Outline of Stratificational Grammar-07-Lamb-Sydney Lamb

7/24/2019 Outline of Stratificational Grammar-07-Lamb-Sydney Lamb

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Oin o Sracana raa

by

Sydny ab

Wi a ndix by

nad E N

Gorgow Uivrsiy ss

Wasgo 7


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Copyrg y Gergeo UneryPre Une Sae of Aea

ra of Cng aa Ca e 6625


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edii e Ole f ataal Gamma as ail a le 1 f a des a AC Bo Beel a f ibi as a ep f e aci ansaec e vsi Caa wa eded a a i dce o e ea ie o a e eame f aiaiae c as e eing aed ad is s i pepaaio cps of a ge availabe, I as eaed ad a C a c angag dgi, Ggeo nvi pvide a eiio fo wiedibi ave deaed n doig s i a bease mea be cied w e ig vao ass saanae

his e ves o e O i ao a ae as ie dbu i a leas e p dae es ac ad geea l dda e gia e e evsin as be exenve, and ee ave beeva addis e Oln e epa a ngsicdescipi ad e eame eie lingiic c as boda a ai ad as aeed a ve key vs aben eganzed and e aaezain ngii s a beenaized exaded a nidaed Cape ) ecage e a e esl f vs f vai ppees

o lg e a ae bee ade sine 6 es ae eecae mng ad tai mae exenv e gaiain a a ataed lss ane agea aiona i e in e ps si n lingii desa ead ea e eazaia f a aal ssem ade Otne eea a ed e geea eame ive ee n ae )

wk a p eaed e a beenaded b ai ceage and b sdes o ave cnbd dea

an ave moed e g de mie am paa gael H Gea M. A K Haa ee e enad eead avid ene enne as a asised y daing dia xee 4 ad ae ed vei pblem ginay devised b Wiam F ad idd in e Oe aeae ee ae e ae be o a aa xee 6) ada ai bem a B. meneau eie ) e ndex a epae m age

e Haven Cneci a 66

dne ab


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CONENS

a

fac nodcon

Ln Analy . . . . . . . . . . . . ac Analy . . . . . . . . . . . . aiaonal Analyi . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Lng Sc an Sra and . 1nce B aa 1onolog Gama . Soogy . . . . . . . . o al Vw of ng ucu . 3

I Lnguc cion cv nomaon uac nomaion . . . . . . . cal omaon . . . . . . . . 54

Som Pacca oniaon oening con 5Bblogay . . . . . . . . . . . . .

cie . .

An Anal of an ngl

nd


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I. NTRODUCTION

hamlghaa um mya ayaamma j m h ag hf a m han v

h bh f Pb

Te ye eened ere i ced iciol becue one of cief feue i i ee o inic ucue s coiin eelcual lye or r lnue by i nue elae ou orp ie o pper o e le o eni e eloip unou o be ey colex oe ic c be nlyed i e of eieo codelie ye ec of ic ucue naloou o coe elie linuiic eoie cibed o lue a ole Fo

ele ec o ee ye i o ynx or cic o linuiic ucure ole eie o cic cooen e nu oe Tee eerl ye ay be caled SAA SSES nd ecay be id o be ocied i SAU o linic ucue

Te ueio o o ay al sye ee e i linuicucure ole c be need ony by eiicl ieiion ndi e o be deerined eer or o al url lnue e eae ube o r Eidece ible o ue ll nullue ve a le ou d h lea oe nue icludn

nli he s ra xu rcue y be ee a deu of ree or coponen SOO GAR nd OOOGeach of hic coies o l ye uc eey ioo or cooe i ea roae or all ual lnuae buul fue eec i done i en oe ueio ee each ofe ree or coone eey lauae copie excy oral ye oe of e dicuio i oulie h ecc eeenceo e xu cee; u i eai ndeeied ee uchdicuio lie o ll lue o only o yoloicl ube of

ue nely e cl of lue hich e ix rOf e ee ao cooe eoloy i eled o ei nd

onoloy o eec ile r i ieedie beee he o Thee AAR i ued i ree diee ee in th Oule d ioed e coex ill be uciely diee o confuio illeul o eer o i dle coonen o linuic uctue;eco to efer o rucul decio of l o p of ne ene; id e ene of e e i e tile Oulie ofaiciol Gr i eference o e enel coeion

inoled in i ucul deciio of linuiic ye ie coideaio ic ly for eoloy nd ooloy ell o i e roe ene


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Inrodon

e the asons o the coplexit of ligtic strctre o ec th t coprses severa stta systems athr t jst oe or to,

s tht sds ad agsare, by thei tres, parnd separaey romec t t ach hve the w stctra eationhps. Phooogicassts st be apted to the rticlatory and aor orans, hsical sstes st e dapte to thh pattrs and to thephoena events, and latosips abot whih pople thnk and tkeovr, pholoica sysems mst confor to t fat tat pch taeslace i tme, which s lna b o sch ticton is imosd ponsemological systms, and o e trar the tin to wich moocasstem st eate eets, phoena, expriencs atioshp an

the lik a often lidmensonal Ts a o ospoec bt seogic ad phnologcal sste wold b pobl These stato xsts or tte lanages ba ring ytms areeral bs po spen lagags, so ht t tnd to ave closcespodec to phooogc syss bt ot to semoogi T siat ma b cntrastd wth tht o otatioal sst hich ave eedelpd idepdet o spo nage and whch have tkn advatage of the twodsonal charactr of pape and blacbrs to llw cos crspondec t eani tha wd be pssibe or e

disional expessio sysms xampls te otationa systems sr dagras of orgaic cpods chistry, eltrc cicit dagams, ad ow diagrams copter progams { s t sae odet wich ndele th desibilit o twodmsona dira

g notton, sch as that d i his l or lnstc srr)

Aote ac is that lge has the ppert f lo_ itsspeaes to spak of ahn th ng o thir epenc ad maati whle epying n ve sa nb o dieret dametanlgca es Ths the r of elets at the lowst srat

of lngae s nl od ten whe he elets at th hhsstt e el nto the tosds

e cocep o stratcatio anage s no eans orgal wth e, re n t eates o ths syst whc is oe thn the est addin fw extsions ad neents to a sths of jelslvssseatcs 1 943 ) ad ne o the standard vesis o Aeica stcta lngists he pet orlat drs rom le one aly ecgiin oe strata ad in tht t povides a re prcise spcct o th elationships on wich the cnept of sratcatio s ase t

dees prtl o e w o okett (e. 1947c, 954 1 958 ) tdes r t ognizin mor tata Tat eare, potostraticatial, aewrk ad s to stra, phonic and opheic, whichw appxmate a th evels o th hphoems a th exs,espctivly, of te sstm presented h


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igii ayss 3

ingi naysis

A lana a be eade as a syse of latonshps As sch it isnot drecl obserabl lnus can onl ober e mansaons oflnistc stctre e saples of speech an or itn and h staons hch he occr o analzn sch daa he s to consc arepresnaon of ssem of relaonshps wch neles i Sch aepresntaon a b akn as a descrpton of part of th lanahs he oal o a lnsc descon shold be a caaceaon asrecs as possible of e srcural relatonshps c ndrle he lns-t daa hs s ot h sa as dscrbng h anfesatons o hlnsic strctr dcl no does it an simpl proidng a st ofet rles fo drin manesaons of lnsc sructre fom ohranfsatons of lnustc srcr

nsc analss can perhaps bes e nderstood as a pocess of simpl-yn I a proce n wich te anls nds ecrences of simlarns hain sch rlatonshps aong theslves and wth ohr ntesta tey can b read a soe leel as reetons of one another ncefond sch ecrent entes ma be extactd an descbed on onceinsea of epeadly hs pocess amons o a splcaon and it asonoles enralaio he omena dalt ae hen beer ndr-sood and ar b teaed n aeer aplcaons may be dsed

xcept for e aros renemens ch ar necessar hre s lilmor to nsc analyss redced o is esenals tan makng obseatons smla o hose of e suden n nnhrade aleba o eeca

a b rdcd oabcabdab + ab ab

ab ce+f

Te laer xpresson s sper an h former and it conans a ea

zaon not rsen n e for I s smle pcse b vr of hfact ha t expresss he neazaton Th fact of h occrrnc of an e separae combnaons as bee sd once nsad of e sparates What e aleba sden does n h facors he rst xpessonis no ssall drn fro hat h lins dos he he deerinsha

can b rcd oblbe cranbrr

ble] b

cran

r

(Not hat jst as h albra stdnt dosnt av o ask hete or noc , e f or occr n an oer cobnaons befo h peforms hsfacoin oraion so also he lnst semens aey becase beyoccrs n oer combinaions e if c dosnt


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4 Inuin

e ind syg qoe aboe atal expresss a s perapse mst impran and poerfl sngle priniple f lingis analyss

Aner mporant priniple s t lingisc anaysis sold be bse sch rra at any omeent) ndndent nestgor ppyng emto te same maral old rre at an eqial solon A rd is thata lngage shold b described n s wn rms and not b e appliatinof an exel mol Ts las priniple lso pples o ars in lingstisrre. Ts, for example, the ptern f arrangemen of morphemessod b dsrid i is n terms, no b te applicaon of ponologicreria Smilrl it s bot resible and nnessr o ampt todene nis f e ts of pones s as sllbls b e se of

ponei etties s s es plss n otr ords, a good proeref tac anlss s one ic allos te parns of arrngemn to reelemsles e t nlyss s bad wih applis to a ssem, frm teosde, a preeermned strre

s onenent to dstngis to gnerl ypes f lings anlysis,onrned it to ins of lingis parnng Ty may be alldTI SIS and EO SS

ai n ai

Let s nsd frter e lgebric exmple gn aboe Te sonexpressn, .

ab ( + +e + f +g)

s simp n te rs. Th simlr versio sos te reslt of ndnga recrre parl simlar an solting i Te sme ype f pross lsa te bsis of ati analsis A smple llsration s prode by efolloing forms

bg bosa be bo

bg mnsa manw mn

bg ogsad ogwet og

bg sa aet at

O ebe he a e e ese s n ngs t s se e st e rs s es seesa t 4 eeats. Aote a o a ese a

boybg

ansad

dogwet

ca


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Reaizion Anyi

o p i a we) a dg a) Th laer dripon onl sev tedntatos Th exs fa normaton

o the st driptio evnn tinaon, ie mn 7 and o ar to on, one l tat ho 7 x denton ren aontd or a pio n r dsripion Wn on eang wt lass o hdrs o m the dir o ore moretrng Mooe, t ormr approah o dpon no ehotial poble n gral, ine the nbr of ombnaon netd b a tati t s hole ne

Smple s it appas, this ro of iola rrrt paa ilari the bas o tat anass I th adtioal ipm of a aay

dd to ts eential t trs o o nvo ll mor than pplyi pe torig opeaton lke that prord he nigrd albratdent Ts pross lads the ant to istrbon las and ontton h dsrb rangemnts th smplst posibl m sionsnng mdiat oten are tomatll and and thetea whih av bn p forh o dtrminatio o meia onen (f W 9 7 ida 99 ap soa as th ar vada a a drabe fo a mor bai impiy priniple

Realizaton AnaysiAna onrned i the ar o staa t ot than s

tt a b alld REAAOA AASis Sh analyi ovsor ba tps o opraion OOA GUG HOOA S-TI, VERTI S nd VEA ROU n xmpl oHORIZONTAL GROUG i the reogion tha emnt a ob ntha ord, to or a trrl t a o be dnd n h om sa ake a , bt not n ale or aell HoOATTI lrad b h anas of Frnh a as a ralato of t

dyng obinaio [e VRA SITG nvolv dtshngtwo o or higr lev nit ( pt partiiple lxon and e pasttn exo o ish) ealzd b he a o ev nt g e)ot hat a a razaion o h ombiaio le of AD le hrasan orrn of ed is ralizatio o ihr th pat arii lxon Rh a tnse xon VERA GROU ivovs h otion tt too ore nt (g e en) ar alrnae aiaion of a nge hihr nt he past paripe xon) n ra, non o hs oropeaon an b prormd n olaion o thre an eene n h

st b prod rahr, th ar nral ared o oehr, frne to one anoher

h oprations ae otivtd b te impi prni ad b hend to ont for th lnt da Falre to arr o o ot,wh te possibilit s avaabl, old ean hr tha dsripo


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6 Inrodcon

wold alng o aon o ai daa o a t would b sangan aonsps ay whh ght sad ony o o

xp a o sngu ast as o pas tns om nngl wou a a iu o aualy sn b amaalad gmma b al o og in -d a ad aao o pas pa xo and t pt tns xowold na pon o aos opologial n poologal aons i apply o d wot a o w o wo lxons sps l o om a al gog oao wh o d ad o ee) would al io o aossooga ois au o on n u s a alao of

obiaio l wol omplia t ophoa dto of Fnas wl as a o g s

I s soay ad paps ass o c aalyss to sta ao a boom o ingustic st n pooloy) and towo as pas has on n ot a lnustc aalyssu od n a s o oly sps ro boom was andat it s olow a ibd o t das o s y aoo sv a a nnssay T s o nssty of og a oltanalyss at o v bo go on to f analyst dss o

atmp oy a vy og aaysis o on l bo sang o wo on x g on a o s s na aayss o t basso wa ans o his xaiao o h igr sam h so l o do so Th stu o a langa s an ngatd wol w ostraonshs among gong sbsyss and fo o aaly b s abo onss o s soo o on sbsys o lagua anayss o ngbon sbysts as bn onhs th anayst st b allow to vs hs solon on aa awokn o a ig ll d wy sod on wan to vnt fo

dog so? o o ml w so o lnguss dug t fosand s a wl wo wy as ta was a wdlhd vw ha a ings diion sod no b onsidd vald nss old b sown tha ws arvd a o od av bn aivd at b apatio o a al sbys pro s a rs gt o o fois ad fs onsisd of as to dvss mana ods non of w w sssl) otvaio o s sncy was that t ovd a mans of satsfng motant qnt a lngusc anayss b bad on s ls

at ay opn) dnd nvsgao apyg t to t sadaa would ai at a qivat soion What was ovlookd b osgss dng t od was ha t s ao a s wa otn ts qn s to a a or ls dsiponsad sp as spiaos wh a igsti dso us t.


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aaa a 7

Crtra of his yp r o be usd fo tsng oosd descrtns o srbn ous o nlss Such ci s he ro

s of c s. W s h he ns as chgea fm H c j rod m e levl nls o tha w He can us mn whenvr h was (nowhstann arlehns o on) e o s nuton ncs, and land-o nqs Bu h h rvs sc e s s s In c c wl b kng he ng crer d alon s conucs hs ays g so t he eeens wi b s Ths oh s n vlo v l nl oos n n lngs sould

; b se bl he ricl sde lgscs her lngusc

Actuay, he thr-w pimr dvson of ng re n e

ers phoog, mhoog moog phoe, mheme ee es ovr t s b t Swei ls Nn (19038).


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NUS SCURE

. . oay doe o o of hg bu of elaohp . .

Los Hjelse

I onde anue o be ym of elonhp t may be aydto a ss of ssyses e SAA

SSES ech of ch h a

y o ac and a oe res pen of onpTe emey eaohps of hh ee paes e opod e ofa vry ma nue o yp

I yng ad b lnsc relaohps s er ofpcl essty to mpoy soe sy of prece ad spe oaoome l ave be add by e nrean e of alebc

oato lu d he od fo he "ood od day cuc decon ee e odnay or oruael hoe ood od dys sc dpos ee eh vey opee oey pecse a ae u omped yse a non b eo ted e f ee cope h t rctu ntce less d by oao de To e ngsc owou th se of a oaonl sy e sed o h prpoe ms oo see a o y o do on dvio h Rom e I homees be obed lnus decons e te i a

spea oo rathe ha ordary ods thy are o oge aeleo e noed enl pb Bt s b o v ecse deciponse f hey a be ad oy er , ha o to hae prcsedespons a ne onde ho ar phy d hemy oulda poed s oecos hd dadd m fom s otaona dee

odmnoal pc oo appeas o be ueo o albcoo fo soe ypes of ok h ust sture or ohuos aleba oon moe oene herefoe eable

to m oatoa systems of oth types, desed so tt the aeenally ecoble a s do n eeco dammaoao sed hee pove a or rct por of stu eltoshps eb, d t may be consded pry oowh the ebc oao y be eded as s of decbnstct dm, ad hs oly dety s of de lnuscsrues adion t coe o mpoy a aua noaon fooe descipe ppoes s lustd b Nee he ped o ule

IGUSC GRAS ae mde p of ES ad ODES paes heenes nset ee fnea dhotos roie types oodes of hch las see p a poa ol chace


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Lnt Srur 9

ORDRODRD

AD O A OR

OWWARD

0

WRD

initic e hese ihtie ae D:OR, UPWARDDOWREORRED. h et ype es ae shw i ati toee diotomie Fgu a te espig agai tatin

s as foows:ORDR owWARD D

NORDERD OWRD R

ORDRD PWARD NDORDERD WRD R

RRD wWRD D

E ONWAR R

EED PWAR DRR PWAD R

c g 1 k m l q+r +w 1

T irectins UWRD and DOWNWRD ae i keepig th he iaaig oention aig ih ea is t te "top a speeh ah ottom of gti e h UPWAD ma tas mea e DOWNWRD ea t epessi te a i tealgaic otation t iaga a iaes t ie t ha


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10 Lingii S

a ppe s t ef) a o se t gt) he coeet,t dgoa of oppose dreco e sed hus

\ y as h sa s

jxh OR s a excuse OR; a he orerg h resct o te

eoshp s tepo ode h oderg h esec t a OR s e o por; hat hch coes st akes prot oer hsco f o are possbe hes atoshps are pehaps ost esdesood es of he damc epeao hch ca ge to

sc dagms ch enbes the to sere s odes o th processsoed poduc a decog speech o h dc terpe-t MPULSS e oed to o o s ethe rectpses o oad du the poduco pocess d pwa dgt decog pocess e D sta o "a ps o doaao o o sht, "o e s o "a mpuso pa og e o up h the yic tepeatoof he eaoshps st aoe ad ag F s s ooth oco "ss a e usd stea of gos o f o prefes) :

a fb c

1

i

j k

j

s t;

D oes t D AND D (aeosU AND c he

goes o De OR Df O gos o U

D AND D (togthe D gos o AND (steos

DjORDkgoestOD}

U goes to Uj O UD oes D AND h (aewas ND fe o o to Dp goes to D possb O s o D OR oes o U

Ds AND t , Dt o D oes s AND te as o

+ w x D OR gos o Dxu oes o poss s o

Note hat he ps oe p fr a ow ed AD( p m) o ae h sco o ast) ms o beow g p ohs ec he eeet he peceg pses o be eg wat at th ee t the ast puse o eow as te


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k

s

d

a ledbi

j I (l, m)

m

ge

Figure 2.

fIg, (h n

I o (p, q)

vIw,z

w \ vx

\ v. y

Patters 11


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12 inguii S

Sly pule g d he s et f pdee AND s t the the ceos e ted mpe

oeeds fe use s e e ( sec. eg lgu grphs gebcy e y dp the -

te of usg ybols sg of ee obos of ettes etef e odes Fgu he sy (a b . y be ege s sdg f es t he ee s dopte ey obe ke s degtg the ode hh thee es ce hs (tefeece gure ) a oul degte the de t h to te le ledg p f he AD de coes h A ode tef

u the e se e syb (o sh o e f sOe he geel rtce dted o s sybol f es see hee t e ept sybo fo ech e Sme -etos eeby shots c be tke e geb ott e lls-e e th e ypl gts

t

he eleety elshp oc sml be f ee ypef PTTERS. Thee y e clle e SIG PTTR he TACT PTR,

e ALTEATO ATER e KT PARhe SG PATR e Fge 3 h s s f s

g ttes f Eglsh mely (fm ppe e he lee sgpte e ohem sg tte the phe sg pte th the AD odes h he phe sg e eedctg e (dd cet seos ees A e dere the pe d lee g ttes e besf the es ho t the otom f the he g pte sta fCloe Lba Aa Saa Naa espeely

t s s the ge g te c (bo te oso d S ORS exe fm esg pte f rech au hch s the p cet e ssho gue 4 h ype f sto y be lled PORMANTAUZTO hl th ost s ls g 3 e COPOS RALZAO e n g e Sre sho dered sgfyg th he e ef kes py e t gh he he ophec ye f gges hes ele te mte elt, b s ey pt

sec syse ples f tte e e see re he by kshp terge (f He e 196 ) sch e : doe bk aw veo ow b ee.

he f f the TT R llutted by Fge 5 hhesbes e hcs f M oe e f Cf.


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Paten 3

XEC

MHEMC

HEMC

Figure 3 Sgn Patens.


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1 gstc Srcr

au

ig 4 Pomaa Raizaon n nc

e gu 0 g 4, te e fo to ee of cticcogos

Fgu 5 oce t ZRO eee, eeene b s cc n o e ou t e, aeo en, agn en me ong eo eeme se; e

y o fo e emen o e conecg ne y me aeba oao eo leme s eeene as 0; j y bew [] d ,0 a e wte ] whe e ysbol reeseng les

g 5 te ctc ten n gee me geyo ownwa As n w n donw ee ORS UwOR cc te eee uatos whch nt a to o oee cc fco o eme g 5 ow a gso n on y co ee as e n cson s coa

o ble ge 0 beow n OR fo m cgha a ol Eg eoc uc a a ecate e, s ject of eb, s ubec f cse o n coucto t 'e ay') Dw A t es ofn e COCO emocc en e fom ctc e we st g coebe mes o w Ao; occol wd Aae o on eoctc ens

cc tten t oy e eo eee e coecoto he saum a no og e o o c, bu

houg e aeon te beow) u e ble ono un, oes n cnec w o yg e mec sem;a te oolgc o a ohocc oe o e ang leemc ste bto o e tc te o ae sl sse ae onecos o he e o se


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Ptern 1 5

u 5 Mnc Ponttcs

ARA AR oww OR it o, w OR t boom ito ee e c ete my e wc oug witou meeg oe of othec et iote vg c oee ow i gue 6 ogee w fget of te oe te ee i moemc ytem te gueow the tetio tte, g te, n cc te teogee, i wee, b te ATR wch i me ccocew i fucto o e row of w AS wich e te


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6 Lngtc Sc

Mop

Mo g

opo

AAN

g 6 ar f a Mphm Sysm

NAN

GN

A

nos, n eow e ccson w RS e w AS eno en e e ees e s ssem s n ee s con n e ccs, conecon o e ne ge sm g eenon en coen o e ex owe s g esgn e n , kno e coo s one o e nesgog uw ecy o e en e n o w Ac es eesen nnse n, wose occence s eeneb e ccs wc e o coneo e ne ge s

ge so seces e mengs f e ems MORHO MORHMSG OR n XO s ceo o c oessems s ecen n sows ony eg oemes e n gmen se o e hnes o emes cu esen noe sse ngs s e o cose, cmbesoeo ecbe ge qnes o eoss n s oseo s e


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NNN

gre 7 Morphemic Altrnaon n Eglish.

1

NN

r rson fr s f lr oio ar oo iio iags

on , no rn, sign , ory s osiu AAOAL ORO of sa ssAny no n rzi oin n di fo sio-oon rni is of iing s s fr

yps ns rn ii n i 6 al lrrios wo is as foows L 16 VFCA; Z ZRO RALZAO N URALZAO; , YA-ZAO; P OAAU RAO; C COO RAAO

Of oraios o rlizio ai ion o noio rizon goi ins ring insns o ooslzion, w rio sii i ocr wi omn rlio Vi siig is sco o cs o lzai in s inng rzn) dnin n c

as of s w ssoci uw OR s o c o sl on n il i s ssoi wrsiaion ( nuin si l ro raizion

Fr 7 rois lsion o iriion ro f gis o sys, or w osly sso


24/115

1 8 gst

r as T a sru swn s a rms cg a aev lwe cara s

s s b s sw s cg s cu w gu s sw as an rar aev rgo a las wnwar O w as a a mans wa T rn b s seal " w s reale as r as n em raa e W l g rs w - acs wulaw eter goode b wwa f g s rr r b as reenc W e ra b a c s ml

o

g b an ge as wa N ls r ag n as as a war mus aa aas a ar wl se a gu a c aa cun b s aass w q a esary cla grap ccrnc g n s csun s ue b e rr wwar O r aals swnac fr Egs ear ab recg good we s sa a w as n ar s vrsaon as n r ha *ete wu n e ns eag a as

goodne a s rm s n al b rsg 7 a sws a aml f uaa a annlg ara a age e as mme) a as aga as he ms mees er b r eags an n e ra fus s s a aerns s a e neura wc l eas r wa OR e he ac aern uh caes a auara ae o lguss em sysm a rmNO-INCIV F an MN FA a bee

se s cn amb 166b

A Y sss a ar aran aa ac a a a sg e ew a yn ssem a lagag aal lac a sg arn Fr aas sm aguges s eca o reg sx saa ssms r r lwe g a ale HOPHONIC

ac HONIC ab 166 e OIC, XMIC, MMI, a HYPMMI s a aera ma esm sraa mg b ae HOC a AICresecive n ca ne sraum w b HON a a sa sa wu


25/115

Strat nd Tems 1 9

Te ypophonei syste ppes nt o e sign tten n tse e bew the hpei not ptten, is pehps to be iene

e bon beteen ingisi se n stte of othe type, of tpe nt eient nbe in tes etinips n ptenso te pe esibe be ee ne y spe of the MSOof yonei its ( f b 66b) iiy, the pe bono ligist stte y be ene s the ee beyon whih etionsipse no onge te type ebe be e qeto of te ex pee of this bny n th of wht tpe o ste ie beyon pe pott opptniies fo te inetigtin

Te tes f ngit nits n sbsstes o tte whh s

ossten ne st syte to the e stn n of theoowng OPO PO ORP X PRS n let eee it espe to he oe of the st systes oowes to higet Then the foing stteents ene tes theos stt syses The MC SSM onssts o the MC SR exet h ee is peps no hypohnei sign tee MC O PR he MC AC PR n the MCO R The Xei tt te y be e theCC te ei tenion ptten y teney be e e

X0C RO R Eh o he pw AS n te eo ten i n M E o the ines the ie the Xei sgnpen e beween the S n on S is n MC E o the ines (o, eqienty, eh o the w S teoto o the Xe sign ten s n Ts n Xon is the booo te Xe yste n the of the ei ste speiy h op o ts tention ten) Te tention tten, n tte,n sgn tten he e syse y be e e RAOORO f t syste Te MC SRM onsts of th Xees n

e Xottis esipion of the ition oion of the e syse y ee the MC COA o the CO (eg CO MPCO A esition of the Xei syste y be e te Mic so, thetty of yg the ei yse y be e MCS Te Xotitten, esptin of te Xotti pten, o e viy of nying heXotti tten y be e ( tigsy ) CCS

s be t ene fe ition nits i e no n geneo be fon s snge nt nywhee iti ingist stte b wh

oten potnt n ingisti nysis n X ( eg MORP s obtion of Xees (eg honees to whih n ise fo Xee eg ohee n e i so be e he 1MCRO of the ee i n Xee s oe thn one X e Xeetio hey y be e ts 2 eg. MR


26/115

Lnust

n ol ew he elos f ous s s oe by g h so lnes n ems onece by s lnes eesn

reshs e esen gusc suce Th etc lnesees le es he s sng w h ghrepsen h eshs ese n sgn es s he uw Oo o pns

HypersememicSmem

Lexe

Mophec

Phonemc

pophonemi

U

/rem

ymo

/re.0 HypesemeSmon

/xeeSemeex .Mopeme- Lex/1

Morphon

"Te Moph

Phoon : iypooeme o Pone

Fgur . So Ut Spokn Languag

h honmc hyooemc sysems my be goe ogehe heg OOOG; h mohemc n leem sysems mybe goue ogehe ne he heg GAMMA; n h semmc hesememc sses my be ge gehe e h heg OLOG. h o hes ems eng n logy my be se he


27/115

eee eee t 1

eags as esgaon o a a o saal sss a ooe o a us suue; ) a son o a omonn o a

gag 3 a o analng ha oieee Betwe Sa

A sau s o s gbos w ga o s lens an eobnaons T lens o sau wa NS o s oa a obosly q o a saum Bwe an eeso bon sam s a sn ae a n enao a ao o nalaon no a as nsaasas oasone by sg aes a os aa .Fg 3 ao sn s a obous s s eweonoogal omons hoologa seges oes emesseologa omons a s has bn so obos lv o o seas a a o be oooelguss ha o suos a soe o es lns ese a ls w a sng a a K aay 6 s h vson ewe oolo ansa was bas o snon o a os wo ooogy a w ombaos o mos o e a o wowh sa was suose o a w obos o wos T ooy oos ew was s sno was unssay asoul no e ana ah was hl sol be snglhoas aln w obnaons o ohs al e way o a o e snne Bo ws we no sne boh wg o a w a oa o gaa s o asg sa e ns ea w sna oel a almes no wos o ops a y o os aagens as wl as u o an neng sg a

a a alaon a ooas s as o oswas sya oas s a as o les To ousewos w lms as has bn que omoly one s o a same sa as a ove osg slaes w ohms wo s a a n o sau below e e wh s oe no as awas ao o l

no n alaona oo o a saal ss esesa n bew wo saa Ta s ey N a sg aos a n n s o ns o gbo saa y ow

a OR ss an aleaon amon wo o o us o owsa ang a sngl o p y wa OR sensa nealaon o s sn on he hgh sam.

ss a a s gla s e o s by wa NS o a o a sn ese oes a a a sl


28/115

Lngsc Strctre

gog o he e ge sau a a ge le leag o he ne oweone Bu he h e leag o he a ae eesets a

oa eaal sea, sce ha tac aten e fo oseo eghbog sata u o geea e ase tha e emes of aa a te eaaos o he ne oe one oc e sameangeens o eame semem aagemen genea a eemagee a ae onea whe cobao of oemeea o be geea ea (a eas ay laguages e heoeo o eee te oeg o us (e eee he sequego use fo oe leel o aoe ma be ae NAAX o ame eamle o a eee beeen leem a mohe oeg

oe haee bee tae/ wh hae -z # be e ae e/(he wo boae ae oe b e mooatc ) eence bewee he oeig of oo a a of (ba

oeme hae often been obee an hae coo bee eee ob he te ee an eamle cose the oowg foms oZoque (fo a 949 68 4) we hoema t hee a mohoa ( wt ohee boae ate) a e g

eu looe e ea he oo w oo e akehau he aw o e a eaa he ees o m y e ha aeo e wae o loo e o ueoa e wa o loo e o

h anaa o be acoute fo as a ceac between he oego ohos a eee b the ohoac a the moe gnae, he oeg whh he hooac moe o (bahoneme Zoque hooas een es te equees /y,

/, e b o P//, P/ e gue 9 sow he elea ao he uue oe ha e wa A o / s oee; a musecog o fom he oho s oea eae unl a ue oe fom he hooats a e aatas Eghbewee leo j-z a en be g ae/ a mohem ae be e ae -g/ o be accote fo a a eee betwee wa emohotat ee a what oe to o the ee sem

wo geeal es of aaas may e sguse a taeaoe whh oe co beteen e eato o eghbog

a e ay be ae NERRAAL NA h ohe e el ee wh a a ate a ay be ae NRARLNAX oe ha esaal aata he lowe a aer waae eeee oe wa s see fo aboe ecog n eacae e aagemen ocg on the oe sa tha whh s


29/115

MORPHEMIC

SIGN

HOECKOT

TER

Dieces Between Sraa 3

Fgure . Mr nmc Aaaxs Zoqe.

ccor w lowe ccs s w gr sl sys sece cs o ha een takng xc uns /n/, /beng/r sgl lxees, hce leenr s o lxoccs T lxcsg tern sece ec s wo coonns bu lxonc oerg h e b g / s unccebl o ooccswc ows b ses o occr on er eb ses n gene orng sc o ccs o bo o orc o ccsonl or scng scceson o coces nu cocons( oww ORS bu w xonc orrg s o lns bloggo re oocc clsses, g rb sem n rb sux uo oroctcs o erm e e or Ts / s rs bl sux o be slc l /n/ s sco; n /

e eb se, we /b/ s te scon o e moocics usou, unr secco o ts cobton o lxons, / b /

nsrt ns on oter wc noes renc n org o on lel to noer o sgl ctc r Twoes e son n gr se te escon o gn o Eng xotctc n t loer rg oto, wcconcns erb se V ) t ln leg on to e objc )o eb o e eobjec V) constcon ncontes oruw A n uls co o s le o s wll be elye

lne b d (wc s oto cte occs s cc s o osbl or uls o roce below A o unl ls o lne d ecs t s gr genees sc s s wy c/ c , wos rc s u oer or o e oo d s n he o xe sow


30/115

24 Lngustc Stutue

cayrun

Fgure 1 0. A Tenatve ament of Enlish xotacc.


31/115

Deens Between Srt 2

gure 0 is ce e oo The bjec e edigoa fom e cue onstio o om (m) encoue

ar wc e erog leeme

Q/ is ee olye eys a ow subjet mue fte e ocence oQ/ u u e e of e ediate onstrtion Wen s o ee e oe see i ohnny an ay e ahe b we / ocu, i reedes e sbet , e eodig

l x hn can

V

v

Ia Q Jny y h n Fe 1


32/115

26 ngu stc tct

pocess, mps gog fom cs conscion o sbjecps s eed n mpse coes fom pedce coscon

e ine connecng o s pw e esg ode s asen n Ca Jony ay e aone? (g 1 ) e em /s s eazed as / s mp (becse cn/ s pesn ) , bn som enomns (as speced n e mopocics) s ee asdo as n oe Johnny ow any oe ong

g 10 nodces a nw pe f od, e OORO emn,epesene b c owwd mpse eeng s een pn s n wo oe sepae pses cong ownwa fm , ec o wc s ae b e mooccs as if we

on on. n e agebic noon e cooo een bepesened b a ses, oee wi enco n eneses ofa is w ma occ bween e s o of cood nsfo ep, coodnion eemn oe e d oscon n g 0 m be epesened n e fo fo USE s foo

LAU I bj ( nd,o,b) P

n of penomen ofe ssocae codon emen sa p o nesaa dscec, MLL RLZO p

ezaon is pesen wn ni as wo o o sepae eaions oe n o am. coono eemn s dscsse fbeo n mm)

n f p f eaonsip, nvong specia p of azn, s RCO. e e wo es of epco eme, efo ancpng a fooig n, e oe fo eing pecen m be esened gpic b anges ced o ns, a ef (fo R RDPLCON o g (f ROL A emp f acpoy epn n pnmic ssemf ci s sown n g 12 s mp cns dibip, an gap accos fo ezio as / I n / p/ae e (cf pa/ a ) , s no / n no nopi /oes ( cf /nop ose), ec A edpcaio eemen m b epesened ageaic b n es s n foowed(fo ancpo) o ecede (o eeiona) b e lbe fo e no wic e epicon eeen s ced s edpcaineee fo edpci consn of ig o n eadgo , y be eesne s ownwd imps going n

anipo epcon ee poceeds down nd maes e smco dn OR e ms o ec w me.s e ps comg own fo g sm, wic (bacg an pwa in e o pen) seecs one of ossbies,maes s seeion fo w sccessi mpses co own fo e


33/115

Deences Bewee a 2

igue Ru icio in Mnhi

acc. T e ea e e eucan eeme ( be ibe accun eulcan e a ca eleme, bu nl a ceab eene na a OR ewete e edicatn eleme e aed a a ta ee e e cmex te a OR nde, a eem cue nua laguage we aa n e a ne ade bng iuc , a eaa eeme geea lgue a we eman an e en ee ) edac i g bt a i memc ad eemi tem

, ee ma be dtgue m eac te e aw ale a ui ue am, a e exame Fiu 2,and e w ei wi a le acic aen e., wc eemned b e tac ie ae tan b e e a. Teate e ee te ea a dea a-


34/115

28 ingst Stct

gage caenumbegene ue aece a eae wceea anae e e e me nn n Eng a

ae ema ame e ageemen n numbe ean eemne wt un ( ee en)

hooogy

Te ew ea gen ee nenng e eamen g cuen en taaal e nu n a be ncn a mmena un a me eale n gen eewee (amb 96b)

Te ncn beween e (ba) emc an nem aaa geneay been ee n a Te aal neme lmean an neelan ngu wa n e am w cae nem e, bu e a e un hee cae e(bac ) neme Ta e aa eme, a wa ecge meea ag b e ( 9a 947b 9 ) , n a tcual emen language Rae, a an eaae e mbnan elemena un ( e nem eaan e (bac)nee, an (2) a aa ene u a cean ank n e

nacc b n e ae, bu he me an cua elan, aug wa qe gnea ee,een ee a ng ubnc nece n ng ngT an ma a aae w e e wod wc haben ue cnnen w b ( 1 ) em eaan heeem an (2) u a can man ank n acc Tecnan wa ble n, b ca e w u en cneu e man a n al cnce

Te a we ee e nlga ege an we a

ece e u able an nlgal w a cae(bac ) nemc ee T aum ang ee ee wa geall ug be e ame a a ece by e au cacanle nenng ncene cmlemena bun, bunquene, n e e (wae 194, Twae 9, ce 19, B 948, 90 ) bu e ae e nec Ta , e caanem eel ee eaa aa w nc acae an aenan aen (amb 96b ) Te a nem am a angage ece w nme (e n

ga mne) ae aane n egn an lue T ecan nlue a ng ennmen e e nem alenan w n lgal cmnen e nem an (ba) nem em b hae aenanaen, ee ae eaae aenan ae enng


35/115

Graa 29

ss ppis Or, by tht dtio f orpophis w i l tt i th lssil

ph shps f lssil ophs th r h sprt lti pts h lxoi, th rphc, h phoi ) hp spds ppxitl t th ssl mophph pi trti pttr p o th phic systm) is ocrdi ltti g bsi ) phos i trti ivlvigpgil sgms hl th phooi lrti ptt spcsteis vovig phogi opots

s tio bov, th hypophomic systm ss o l sige t lst f h tp fd i hir strtl systms d it is

e levl whe hpopho sig pttr ight xpt hte sii is b ogid t ligist strt d ts xt fsts rtitoy ost, ditor ( Lmb 1 966b )

Grama

e distiti t h pc strtm th ic hsewis b vld ls prdly ttd h ps ige 3

e shwig pt of the lxi sg pttr of gish, idts e e tps f vd f h spti h t str s v itedie tti pts, s llstrt i the ppdx Ths d ii s e s of th tdtiol ophologysyt divisio, bt ts slly b spposd tht h istctio ws bsed rly e f its dt with, th xsc f sig ptr d li pttr t th t tct ptts grl wt rgide t ws tis r dd by t stx (i xtctis ) stly wor b t lx spps tht sx shd d tis o ws ht the ttis of slbl strt sde s p t ssil pho) wd b e h s istk volvd spposig t hologil srt shd d withbiis f sylbls

e viw p f i ppsiti o spprts f polg disiti s t th is sgle opttis rd bits of ps p th tct lvl f h st gese 93 rs 95 ) sttl it s h bss s tio f ti pts, ll h p by s

sts y ppxitd whic is hr ld e lx s pppt s l b xptd f sh pis si ts edite btwe h orphe te lxe

pis f phi lx sttr r pli i heed sp fe f he lxis f glish d t


36/115

30 gst Stctr

a, oss a lwr saa, s ooa lms gaay by a a s mn pros po

or a ms mg downwa o s spara owwa mpss, w a rg njno bw as wo aa s s s ad by w a ar as w y o gan a d aw a dwar mps s, poay, wo o mr, w a njno bw las ,a asy b osr fm AD an OR mns, as sw Fgr 3 ra m s rgd as a spara y s s rn a ts ral anayss an y b a as a a gus y ra a as a gy rp ar sro

nda agags a as a spal popry n aayss sow Fg 3 amly a a ps gg owro da m s a as w org nay dng ad flg s n s m. sga

3


37/115

egy 3 1

s ppy s ps bs uds w an mpn mi mb

sdpa-nb a up/

d a b ad da f

/ d / u w pdin b-d w u p/ . nn-a mbain, wv,s uapab mps, w aas as

da ms su; bu s zns us mpm zn s v, up ms a mpo suin u // a m bn/,s mipy zd pm saum

av # b s # dn - . . /

mps vaius s mi and m ys _s ns ivn n pp .

Semogm suu si pss a numb usvd a py

svd pbms. s y duin un p wspa sa n smy s bomig a n p s nw sadsin ud b dbd s dsvy a w sau nda bw m ad smm sa sm pnmnamy assid m sysm a now n s b smm. ssm vus sma pnmna mn pas o s ssms is ps v a n p

nai. s pbaby u vy ana a smm sg pn

s sidaby m paau aian an w s pasbu s numus ins mps in. mps mps an Eis smmi ssm . smm ssw m ns as wwa mpnns a ivup/, g-u-w/, g-n/, k-bk/

nsns ssd w m a aa . am a. 965 an ws av n

sp ps suu b n dn pas smmiysm pmna ain upp pa sn pn ,aa, m suu n i pa . Kspnois usbuy 56, 964a 196b, Gdnu 956, la a is 960, Cnn 964, amml a. 965) bs


38/115

n

k eamp f rtmant rzatn n he mc m. The eemply phnmena of he mmc alrnaton pan T t

ann fatre rlan a kns rmng n the mmc rio atern s r ratn Varu rn, e . he or uns an av ag of bngs Engsh, mmnly f o getra smma sn y a n amd e maccsLam 965. Th wh r acmd ae ral a mems s ar t (up) mnns t sm sgns, w arreaz knp r (e an sc gns re caa eee an eeme spiy n rmn of a 965 Zer zaon f kn hprsmns n ra n ea

din by onsby 96a 64 965)Txnmc s r sngh frm ha en the entn an sn atrn Tanm hhs Frae 6 ,Conn 962 bong t t t, an aios atgorsan l f cnrs ar rl nnt pr y u fth suon pp . pops of oo wr mm

Smotat d fo ow cc prn nt ony i ororigieably mo rahl anmc conurtns bu als he

pn of onsdaby o upwad ANDS uwr n a apatrn rrsns h ou f a un n tw o moe act ntn h me m A upwa O rns tn, te hanu, n s angn do ohae mdt onsiun t n su n an y anon eneal rrsn y aam

S i Viw i gu i i Stutu

aro pr an qas-tranl v f nus rr, an

ea frm o saaoa to, n b dsngu frm nene n t as many f t r disiions w rn by m and aos sa aonsps sra sem wr ta

f e nk and dsn f ngss ng h weas n dod o onps of pon r andhe atnsip bwn t uns ain s signaos As mnona, trm hoeme suy b u f sgns n t phon sa ay inss n e ndrd m

a mbnan f pnms an y rgnz o mnt f nh tratm u in a mnt w f nutr A nb n mr s aconaon pnms was mnsr n ms o ro e e Hars 194) eman maaby stnt


39/115

e are Vew of gtc Strte 33

a dad f sxs s p was f d by sd w sra rs, s a rm mohe was usd f

w ary f d uns, sms w h pags f a sng bkA y w d np mrpm as b a s a ass

mbas f assa phs, ad s amps u s p s uab Fr a ss a b py sp by a sng r ps dnan) f s mbs hs s n u f an f us a ngss a wa a pms s spa s y dan f r rans bu as nfma as h ns a pd ns fr u f aas Ts p as rs ga d us

baus h phnma p ran H 94), pa aza H 94, Nda 948 ) , k hns"s 949 ) , a yp f pb xmpd by pas s fs ae 94, da 948 H 954) k aun mpy raa w rp as a ass wu ma rgnngs w ar mbrs f xs asss rs f s rymmdas su a nn. pps rnsp, zr aznwud n asss w mbs, ad hs s a f s py s ) ; bu my aa s np f ass.

h sam s u f prmanau sn wd n an n bga mmb suaus f w asss, bu w ar a. Ts s sam as rasp f mbrsp w rr spara asss a p, wh s aab s b ans f uraa upwar ass f r wr ab.

s dus Hk s a ns ps ar r sraa and a ps ar RT as f ps rar a ag s mbas as

brs k 54) . Hk's mpm dug s prd wasmay sam as u h ad h x s p was s a assg srra sas ppms r aas a phms ndpd mpms, a a, as Hk p u 9 54 ) , fad p ugy as a aun f s k gsoo

A r dpm f ks w sra w 6 ) pa a p f rs a sp, s

pgramm " aw fr ma a ana, bu s ad frm gg a sruura sas rpm

A war h rg f a sra mda bwa f h mrpms" ns a assa pnms was ad b


40/115

4 ngisc rcte

age ( 55 ) i h se of a dciptv fwork tht l ike Hok'progammed nto rltioship ) alowd mohm o hv alomoph

wic i tr wr ubc o morphophonic rl Bu copltrdie sttum ws ot rcognid b g sin inrmitve was providd oly fo cri mophms whl ohs w owdo oxist wit the alomoph o h om

jlmslv's glom a pet n h Poa Thyf ana 1 9 ) a q clo to n lii rogto of hespa st Hs bsc dvsion le ot w no wo parhich h cld conn and xpsio. u wthi h istncio wasda t idl his nd aculid hain whch jlmlv

crbd ding wi rct o th rlaonhp d uiaionin h Ouline Thu Hjlmslv ih b sd to hv rcognizd a rlsicion wthin bot xpion nd contt cf. Lamb 9 66 ) Hisdl hi i he xpsi la e ppoxmaly at morhoilvel of t pst sytm whle acualid xpsion comparalo th lascal phomi levl H tulid contt chn r oulya h orphmc levl d hs da conn conatio hc icludeaturs of lxons lm nd sm

A compt inrmdie sttu clld orphohoni was use n

my dstion writ i 1957 nd or scions writn t r h lte fi cf iligir 95 Bke 9 64 hpl 1 96 ) hmorpm of hs htrtum sym coon o xon o hpret sy morphophonm" o moron xt hirarngemn w ho of basc) phonms and ponm"we lik thos of ohr lin gmes o hypopoemic rtum

Som o h vidc for ddiona sruu ov e morphmic(lexoic) vl w pretd i ocktts txbook 958 ) i is dicuo of sua nd p grr" n of ni hich h cld

o" ome of whc are lxm ohrs mm) ocktrefraind rom ug his venc to esbsh a higr trt

Aot pro towrd h rognitio of a srtum bov th classic morpmi v was that of Hrri's ansormtonal anali 95457 ) hih hs b devlopd n hr dint ditios arris( 1 965 ) h udnt Comy 57 65 ) nd h Russi inguishma 1 6 5 Ts procs proh oweve wh cuh rfaid fom rcognng pr hghr atum d insd hatrtd is of rlatd yntic cobnons by drvin o fom

ohr y mans of trnsfomtio un borrowed fo mh-ics ) The ltst formulto of Chomsy vt of rfoonlgamar ( 6 5 ) ppohes stal istto in rring dpstrucur d surfa tructr s dir levl; bu thse lvs aeonly prly sepat ice hy hre mny turs wh ac ohe


41/115

ome ie Views o ngti tte

iuing v phonooi us His nsoio e ow oiv o s ules or coveting o e v o deep ue o

e ruue 190 popo he cognito o tu bov h csic

oph su, nd our um mwo o iuisi suuh diio o the Oe o Soa Gmm ( 1 92 ) cogiz ve st c phoni, orphoponic, ophei, eoomic, seeic I 1 9 I vt eiy o ao stu sy evi th ooy by inoducng h i he sux -o ( 96b ) y lng the s phoic ohixic si Glso ( 1 9 ) I ( 1 9 , 1 b ) so

ept o y e rioship whic dirni e t om oenoe urhe clictio o th eionhips es i tt yses b tm b 95 b 1 9 66b I 65 mwok wit v s syss ws us (mb 1 9 5b ) he uheove h now b d o t pirs o stl yes

erive t te onep o stio igic se e o ps descipio vovig vo pos o nge"ing p i ion tim sn Acoig o hi ont whi hs kby widsp us dspie is ck o reiy he downw

O eltionhp s rt s pocs, i whc one o tivs bc n i ree" by e oh un soe oniin while nete coniton rein cge Pehs the s ieebewe the poss copo n h o stu ionhips i the or (wh onsisnty us) onize ony e wo (o moe)eiv (coepodig o the ines n dow ro he owwO hile h le ecognizes o ige een bov e O reaioshi (oponding o he lie bov h od ) n emt whici o t se s ith (o ny) o the ns t wich unis"

bo o ) Te pros wy o iig is sil o t inug i

pope wo beieve h is ds o h pe Te oe v viw s o ous h h e snd om omo so whih ws o he se s ir Th s yp oisend is vov in he li viw Gek n o IoEurop lnus ) ecend o nki imiy bginig sudts liuss, w givn thi eris compv osuo om oms n o gugs co

oy y o drv h oms o A om oe o nug B vice v ve r vig b o tht eir job i o povde osuio o oolguge h s no h sm s ith A o B

ocss descio i synhoic nuiscs hs be os tncousn wisp i contio wih ohohon (ie. ohonic


42/115

3 ingusc ucue

ononi) tnto; w t s cn atnto twntwo yoomc tts, it s n tadtonl fo t lngs o sy

t on is div fo t ot Jst as t mn on st cogizson two ntits ma and a, n fas to consi tid, commonncsto, so som lingsts v cognzd ony t two ltnating yoonic nits an gno t ti ntty dn igl of t st, w ndlis ot t is not sm s it

mooponmc pocs is commonly togt of s placmnof t on onological ni y t ot, t vaios ot oons ao s d apot codtions . I t cs o zo azto o says t t nit s os; o amo n ot

ms tk o fom t tmioloy of dconic lngistis on sis of n nlogy wt l oss of ctl lingistc cng wicocc ding istoy of lngag In t minds of som gss analog as ai so far as to v o a a confson fion ocsss wit synconc latonsis.

Wrs stticationl oac oats wt sall b fsttl systs wt only two altntio atns w opons anyoonms pocss poc saly lows for n ndntlg m of vs i pods in t tona san) s

Comsky 1 964 : 7 1 ds t s som twnty lvs i sposs sition of w mooomis, n s is sly anndstiat. T ssic omc . oomi) lvl howv, s no of ts; fo Comsky 964 an al ( 1 959 ) n tll o only slss b also osom cf. mb ) . s wof tpl vls non of wi is t cls!cl oi is no cioof t of ingistc sct is rt a consqnc of plyingo t st a to of diption inaopt o

No o confs wt t y of oss sss aov is

opologcal oc o gmmtcl poc, an alnv tmnt oa wc ncs ot only t mom alntion tt asoootts at o a nding on t picion) of lasi mooonms Using t moologicl ocss oac nscs t wod s t st of ling o o mo orphologalpocsss, in sccssion o oo o o o n o oo n asof pocss of componding) . most comon ys of opologilpocss a io ( dio of x) sxao ( addo f sx) . so cognz inaon a or inl g a

sto pocss of stio ls wo opm aot, as wn good g is sa to lc be( o sostitd aoac is of cos wc ognzs ndlying stct ntity goo tat is not s as t go .) ockt ( 195 ) a poid fmwok wc syatizs


43/115

ome Vws o nust utu

s ara a ns apl s lag a ws, rss s f am away w gy-syna

s. plga ss appa us anays sngs

rs as i ps sus a ns s appay aags us ps ar mral u a su a s as a ral rpy f lgs suurs. ug r ab a mbr f ams s rra w wul allw s a n brrl ass . a 949 883 us sysm d n mak us f mrpga sss, man 948 f m ps r nva na al nsas. A

aml f ly s b sm rms f Ma Goo sk a wonoee bsk' mpgal rssanays wul psumably ga a as rsulg m a rss fsan a taoo u basks wu b su adng ral p t kws, taoowee ur bask s rsumablynsss a , a r a a s ., a r w a bappl b pan an sua w, n, s ee n us' bs ngs w pras w rpms an rpas ar a w rs an aan, pblm s nsn

g h pas n yas rss son as bn appi uigsl a a sll hgh ll, a h psss a ad asmans. as b sa (a n m r an dg pa ass snns a d m a ns by ass asfan, a nrgai sns a d dlaa ns,an s f gan h s nnps saaal, wa fsrbg sam lanships, w ogs a niy, a gr sam, nly b h a an pass,

On ay sngus sal s ssa n s prss dp ai sins alw prpssfms o na ns ud n sufa s a yiasn s mpolga aalyss (s as s 6 n sOln, w lan ln ntans sgla ( mna prsnns s f s anga wl h rha lmnsss ra ( gn r as s fs h bnng saras s a pm as n dg h plal frs frm sngla a sgh g d spsain su gs ha a ana w b sgla s

f

pra aws imsl w alrnaivs an ss a gs spl dsn a sl m aand l s y f srpn w nmy w rs, s lng s up ss bas fs h nd smms wh sar fs asmms wh ss aa n h plral s n


44/115

38 Lngtc Stctre

o ophicao i te appoach wch wo o he ake o mpeecipo aow bac o o ome em o b we o ta hey

coc w nehe o he acay occng om e hoh y ael we em o poeme c 1 949 3435 owghme h eeo he g e p eac bac o c a wy hah co o e pocee yen he acay occig o ehe ew le wi be a pe a obe. E mo aace i appoac whch alow ome bac om o cona phoooca tha ee acay occ a cacal poeme h Pa ammao Sank e o th ake o ecoomy a ong ocalc i ome bacom ee hogh oy o ocalc occ acta hypophoemc

om. Siay o mea o eag ghnfkn

i whce aeao i oicig o t pa aong w ff ahvhv to make e o hee epaae ponoogca eyigaba pa i bac om ee og only o a gehypophoemcl

Fal e hghe ege o ophcao o poce ecpio ay cae qaacaoa. ee he g eale tha e eangw ee eel o ce b he cone o h meo ocpto ta appopa oy to he oce cocepio o to a

coc econ I claca mophopoemc he aace o ge o ophcao wa achee poaicay b ee becae icopoe o geea oce nea may eoBoomea ecogg he ack o pychoogical eay o poce ecpio coceg te oe ha oe abao economy th ae aoehec o occ to hem a ay ot mea ha poce ecpoa poe o eag ecy wh mophopoec aeaon . Somelig conte o poce mohophoc oe o egeeo opcao omeime aoogeca whe oe took the ew a

mophophoemic aeao a no tca gcace an ea waee mae o aea phoemc ha o mopme wee ophophoemc e co be e a ecpo wa eae ameey a mea o mmang o abbeng eal aemet aboomoh b wa te coee o be wo ca igcace

I g e qaacaoa poce apoach te g ecogne ha h ae epaae aa b e tae e wa tat wo appopa o p poce cocepo e a e l whceplac cea e cea coo He a to expct

ecogo o he eyg ey exce occaona cae kta o h lo ocac o Sak Ge a paca aao aga bewe wo // ad /y/ whee /y/ occ e ay o ece onmen a /x/ eewe b ppo a hgg o a o wth /y o pacpaig the enaon


45/115

ome aie Views o nus utu 3

e pess spns y f e egees sopiiin wod ee se ey wd se ee i ws y mes f wie e

x s epd y ie s) y in esried enron-en I s ndesood in is ype of deiin a n oe enomex em ucged o s on locn wi s mply e ooce x eae wh y e me eement e udeg x ch ee eced b y o em ued

A ue srcionl espo n he oe hnd ois ideny w is dien o x nd y ee s longey pess Ning nee x n e nyin ny ee sre y eien s y sed ee eniies exis sml

esly s noe dieee ewe e ppces s ee is cniy n sicol desrpio s e i noess espn wc me in sne ie o exmpesy's 94 nlgy oes syni pesenis o poec ees i cd nie d no mens is po foing o e iy o pes ngge sn e oe A iconl escipn n e e n does n moe inee ein e is ege s s yse f elnsps wi my e ese in e iei

Anoer ciny f pross despion en e ges degreeo spson is poses nd o a odeing erewe es ie engw s n c sgncne nd is necessry nly se f e wy ee res pee s sky ( 94 84 es e fowg rde ewie ues ssi rs ey 9 3 )

( i ) i e ne i i 0 i e nex Vw N+onnn

ponec c s pne [sn] e res s oe s gn " is ig s eed nly cs les eee es e re w p e niies ng ewrien ey re no loge il o se s ondi oning enimns f heii i ied in ms f rein ig lee ns y welee ns e n pe e s nee o eng ng ppe o e ge ee n e ei eiio pe"n e ues" opy e se leel of oderig in e srpon

e i reng rqi roess escn ms o o

dsingise e eng i c s sign-cn e ms pon yp of sy sgnin eg is sacan isf n ernion ne su is a a erenr e s rm anins e nx lowe srm oss despin e le fo e fome w pree se o


46/115

0 ut ucue

a. Anor oan o ral o ruural orrng i awi ownwar orr OR (ra in a 6 oring o

o aaio r . hr y o orrng ( o ar wo ral) ar ona in o rpion n a aiaonal r o ophion all ar ra a orng o r-w ru

furr aanag o p po o rar rignian or ora ono o ion in hr oa iion n wn n of rn l i . in nain nang wn no rwritn an n xi a o h pr an owr an n phonologal n a or a

oponn (or ini fr n of ihr l u alo oni o ponoogia oponn. Co ( 1 6 5 inro inar ini ar a of p ur . . n for raforaon

n ga n o o appra i o pr a nguiio an n o ang i ino anor n ino anor . n raioa rawork on or n on aing o ora wi na appar ar a for an for rou n o rnaion parn ai parn h r no ingi

or a a; ngii ur on niry o rlaoni p o rog ok of rlionip an on a owrn r oj pou af all iion n a a o a oj wi

e o hapte I ppoa a p n my paper e Saa f igc Sc

ie a anna mg f Lg c Sie of Amra Harfor Dm 60 r n f o ram a giv i O arof Smm" eiee a mr 161 mng f ig c Se of

Amrca An ly 1 6 1 . a pape a pae i e or Lab 6 T roy a oe ane my pape of a f ya o

ng a of pb a fom a of g or i i arrag o acaia w we i a fo 6 62b 62a 6b

16a 166 96a 66 6 66a 66


47/115

l . L NGUSTC DECRPO

It van to o h mo w an on t iam of Occam

A ecrpo coey cra ece formaio abo

g cre a o o o a cera amo of urface forao erbig (par of) a lgiic ce he rammiao ry pree maximm o ecve fomao wi a mimum ace ormaio ere ae ariou oeraio whc ca be per-orme po prelimiary or e ecpo o impliy e toece race fomao wo alrio of eecve oma

o ecrpo coey e ae iv oaio i hey acouo ( or reic) he ame aa Ti cocp c be pecie moe pre-ie a olow

ective nformati

A TO P o gic grap i le he op o he grap e e o e ap wc oe o lea pwar o y oher lie o e Fo exape op le of a grap of a orpoic alertioaer eree orpo Similary a BOM LINE o a graph a ie gra c oe o ea owwar o ay or ie o e ga

ig


48/115

4 Luisc rio

A -VO is an idvdua insace o acivao a lne oveent of a sngle puse along t

If a to lne of a liutic raph , he a OW UP F tTRO is a specc cobaon of (oe o ore) lneacvon ooto les o G a can resul from a downrd puse alog Slrly i is qotom e of G ten n UPWD OP O TOU Gis spcic comaon o (oe or more) lie actvaos of to les oG t ca result fro a uard ipulse alog

a nsc gaph G s to or oe top e , the ncoao of hem a be sad o ave one o oe donr utptsrough G secc cobato o (oe o ore) lneacvatos ooom lnes of G a cn resul rom a cobnao o one or oedowwad iulses alog oe or moe op es is a OWA PO TROU Sa secc comiaon of (one o ore lineacvaons o op es of G at can resl fro cmao o oo ore) upwr puses alog one o ore boo les is a WAO O B TO G Fo exape, D D (i.e D foe y D downwad oupu of D D (ie D ad D sulaneoul through thgph o Fre 14 ; anohe on oupu of D D s D I s coene to op the oaoal coveno of wrg spl

yae ha

D Dy or y or acvio of a ne fooed b acv o a ne ySilarly, y a be wre or seous acivao o yUsg th coneno, e may ite a the pwar oput o trough e gaph of Figue 1 . he cobaon hs no upd outphough hs gap since o ne-acivato o top le ca eslt o liee, s no upad outp rough h gaph

Wth epect o a gaph G te se of a possble dowwad ouuts o aconaon o (one or ore) downd puse aong oe oe

op es of s e OWD O T maly he stof a possle upad oupu o a cobaon o pward puesaog one o ore boo ines of s e UPD T O HOU Fo exmple te owwrd se o rog te gaph of Fgre 15 hathe ees n e he pa e o has tesngle mebe A e uprd set of is ty sce has o pwadoutpt

gaph ay be cosdered a an aeave o aothe gaph f iti te sae wt esct o is oom es ad s top nes o exape, wo graps of a acc e ay be considere s alenave fther boo ne coect o te se ees ad i the each ave onetop le conecg o a ro eleen B to aeave gap ae onecessarl alie wh respec o ee eecve forao o uface nfaon


49/115

cv n fomaon 43

A

a

i

w ga G an wc a lnai ac o a a o n an op lns) COVY HE SAE FCVE INOR-O an ol f o any cmbinaio T of owwa imlss alongp lns o G an ownw s o ho h sam a hd T rug a ny cminain o upwaplss ang n o an uwar o B og G

a as upwa o o f convys am c inoao as i ma b sa o QUIV o l

r 16.


50/115

44 ngt Dcrn

}

b

(3)

h

(

q q

(2)

4

(6)

(

7

b


51/115

fectve Infmatn 5

nh b mboze b th eqvalenc sign = s a ex h wo gas of Fg 1 a eqvaln o ac o a o a

14 .es re ga owvr de fom o o su foon a t gt Fg 1 is ea t sps as e rac iforato t dos wi fwe w os do w ore coaes geaatio we os a piv a eye cetai elatonss sepately w spe oe stat oyc h ton ontues ter exess sufae omaio

gre 1 gas wt ac st convey e sam ecve rio b d in sface infrao (xept ta ses 2 a 4 e

r w gra have sam uac fomao ) age oonh eale ma dece as foows meg foows a of g :

1 b,b b 2 c I d, ( ,f = c (,, c ,, 3 ) h (i j I h ) = I h j(4 ) k ( = k I ( = k I m 5 I r,q I q( 6 v = ]v 7 ) an x , = wx 8 c a b c a,b c

h s o quvalence y adde seal qte smia ones,uc :

( 9 ) c I d (f c I () f = c I f 0 I qs, = (q ) I q q = q ( 2 I q r = ( q 1 3 ) v = I v]

s l qvancs, n oer comaable on, a evabl h d of qvalec gv abo e rgad as ons a a b perfome on tetate descrton o sc normon wto ag ts eecv ifomaon o c b t coare alatv sitons o m wth h cov am ect infomation f e o descptio b cvr h hogh f e (ad sa rles

a eqa. iol of ealce s a hc nvovs orr

nhi. Fg 8 seod ga as a orred corespo n rere i s; hs orderng alow econ at h i h ecd gra o b lr a coesog secto f


52/115

Lgs scrtio

gu .

te st e stain son s typa of tentons te seo t s t pa of te at ptten spes te ondos fo te oence of te atenants f te aenants d eatons o Y occs n eticted evonmet

Surae nomaion

wo gps w de i aou of sae ifomto my e sa d toier simpy e smpe gap s tat s ess sufe infomton t s no eesay pefeae to te ess smpe one oweve sne

e to gps may de eetve ifoato ut f wo ps vee sme eetive nfomato and ie suae nfomato te esimper s to e prefeed t opoates one o moe geeationsbsnt o te moe opted one e atte is moe comptedese t epets etain nfoaton pesented ony one te smpergp i ma ts e egaed as not peseng te f t t aon o moe pes t teats fact as f t wee wo o moe sepae fats

o pp tis pinpe of spy t geate peson s neessayo ve meas of measn t quatity of sufe nformato

g mt e supposed tt te uer of noes in p oses satsfco easue ut ts possty esiy e eete Fige 1 9 gp t eft as fee nodes s ey moe ompcte a t t e igt Anote possbt oud e e nme ofes s measre s stabe or gossy deet entves but i moe


53/115

Sufce I nomon 47

Fiure 19

ee aays oo fa fo tus out a ot al le expess ham amout of fomao ge 20 aeae a t amume of es a we a t sam um of ode a tey co

0

e ame eec fomao ) . ut e gap a f s epettve wlta at g s coomca eag e fact a lead dow to halgebac epeeao of te wo gap

,xy y

ote ao ta f t sto s a ey sgtly o tat of gue 1 ,

he mple gap a moe e as wel a moe ods.Thu mo ee mau of sua fomato ee. e

ifomao ta actay ea s us at wc i eeded pecfy dal gstc sce, e to dstgs fm all or gsic tc . ef dscuo of j wa of fma h


54/115

Lingustic Descpon

Fgu 2

i wll l to xla movao o masu o surac omo bow

oao e o gu pacula lgsc rucuom al oe s o cou qu dee om a w woul tsecpel caatr laguag o dgus rom al o ome t ues mus ae lmlv 193) pla ro o a dual laguag ca b operl couol t ox o gal lguis eo. a o soulpe oes wc al laguags a ommo, a oo dvual aguag coue ol t splmea ormaoede to p addoa opt wc ak a pauaisac o lanag ee rom a oe.

a a gal opt o lgu uu? p os ul tps o d t mo moa o . wulpa a all laguage ar mad up o statal sss aog oo csal all a sam umb) a vr saal sm scomoe o rta as eac ag ce caastc coguraos o rlaosp . ac gap o scus wo laguages, ay gl a Swal woul look mor l a ero casua o, lk wo s a o gl skllobs wou be ab o erm wc was wc . us vr aguaga mo g ae wt om wo o oua o morowa AD a w do wa OS blow a w lscocg AD o O s muc s uvrsal, a s mu o atrzao o suu o gls a Swal s gv b lguc o o te mom sg an o a paicula laguag ecssay o pc wc l leag dow om ADcoec o wc O; asd om otmaa ralzo) spci oco bwe s AD a sgush


55/115

rce Iomtio 49

mrheic ign en o on ngag from of anor An neerl, the ps cngrons n roxm qus o

me y r f an s ssm ar gnra rors sr he nggs an carcrzton of vu gsc srcure s n scc f e cs conncns . surfcnfoaio whi the gramman ans o mz s s conncv

The in o a gr pn connctv" nfomaion bu ns reree muns f suc omtn foowng s ed o masr of sufac foato c aks accoun ofha c

he r e wna D r o s s G D,n e r s s s PR I Sma oww s wd D i NGA n uar s s D.

I geel a n s NTEN f cnncs 1 sng ss of tw o 2 sngr s of unor N o sde a oer ND 3 e sngur s of unor o r ie o n orr 4) sgar s of an o se ND Ay fo o s sos xc ( 4 ) onv-

f no rn n n s ofer ins sown n o ow of Fgr 22, bow c congi hich o ossb of usng ts convno coreon c form s sown s c forms mgt b rga

( ) ()

l 1 I f\ T I

Fge 22

\

4 l "

I I

al s f nos s o 5 ) n ) s g nvov a ih caon of tons of or AN an os.

h cogns 1 2 3 n (4) n ns ma bgd s xpssg n connctv formon in incaon


56/115

gc ecpto

) connco to ngr f nod p b conncto fo r or nod giv no f omtion tn i oid

b b) o i coiao pi o t conction o i D o i o ; ad coction of n ppot rcon fom ig id of o plrl D con no conciv nfomtio c n o O ration c t n im gong into t i o n O tomtc go n oug o n od if O rn nc for o coctig o t p d of t icio o ) cnctio o no p ( conctio o D no rv no rt nformato tn b lon pro.

n wc n n i XL n xn n on n o n no or o ro m n fom c rr y conction cto in ot dicton T i axrnl onncg o atr nod pn dnt f cnnco 1 fr 2 fo o an n ta ro no o o n rn on iicon f nton m .

A ona f o connc o c o b t in o g o o conct b rna in o n, tog it

nir cnncion o o c nain, m ca C T o conco to or con ma b cd EMS T ac xtr i oiin on o o otrrn trna . om rprnt p o ncon ow gr 3 mia ar grmm i

Fge 3.


57/115

r ormo 5

o o ppo aifaco ea of fac foro

p pvidd con f e mina Cod gai ap

of ig ad n ig wi ia aa inica gp a g . a wo iio i imple i o e ia

z X y z

g

c il a gap ca cain on f nfomon ecion f a pcic ncon f f co oc mg aac a do n copi a nco i angag; raer gra picip of oganion f ingiic c po c io po wa ncion c c amia a a pon n tc o a in n or e of D mopic ig pn connc o oon i pen co fo a cc of m oo d poiiii ao of foaon o pcifigc a coic i coia a a a ied o c a

o ro f o o od o op o c o ndd o c ncio f rg o coc c of ma o of co i ingic c a wo.

n mo cprion eniv dcipon vrig mon ofiom eend b i din aea of ingiiccr ca igno i ipe a i no cin minang fo cai ao c a own i gr 25 o rtv nb of na b gap a ig ca pen o copicad cipon an a

l ndr f o cdio i f e forma o cm e a a f o wn ac gap or b ca if i a of acic pn aon ofomio pnd b ac gp a g ig gr a i gap a f c a rg


58/115

linguistic esipi

gue 2

mor ntons i on mor) among ih ah tria ss O

t ohr had th daam is takn as rprsnin pa o a sgn atrn a th mrpm gn patrn thn h trmnas o h graph a rig a onsiday mo nomaon ha hos at th t; or i g pat is oran n th mar o th diagam at h t thna trma adn donard rom a mopmi s rrss a hoiamong a r sma nmr o possis u i th typ o oanationow at rght aowd h poit ou xs or undrd oadtona nos tha at h right to rnt n th in attrn anth sua normaton a o ry tmia adg don rom

morphmi si oud graty inasd hror or xam rrain om dnt a ommon ompont n c ad oudrprsnt a purou gnaization oror th organation o a gnttrn aordng o h gap at th s appant to ar at as amtr o ga st thory athr than spara in th aaysso nidua aguas

h numrous pps tht ha n u orh at arious tims ogud h ondut o iguit aayss g in da 949 ) som ara or supruos aus ) th a asd upon usound thortia ounaons or h no ray amss assying ithoupparn thorta siaon or thy r o us on i thiros as stps n unsssu produs o aayss oths or arntr or arg aid an rmain us h aid o hs attr dosot rst uon thi on hrn us no o o ohr nddnoundatios rathr th a dria rom h smpit rin ammt hroug h onps o sura noaton ad nomaio his s tru or xamp o th pips o iununssa ompmntar disritio phonoo am 966b) and o

ra ut no a) o t rtra hat ha n pt ort or drmnng mdiat ostunts 9 , da 99 869)

h drmnaon o th mmdiat onsiunt o sntns prassn wors s o ous not moant as an nd in is rathr suh drmato s a pproh o th dsrton o th tat atrn o


59/115

Surf nfmn 53

un te w ly

ue wise

(3)

ue wise ly

Fre 6


60/115

54 s esct

rt tm (g. t xotctic of o gg) r i cnto mmdite cotitnt rrt cotrcon (e. ownw

D) in t ctc pttrn trnt mmdit coin nn trnti n te ctic crition t trt to be prr wic mr Coir for xm t gi word untuly,wc or oibiti for (u ( tue ly) ( un tue ) ( ly) ( u) (ue) ( ly) Te coc ong t trt d on o nto t tctic decrition wic m of cor ccon for otom w n ric c form tuly d unue n for ec t tibton o ue unue wse unwse c i irn frot of uly unuly wely unwsely ec T re n e own

gre 6 igrm for n (un) (tue ly) qutobo c c nformtio woe imiton rt grm ) reprnig rw ct. ( ) c b frer im ( 3 T te n ( u ue ) ( ly t t ipe tctic crponn or t on to b conidrd corrc ie contnni . T o te ni t wod b t b pyig rincpe of W or N

Supercia oaio

Two gpic cripon m dier n ct nomon wcc ty dir n c nformton or t e mce foton bt dr fc iformion; or t e m fc formon n wc c r o t me w

Fge


61/115

Supefcial nomn 5

nfoao a o algbai eon a p of nio ef o agebai ec a be

o e ufae foaio ey eibe ee gap, ieh fa nomao B f o ageba pns a ae ua nfoion, ey ay nee e nRC ORO o eape, ecio ( , (2 , an 3 belo e eal ifomao b av e ae ae (a nfoaon, ne e ae eel aeaive ecion of ga so g 7 ge ame g o o ee lablng labe ae o in a e f o nns a g Deco ( ic e e aeg e g,

h a E an a OR fo eac co eaae e a g; fola o a neco N eie ncon o c e ma N aa

1 b I , g I I i, k

2 b I g,( , k l 3 ) B I ,

B I G D B I ( = D I J K

h bee ecpion eng i ecve noaio sa nfomaion o oeable cie ignicanc, e copao of cpion i e y in ecia ifomai ee

n ei an pac oeai c a eaai a e oi eio o b ofe eable o an algba oe an e nmbe o mol a obe cay o ely ec gac eci T eci p eele y ( m e e e pce ofong e a ( 1 an ( , e encig eal efoe pions of an of e ee e e, eua ell ue oong a econg

e eio of veica i a aeaio e i l ae

oble fo eae f a cai o e coiong eviome gi e ug c inaon onl epea omaio aleay pec epo o acae a a no pae eeiion e nove oy pec ifa i me a ea opg ee lmai f aeac o f epe


62/115

56 iu ipt

g g . ao fo g ogoo c g col b cb as

goo b g b a a sd a sbol fo o o gooda a oon fo oc of on azao o a s n a o ea of o a a b a ob of fg o ahowevr, oa fo aon nl van aoao

goo

+

I -(erhest) IMbeT

I I gdA foa f a aled RAZAN R (f. ab 964a . sa a ucu elaio cied Lxg/a u a alzaon be oc o e comax o te pela x fol ee i oe evio aao g oc

S acia Csderais Crig esrpi

oa a e aal cod be eced b gaAn a con a accal obi o a opoem eo bac) oi gge ic o meof lin a oe o mageale B fo a oem x o sc e g d ca man e ando o b accal ab a of oo o ee caan la a eaabl f cio led i dio oe m ae e fm

folog of coneno ove ome g fo e coce o

bo fo agbaic o b eco e fo beiga

Ba oig f l le d level iee m b e ong al bol ecod c ce d ocal lee a flo

;.

; : . L . . .

eeeemic goeec ignonxexm iglxo


63/115

Some Pacica Cosideis Coeig escipio 57

M MSj

I

P H

oeeoem gn

ooba) onemeba one gnba) oonooeeooemi g

og e bake H ae n emee migo e o e a e o an e boo o lng e

nal one em o ieen oe, and e o e enoel be e ieen o a no oion ikel o el

og oe e ee ae (o n ae oe oe leelao oe o eoom e e of o, ne e aeee o eqene o ee a be ed o elemen a ieen eel / fo given angage eignae a iee n fom /as ee b e bake lee " aoed o ee dalno and aie a ao eve memon oe i a/ ay be ed a e bol fo a moo a Pa/ aealzao .e. fo oo a a gnan oneio o //

e oong mo oe o ave a eo onneio i aao .e a neaon, ma be e o pooe gn oee an onon ( ee dingedy ae a nae aboe) :

b aba eae omoe o ngi

/ z/ a // F Foalo oa ooa agea


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5 stic ecpto

omc ig om opo y b mboz bpbtc cc pg wt dtol coto

cca omic wtig. opmc g y b bo y t tg of cc wicmbo t opoc lio, .g g Howr wn gg td otogpy, c of g ory oogpy y b g goo o t ortogpy my b fo o do t o mopoic ig fo t momc g om magl b mboi by mbo e o t opmc ig owic i ( cp fo ct ) W wo o o mopm

l o t m omic g t y b ig fo co b mcl bct g wl wll (bot of wc o o l) .

o m b mboi by t m bo (cp for c i fo t oc to f lxo o mo opmc itio, o of tm m co fby o wic occ gt vi of vomt

Smy t ybol for t i t igtic tc mab co o t bi of t mbo fo r itio

m dc o t opic m y ot combtoof my b co if t dbit o ttc o mociy of t cpo m b cc by g pl cc t ybol fo lmc g o l pmy b to pt mbo fo t lo of t lxoic zo g dt woopc. vc m ( d) t mmc m

dcto of ttl t pobbl mo cotl p i wo t ctic cpto liol cpto

co of rtol otio of tl tm t ltto t o pt g ptt; i m c t DOY of tal y g MOM DCORY XM ORY t mic cioy b cl XO t omc dctio MO tc

ctory of m my b ogi of cog o y fo c ig of og w ofzto cotg o l for c tc of icto(. c w i o t c ico ry

pc rop wc ig oww o cobtof o o mor o pwr o tcc p d o o o oro t g tl m. T rlztio r poi ifoo g fro t op of o ptt ow ala o pt li o rizto fomto prtig


65/115

om aia oniation oncnn Descrpn 59

o aon a b npa among iona ns o gn o e a i on e pn

If ig ae mb b i aion (aong o on abv m fo a g a as aig f ia e a f a a pian ofa aza g i a a a asml oa i oi bei eag, o( 1 a V i a enai f ion i ai aeto w one a 2 eaon of on oons of x ig m o i n I ono on o on of ge em ( naaon no

n a f vn fe mbzg o n am e e f ma be aoof no epa a mb i a e i a ila n f eg e gn p o, l a ona ponsof e g, a 2 e of

A al iona ao av aio p of omlx nsw omaio epng o e n p o ian aa b pen i ala on a a a gn

la a o moe n oe ba f azan n e koan maa a a epaa ma gin fea o ia ei inve On of ni f g e a o ieaal a ilusa n pnx


66/115

BBORAY

BK, M. 6 Kaa gaa Uney of afoa ban

Lngu 32.

BLG S15 Kannaa e o oe nan g 2 668

BLOCH B17 ng eb neon angage 23 3 8 ; 2258 e f pouae fo pone analy anguage 2 6150 Sue n ooqal Japane one angage

2686125 3238.

CHMSKY, NOAM57 Sa e e age, Mou 196 en ue n lg eo e ague, ouo65 pe of e eo f na abge, M e

CKL O C162 Lexogapa eaen f folk ae I

ouee a Sapoa e ble n exogapynana Unvey Reea ene pology, oloe, a ngu ubaon 21

6 ogeneaogal o I Wa H Gooeoug epan n uua aoolg: a oo ofGege ee o e Yo, Ga-ll

S 6 e agn o eae aog e ban of naao

ea noplog 63 3 2

GLSO J6 e ogazaon of anguage aaonal e

Ionoga ee on angage an Lg, o epo o e 5 nnual M on Lg aguage e, Geogeo Unve

OOOG, H156 Coponnal ana an e y of eang Lagage

32 : 52 6

MORIS

15 e on paen f a e age, LY, M A K

16 Caegoe of e e f gama o 2 -22.

60


67/115

Bbapy 1

MEL, 19 oa a anay . an oog 7 No

. 2HARIS, EG S.

194 Mo aenan g anay Langag 1 8 : 9

19

19197

180 IL 1911 Mo al lg. Chicago, Uiy go eibioal o 10 : 4- 1 2ooe a anoaon lng s Langag :8340

anfoaol oy. agag 1 3-0 1 HJMSEV, LOUIS

193 Ong pogeon gaegg . opnag ngaaion by a J l olgoa o oyof angag n . Maon y o onne 191

HOCK, CHARLES 192 y o ep poology agag 1 8 : 21 L

97108947a197b19

194

1919

ooial anas o Sea pola. 1 : 8epng pooogy OS : 5 -7 RIL 17-8obl of oi aay. agag 3 : 21 R 229-2o oe of gama o o 1 : 2 10-2 1 R 839 aal o pooogy. A Mo 1 g e an e ao. angage 7 29

MB SNEY 191 M ea a ey of afo eky

H Eo , ocing of Naioal Sypo on Ma aa gwoo ls nal.

19a19b

194a

Olin of aaona gama. Bkly SOn azaio of a aalyi I 191 aoal onee o Ma aan o Lagaga ppe angage ay, on e May

aony OeO anaio anfoaio eazao an aaI ooga e o agag a gi No. 17eo of nal R. . M on Lng a Langag ues Gogown Usy


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Bpy

964 Te semc apoac to trcur smancs. A maRomny ad oy Goo DAda ( . ) rascuura

tuds n ogion Aran Ahropoogs 66 No 3P -8 965a he natu of the mahn tanlaton robm. Jona o

Vrba ang and a Bavo 196-01965b Kh roogy a gusc stucu A a

m ( ) , Foa sani anayss. Aan Anopoos 6, No 5, t :3-6

1966 ilgomna to hoy of anguag. Romane Poogy19 3 573

966b Pogomn to ory o onoog Laguae 3657

1966 he us o maic ormation for the soo of sytactcagiy Act d ooqu Itrnatio LngustuApi, au s tts e s Sne HumanNancy

1966 ngutc strcr a h poo a doing of scos I or E a ( ) , S, Lguag, a omnaton, A om dil Scs Berkee a

Ag, nvry of Caifora ssI pre traaiona ngi a ais fo mahn ansatio

I Bus ao (d ) , Approahs o anguag a Pocg h agu, oton

OUNSBUY FOD 1956 A smanic anasis of h n kishp usag Lngae

3 589 96 e strutra anlyss of knshi ts Pongs of

h Nnh Inertoa Cogr of ngts . he aguoon

96b foa aon o h ro- and Omaap kshpnoogs. I Wa H Gonog (, xpotoin tura Atopoogy; Essas n onor o Gor PeMdok Nw York, crwH

96 Ano i of e robad kinshp aeo. AHame ( d , Fora sanic anaysis. Aea Aopoois 67 No 5 , . -8

NA, UG A198 h dntiation of or. angag 4:414-44 9 Morhoogy, he cipve anass o ords Aror

Unvst f icgan Pss


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Biby 63

NOREN 938 pk ( eecio aae o Gema b

H W oak Eifg i ie wecafice Beacge pace ae, 93

ITAN RCRD 948 clea ce gic agage 4 87 R

7578

SHUN K96 Ole of e acaioa geeae oel fo eci

io of lagage oaio of agage 89

SHPY, WIA 96 a gamma Ui of aifoa baio i

igiic 4

SWDE, ORRS934 Te poec icpe angage : 79 R 337

GE, GEOG 955 ec mopoog Veb ecio angage 3 5 5 9

TRUBEOY N 939 Gge e poologie C 7

WDD W FRAN935 On eig e poee angage Moogap No 6

R 558.

WC, ANONY C a OHN AS9 Te eag of i em meia ooog

588 .

WS, RU 947 meae coie agage 37 R 867949 omac aeaio agage 5 9 9 6


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1 .

EXRCSES

Ma

pa ( e oo a a oa (e) ooe

. po ( e o a oa (e) 3 . e ( e oe e a oa (e) oe

4 ( e vale oj a oa (e) ale5 l e oa a oa (e) oa

6 be (e bo be a oa (e bo

a ee aa ve evee o o bo lae (o aeelae Ma ooa a e l " a la

." a ae e embe o ea?b Ge a gap a a ageba eo o a oo of e

oem e o Mau e aa i eee

Ge b oue a i e pobable ea o bna?

. Ge a lg a a a be ee fo?

. T i a of e oem yem o a ve ml aal lagage e a eve obao o moee ale be mpoa ol

a a e loe oo eae b e?a h oe

b. a o ollog o o of ee e aegoe : lfoe, ambuo o elome a oambuo

(a ) au ( b aa, ( aam, ( ama (e) a,() a

o ma of oee oe e e eae? ebe o o opo e ame o o? la yoae

. ae a gea poeue o ee o a ombaona a pae eeae (ove e ube e) oaual eea obao a o

3 o a obao of poeme ae eeae b e pooa of e 5?

4


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k

ee

m

Execse 65

TPT


72/115

66 Ess

e olog orms ae r lassca poem rascipo

(e ac caacte presents omao of one o moe hypoponm) Acou o oooga atrato ad teoems

NOMIATVE GEV

s gis igduks duks ad'aks aks itad'

op opo'

ps pis t oeurs urs e iy

5 La

Te ooig oms ae re adioal La oograpywc sevs as an accae classial poi epestao of seorms (T ete c rprst a voss v op ) Aou fote poooga ateaio is mopmes

oM. G GLOSS o OSS)

fe es e l mllis oeyco cords ar ac cts iS oi e a ais p gaigls gri ormo S s mos mrs cusom s i oecrs cis g ms is mose

es aes coppe ms ms mcs cis ass uvs veris dusm vms plosare tus pois imecous corpors ps pors cmes tis a g gos pdg s sping is thib s ue verbe es ui ulieis oman u eos o

mu ors g ru ois oakmo moris a um mus mru ui u gu guis gigcaca cacs spu soo sors sseoo hors oo amo ais oe


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Additoal matl

6

prs yo go fott go fortvnnc

Natc

you b fst b ftn

pis

pritncst

xeises 67

yo bish, o

e ub otsyo onqh onq

Accon for th phooog atron hbt by t oowdaa

on to vr to OSS

?ayois ?y ho is thiktu ho ?is uo s bpi Lhal?s p lih?i sth ? k e is p ?s pys ?s tn om?is hm his toyooh?is poo his htoa?s moa?s oha? to hal? tit

kks kw

hku s p h k s tkwatahnu s wa htahn ? qrpas s wrwacho is os stpi ho ?s hho ?is hpaahNc s t c s oghri hs mh s g unkk hsk s thsk b

m?s a?

s ta h s hhkt s

yo y hh s to

7 ho tat t gh c of th sts o g 7 ovy t ectv nfoaton

8 Da t igm o t t pob aotcs hh wigenrat a a oy th foowg cobto of ps ( s ay o t foong A B C D E G )

AA B CA B D EA B D B D G


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68 eses

9. Si hi dia

eci 9


75/115

xciss 9

S h diaa

G

xcis

w h diagam o h sps ose apoas wih weeae a a ony oog oa o apme

A D D D D JA E A G J H J JA H J C C

s

osiein ea o he oo s sepaae ae disio ao weh e os sho a a peg sie mopme o obaios o opeme d apppae addioa


76/115

70 Exrcise

om o e if yo hep o do o Wh e h appro-p e coeao n avng at cson? Gv ro fo eac

deciio.

St A :

cabepbhukbe

sawbebaeeb

Se B

mshoom cawa lobs

S C

oergrbve

Se D :

pce

er

S E:

glager

Se F:

p lpp pp opp

St G:

speshae

bae

gowglancgoamng

glde

one conf cfoeer fu oe fo

pee pomdee eom

bagegopse

cae

spae

chae

glimrgedgoz

h ba bph cahmah

co coiee ea

pta a

gleggimpe

lm sshgme mh

cocv coceceve ee

ucpeiveecve dce


77/115

APPEN

SAFCAON ANYSS OF N ENGSH EX

by

eoa E ewe

1


78/115


79/115

RODUCON

h edi ayi o e m ad mohemic of i e g mod he iaio ho deeoped bSde amb ece o e emi e o hi eme ocaim ae de a o cc o ee o e deciio heeeo i o e eadd a y e ad edd o oode empe of he e o e o e deipo o e

he e a poo of ape ecoded de coeio fom whibo 350 wod o g e ee eeed. o ad ad wocde aicid i e oeio de eae Mohe G ece eyaod o eace y e K ee b e-yeo dghe

e e eeed eo i coeo ooph. eo ee i o eeme ec d io 3 s of mom i od

TEX

M h dd yo do oo h eoo ody?G ed aea. ed beb? Dd yo me ay hi?G o o

: Yo dd' hi G : o o oce D o ge o bae? oeF How come?G o.F : Sc o? : Seod bae o I wa o.F Ye b o d ie o e. The o o o

G h he a o eod e e h e o ad I a o. Ye if o ie o h me h hee wee e os

d o dd' y o em.G o o ca he ohe ig? o ee o o bae h ee dd yo do ooG e hd e W h bo?G Ab a dog

M Yea d o he o doG he ome o do ha oi o omewo did o do Kh?

3


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74 p

Wel we ere rtng stoes aout he move w a yesteyo te dy foe ysrday aot tha Hrre uman And

then we rw pcures and hen he sad they re gong to sowhe pctures to othe chools to s f hey wold ke to hathe moe of Hare uman the cass o ha MserDone he's the ma t s eg the schoo . thtshowe us th ptures nd then the l ag

F: mh Te te ell rng nd we ad o goG : Toay w e d a . . e re aarm w. Oh ya.

G An saed me so much that jump ou sx et o hegoud an eeryoe ws sar and umd up d statdrunnng u the oo.

F D you a go outseG: Mhm.

D you go don chuteG : o e escpeM us dow the stpsG : MhmM:

o a chute uhG : uM sde o they have a se there M mM Tey do't ve any se, huh You know soe schoos have

gea g te an you us sd do n you g do fstG e hae o wk do.F : You coudn' n uhG o We'd b haged t the ek of y !

X SYS

The exemc escpton nclues a ktch of the xmc tactc ptteo a the we-rd sences . Some utraes ose ot o ewe fome, were exclu fro he srpton as, o exmple odywe a . . he e aam wet e lexoatc ttern oeeaccount o te setnce "oday we a a e an "oay the eam wen Mo setce yes ustate y te uterans "laseal or "Aou a dog re ot accuted or.

1 xemc Trscrto Of he Text the exmc trnscrtn exes ae saate y spacs and he

exons o a exeme are seaatd y hphens ( e morphemc ratoo some tse re dscotnuous as spc y the mohotctc pa-


81/115

Ay f Enl 5

er e hee he eemic rascripo idicaes he oderig oeees a sce y he eoaccs o soe eems e g ed) he

eece o occrece spci by he eoacc aer is as y heohoacc

M : a -m2 e d Q yo do i er-oo Gordy? e ay ase-ba 2M -d ay aseba m2? e -d Q yo ak ay s i -s 2? No oM : o - -d o i -m2? I - e o i 2 oe ceF : -e e Q o ge o oehbase m2?

opeF : o-coe? 1 e se oF: -ed rike o? o--bae m2 o oe-h a I - be oF ea yo re -d o trke o e he -e -d o 2

o o oe- 2 - - hi he a -m2 o o-ae -2 he e -Z -d hro

2 o o-h -m2 ad m d e o

F : ea o re srke o ha a h here e -ed e hrehro -s ad yo -re d o i ay -2 o he -2

G ha -2 re Q yo ca he oter i -m2F o re -e e-e p o o o-h-ase m2 a m2 se -e -ed Q yo do i schoo -m2? We re ed ave asie -m2M ha -m2 Q ha e abo? o o -2M : ea b h -m2 -re d yo have o do?

I have somehi 2 o do ha - oig or ome 2

M h -e -e Q o o Kahy? e e -e d be- write a -s sor -s -m2 ao he ov

e ve eser-da or he da ore yeser-y -2 ao rrie a -m2 ad h we re -d raw a s ce m2 ad he he -Z sa e -e -ed e-go-o shohe - cre -s -m2 o oh schoo -s -m o-se-i hey re wiod ike o2 have h oi -m2 of ari ma -2

he cass o ha ise Doeo e -Z e he a h2-z1 -d e-g hep he schoo m2 a2 ho we m2he s icre -s 2 ad h he -Z d g

F: mh? The he be - ed ad we -re d have o o


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76 Appndx

oda w d v a a z d goK O a

d z d c c d abo xoo o god d o d b cad z and z d n ig dm

F yo go oid o go dow a ow a c do h

h o a c h U' d Q hy a id M 'm a d h Yo ow o co

a d d don adyo g dn

W a w don

F Yo c d n h

: w wi o n f d

xm cc

Senee:S MaScn) o

A nc coi o f nc oo Of o ao nc d o o h nconig a bc d a dc i ina naon do

o cd a dciio of oa coo Wod c ado a o ad ic wod ccod o i a o co dcio o h ic a i gin h ) huh, co ocd w i icdd dcion.

Major eteceMaS [Co] [oc SCo do

o ddn o

eneeS [] [SCa [n [co VocAribuve Prasen a h oon occ a a od o ay o o

h conco wn xmc cic a a occ a


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Aalys of an gs Text 77

s osu o a sc a adval non as od o av has s bow d e P) o a osno od

s low ud o Phre .A I AP ]

A abv has cosss o a ttbtve phre olow by aoo ttive phre s dcas oona ado o abu has o o av a o s o

oday a shoo aa wn ' I po

A attrbtve pse osss o a oonal has an n

a a loa ha o a moa aPrepon Prse

P I Or I aaoodowooooooso

Object:Ob I o

A ob cosss o a oa ad a ob a omia sss blow d Nomna. o a y

o aao a as I s al as ro whn on s o ha oos he, I he, the, e o h, as b ohoa

school oys lyd al'

tive Pre o

Vb as a dsd ow nd e Pae.

o g ou o h scool w had o dow ss.'

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Osd h bo w ayng ba

Tempor Phrae I odaogydayP

oday h ala w

A o ras oc as oa has ss su as oow

h a o sda aa worie ae:

SbCa I Casterrogaive

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84/115

78 Appndx

terrogatve onsiss of an oona a inoa ono i a sbe ea o zo in an odd OR se i 3 ) o is

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seiaion o Per an Per2 ias a Per ay bae us owi seuenes of esoa nouns

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go o i one I ais

a as a we e owsm I eosomeig

eo ws sad'

o Phre: I [ [O o

Outline of Stratificational Grammar-07-Lamb-Sydney Lamb

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