Outline Transit Oriented Developmentbertini.eng.usf.edu/courses/558/dill_TOD_2006.pdfService...
Transcript of Outline Transit Oriented Developmentbertini.eng.usf.edu/courses/558/dill_TOD_2006.pdfService...
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Transit Oriented DevelopmentCE 458/558 Spring 2006
Jennifer Dill, PhDNohad A. Toulan School of Urban Studies & Planning
Center for Urban StudiesCenter for Transportation Studies
Outline• What and why• History• How• Does it work?• The future
Transit-Oriented Development: What?
• Close to transit• Compact• Mixed-use• High-quality pedestrian environment
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Transit-Oriented Development: Why?
• Increase ridership, farebox revenue• Manage growth• Provide variety of housing opportunities• Increase land values• Revitalize neighborhoods/economic
development
It’s not a new concept
Eras of Growth & Transport Development
• Walking-Horsecar Era (1800-1890)• Electric Streetcar Era (1890-1920)
CBD
Early Portland Transit: Electric Streetcars
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1904
What’s different today? Transit-Oriented & Joint Development
• Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) outside of downtown is
unlikely to happen without intervention• Transit Joint Development
– Implementation tool for TOD– Usually involves revenue- or cost-sharing
between developers and public agencies
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Transit Adjacent Development• Development that is near transit, but
doesn’t have features that promote transit use – aside from proximity– Poor pedestrian environment– Single uses
Obstacles to TODs• Land prices outside the central city• Location – rail lines often follow
unattractive routes• Real estate market cycles• Non-supportive government policies• Institutional barriers (public & private)• NIMBY
Public policies to promote TOD• Local Government
– Zoning• Reduced parking• Mixed use• Minimum densities• Density bonuses• Overlay zones
– Planning– Redevelopment– Expedited review– Reduced fees– Siting government facilities
Public policies to promote TOD• Transit Agencies
– Multiple roles: • Brokers, facilitators, educators• Funders, active development partners• Advocates
– Land and land assembly, underwrite land costs
– Infrastructure investment– Site remediation– Shared parking – Direct financial participation (bonds, loans,
grants)
Examples of Policies/Programs• San Francisco Bay Area’s Metropolitan
Transportation Commission Housing Incentive Program
• Oregon tax incentives• Portland’s Metro TOD program
Does it work? • We know that people living closer to
transit are more likely to use transit– One question is what the overall impact could
be for a region• The impact in ridership and overall travel
may depend upon many other factors– Rail system characteristics– Demographic characteristics of residents
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Recent Research• California• Portland
New California TOD study• Hollie Lund, Cal Poly Pomona• Robert Cervero, UC Berkeley• Richard Willson, Cal Poly Pomona• Report: Travel Characteristics of Transit-
Oriented Development in California
Transit Commute Mode Share Work vs. non-work mode shares
Portland: Research Questions• Do residents of TODs drive vehicles less,
use transit more, and/or walk and bicycle more?
• How do TOD features influence mode choices?
• Do the features of TODs induce people to change their travel behavior?
• How do people's attitudes towards travel and their neighborhood influence travel behavior?
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Sunset Downs
Source: http://www.mep-pc.com/projects_housing.htm
Walk to StationOrenco Station: Arbor Homes
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The Round at Beaverton The Merrick• 185 rental apartments• Ground floor retail• Underground parking
Survey Methodology• Survey instrument• Incentive• Response rates
– Merrick: 43% – Westside sites: 29%
Respondent Profile• Not transit-dependent
650.97%$35,000-49,9991.3The Merrick
121.10%$75,000-99,9991.6Beaverton Round
310.94%$50,000-74,9992.1Elmonica Station
141.014%$50,000-74,9992.6Sunset Downs
200.917%$35,000-49,9991.5Orenco Station: Club 1201
540.919%$75,000-99,9991.7 in MF2.0 in SF
Orenco Station:Original
700.96%$75,000-99,9992.4Orenco Station: Arbor Homes
NVehicles perperson 16 or older% 65 and olderMedian Household
IncomeAvg. HH Size
32%
38%
31%
43%42%
29%
25%23% 23%
30%
33%
28%
Orenco Station: Arbor Homes Orenco Station: Originaldevelopment
Sunset Dow ns Elmonica Station Beaverton Round The Merrick
Commutes by MAX once a week or more*
Primary commute mode is transit
Commuting by MAX
2000 Census citywide transit commuting share
Access mode to MAX
250%100.0%The Merrick50%100.0%Beaverton Round
1711.8%76.5%Elmonica StationToo few respondentsSunset Downs
2630.8%69.2%Orenco Station: Original development & Club 1201
2010.0%90.0%Orenco Station: Arbor Homes
nDrive or rideWalk
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Influence of Parking Pricing
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Arbor HomesOrenco Gardens
Original OrencoStation & Club
1201
Sunset Downs Elmonica BeavertonRound
Merrick All sites
Neighborhood
% c
omm
utin
g pr
imar
ily b
y tr
ansi
t
Does not pay to park
Pays to park
Change in Commute Mode• Of the regular MAX
commuters, 59% drove or carpooled to work/school from their previous residence
Non-transit to transit
20%
Transit to non-transit
4%
Continued with non-
transit70%
Continued using transit
6%
Non-commute travel: Transit
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Orenco Station:Arbor Homes
Orenco Gardens
Orenco Station:Original MF & SF &
Club 1201
Sunset Downs Elmonica Station Beaverton Round The Merrick
% ta
lkin
g tr
ansi
t to
dest
inat
ione
onc
e a
wee
k or
mor
e
Store or place to shop
Restaurant, bar, or coffee place
Entertainment (movie, museum)
Church or civic building (library, post office)
Service provider (bank, hair dresser, dentist)
Non-commute travel:Walk/bike to a store once a week or more
in good weather
31%
69%
19%14% 15%
53%
Orenco Station: ArborHomes
Orenco Station:Original & Club 1201
Sunset Downs Elmonica Station Beaverton Round The Merrick
Non-commute travel:Walk/bike to restaurant/bar/café once a week or
more in good weather
31%
46%
19%
14%
38%
64%
Orenco Station: ArborHomes
Orenco Station:Original & Club 1201
Sunset Downs Elmonica Station Beaverton Round The Merrick
Non-commute travel:Walk/bike to no destination once a week or more
in good weather
59%61%
49%
33%
25%
43%
Orenco Station: ArborHomes
Orenco Station: Original& Club 1201
Sunset Downs Elmonica Station Beaverton Round The Merrick
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Changes in Daily Travel
NoYesNoSig. diff. between neigbhorhoods?
68%47%71%The Merrick
77%15%77%Beaverton Round
61%29%61%Elmonica Station
62%60%40%Sunset Downs
63%58%66Orenco Station:Original & Club 1201
47%64%58%Orenco Station:Arbor Homes
Drives lessnow
Walks morenow
Uses transitmore now
Neighborhood Preferences
YesNoYesYesSig. diff. between neigbhorhoods?
7553%63%59%81%The Merrick
1369%77%62%100%Beaverton Round
4159%46%40%62%Elmonica Station
19100%68%47%53%Sunset Downs
10189%68%84%78%Orenco Station:Original & Club
1201
6585%62%57%77%Orenco Station: Arbor Homes
Sidewalksthroughout
Easy access tofreeway
Shoppingareas within
Walkingdistance
Good publictransit service
N
% indicating that this factor was important
Major Findings• Households are different, but they are not
transit-dependent• Commute by transit at much higher rates
than city-wide, but don’t use transit for many other trips
• Features of TODs do not affect transit commuting rates, but do affect non-commute mode choices
• Distance to station affects access mode, not use of transit for commuting
The Future• Changing demographics support TOD
Changing household structure
1.7 3.6 4.6 5.711.5
14.0 14.9 14.85.6
8.69.7 10.710.0
12.914.8
16.0
30.3
29.929.8
28.7
40.330.9
26.3 24.1
1970 1980 1990 2000
Married couples with own children
Married couples without own children
Other family households
Men living alone
Women living alone
Other nonfamily households
Nonfamily households
Family households
Source: http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/p20-537.pdf
Population will get older
28.5
59.0
12.4
26.0
53.4
20.7
0-19 20-64 65+Age
% o
f pop
ulat
ion
200020102020203020402050
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Useful Resource• Reconnecting America TOD Center
http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/html/TOD/index.htm
• TriMet Community Building Sourcebookhttp://www.trimet.org/inside/publications/pdf/sourcebook.pdf
• TCRP Report 102: TOD in the UShttp://www.tcrponline.org/publications_home.html
My information• Jennifer Dill, PhD.
[email protected]• http://web.pdx.edu/~jdill/• USP 456/556 Urban Transportation:
Problems and Policies – 2006-07: Spring quarter