúAgosto, 2014

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