Outline: Normal Fault Systems and Kinematics
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Transcript of Outline: Normal Fault Systems and Kinematics
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Outline: Outline: Normal Fault Systems and Normal Fault Systems and
KinematicsKinematics• Planar Faults and Block Rotation
• Detachment Faulting
• Fault Linkage
• Kinematics of Normal Faulting
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Development of Continental Rift into Ocean Basin
Upwelling of hot mantleThins, weakens, and cracks the lithosphere
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Development of Continental Rift into Ocean BasinRift ValleyEarly graben formation prior to continental splitting. This stage may be associated with domal uplift caused by uprise of hot upper mantle material - uplift may be connected with underlying mantle hotspots.
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Development of Continental Rift into Ocean BasinYoung ocean basinLast about 50 my after the onset of seafloor spreading, while the thermal effects are still dominant.
Characterized by rapid regional subsidence of the outer shelf and slope, but some graben formation may persist. Example: Red Sea.
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Development of Continental Rift into Ocean Basin
Mature Ocean basinSubdued regional subsidence may continue. Example: most of the present Atlantic continental margins.
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East African Rift SegmentationEast African Rift Segmentation
9 mm/a (GPS)
16 mm/a (GPS)
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Basin and Range Normal Fault BlocksBasin and Range Normal Fault Blocks
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Rio Grande Rio Grande RiftRift
Segmentation Segmentation
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Death ValleyDeath ValleyFault Zone Fault Zone
Fault StepoverFault Stepover
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Closeup of StepoverCloseup of Stepover
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Planar Normal Faults and Block Planar Normal Faults and Block
RotationRotation
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Planar Normal Faults and Block Planar Normal Faults and Block
RotationRotation
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Domino Block ExampleDomino Block Example
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Domino Block ExampleDomino Block Example
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Detachment FaultDetachment Fault
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Detachment FaultDetachment Fault
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Detachment FaultDetachment Fault
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Soft-Linked SystemsSoft-Linked Systems
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Kinematics of Normal FaultingKinematics of Normal Faulting
• Domino, Bookshelf-Style Normal Faulting
• Listric Normal Faulting with Reverse Drag
• Imbricate Listric Normal Faulting
• Inversion
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Domino-Style Normal FaultingDomino-Style Normal Faulting
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Domino-Style Normal Faulting (bookshelf Domino-Style Normal Faulting (bookshelf
faulting)faulting)
Occurs above Detachment faultsOccurs above Detachment faults
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Listric-Planar Normal Fault Listric-Planar Normal Fault
SystemSystem
???
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Listric-Planar Normal Fault Listric-Planar Normal Fault
SystemSystem
L
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Listric Normal Faulting with Reverse Listric Normal Faulting with Reverse
DragDrag
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Listric Normal Faulting with RolloverListric Normal Faulting with Rollover
Occurs due to space problem with curved Occurs due to space problem with curved
detachmentdetachment
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Imbricate Listric Normal FaultingImbricate Listric Normal Faulting
Synthetic faults also accommodate collapse of HW blockSynthetic faults also accommodate collapse of HW block
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Imbricate Listric Normal FaultingImbricate Listric Normal Faulting
““Meatslices common in large displacement systemsMeatslices common in large displacement systems
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InversionInversion
• Normal faulting
• Syn-tectonic deposition of B
• Post-tectonic deposition of C
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InversionInversion
• Normal faulting
• Syn-tectonic deposition of B
• Post-tectonic deposition of C
• Thrust faulting
• Deformation of B and folding of C
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ReferencesReferences
Slides 1, 20, 21Slides 1, 20, 21Twiss, R. J. and E. M. Moores, Structural Geology, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, 532 p., Twiss, R. J. and E. M. Moores, Structural Geology, W. H. Freeman & Co., New York, 532 p., 1992.1992.
Slides 3-6Slides 3-6http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/faults/normal/domino.htm
Slides 7-9Slides 7-9http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/faults/normal/detachment1.htm
Slide 10Slide 10http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/faults/soft/softnormal.htm
Slides 12-19Slides 12-19Davis. G. H. and S. J. Reynolds, Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions, 2nd ed., John Davis. G. H. and S. J. Reynolds, Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 776 p., 1996.Wiley & Sons, New York, 776 p., 1996.