Outline Middle ages – in Europe Renaissance – in Europe Modern medicine.
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Transcript of Outline Middle ages – in Europe Renaissance – in Europe Modern medicine.
History of Medicine
Part 4
Prof. Mamoun KremliAlMaarefa College
Outline Middle ages – in Europe
Renaissance – in Europe
Modern medicine
Time-line 1543 C.E.
The first scientific textbook on human anatomy is published by Andreas Vesalius, physician and professor of medicine at the University of Padua in Italy. Vesalius based his work on dissection of human cadavers.
1628 C.E. William Harvey shows (for the first time) that the heart
pumps blood through the arteries to all parts of the body, and that blood returns to the heart through the veins.
1600s C.E. Antony Leeuwenhoek uses a microscope and discovers
red blood cells, bacteria, and protozoa
Time-line 1796 C.E.
The smallpox vaccine is developed by Edward Jenner, initiating the science of immunology.
1800s C.E. Florence Nightingale, through her work during the
Crimean War, establishes the foundation of modern nursing.
Circa 1840 C.E. Americans Crawford Long and William Morton
independently discover that ether gas can be used as a general anesthetic, allowing doctors to perform operations never possible before.
Time-line 1865 C.E.
Joseph Lister introduces antiseptic methods to surgery during a time when close to half of all surgical patients die of postoperative infection.
1898 C.E. Pierre and Marie Curie discover radium, which
becomes a powerful weapon against cancer.
1928 C.E. Sir Alexander Fleming discovers the germ-
killing power of a mold called penicillium, later isolated as penicillin, the first antibiotic.
Time-line 1950s C.E.
Jonas Salk develops the first successful polio vaccine.
1954 C.E. American surgeons transplant a kidney, the
first successful organ transplant.
1970s C.E. The World Health Organization announces
worldwide eradication of smallpox
Middle Ages (AD 800–1400)
Disease - Leprosy, Syphilis, Plague, Typhus
Privation – Pillaging, looting and sacking followed by
famine, starvation and disease leading to repeated mortality crises of 1/3rd of population
Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
Response - Quarantine introduced in Venice in 1403
Middle Ages (AD 800–1400)
Influence of Arabic medicine, translations and new books
Some studied abroad (scholarships) in Andalusia
There was renewed interest in medical practices of the Greek and Romans
Colleges opened
Middle Ages (AD 800–1400)
Medical Care: Self-help
- prayer, pilgrimage, charms, herbs, magic stones, holy water
Local noblemen knowledge of disease/therapy obtained by
formal education Professional healers
physician-clerics who had studied abroad Barber-surgeons
Middle Ages (AD 800–1400)
Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology
Arabs begin requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses
Renaissance (AD 1350–1650)
Dissection of the body led to an increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
Invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared.
First anatomy book by Andreas Vesalius, was published
Renaissance (AD 1350–1650)
Healers: Quacks and Mountebanks Apothecaries Surgeons Physicians
Renaissance (AD 1350–1650)
Quacks and Mountebanks Set up in town for a few days
hen moved on Cheap remedies available to
the masses Popular with the people Attempts by corporations of
physicians and surgeons to prohibit them failed
Magistrates were aware of their popularity
Renaissance (AD 1350–1650)
Apothecaries Evolved from grocers and spicers
to supply physicians' needs to compound prescriptions
Physicians were prevented, by their code, from dispensing medications
Apothecaries were prevented from charging for giving advice although many patients sought their opinion
Became rich as a result of physicians' bizarre prescribing practices
Renaissance (AD 1350-1650)
Surgeons Decree of Pope Innocent III in
1163 discouraged monks from performing surgery
Barbers took over surgical work of monks
Familiarity with use and care of sharp, rustprone instruments
Incorporated with surgeons as a craft
Skills acquired by apprenticeship
Renaissance (AD 1350–1650)
Surgeons Wound healing Setting of fractures Amputations, embalming, removal of teeth,
treatment of skin disease, and blood letting Training by apprenticeship Converted to college/university degree in
1800's
Renaissance (AD 1350–1650)
Physicians Most prestigious of healers Distinguished by education
abroad and large fees Because of expense of
training, came from rich families
Large towns with reasonable number of rich potential patients
Management deliberately elaborate, including complicated mostly useless prescriptions
16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries
Invention of the microscope in 1666 allowed doctors to see disease-causing organisms
Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies
17th Century Circulation 1628: Harvey
Advances in physiology
The microscope 1676 (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek)
Pathologic anatomy (1682 – 1771)
Air was vital to life (1685)
Andreas Vesalius
Prior to Vesalius learning anatomy consisted of reading the texts of ancient Greek physicians
First to use hands on dissections to teach about anatomy
Instead of digging up bodies in the dark he started to be allowed to do dissections on executed criminals
Produced fantastic diagrams based on human experimentation (Galen’s drawings were from apes)
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
(On the fabric of the human body)
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
(On the fabric of the human body)
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
(On the fabric of the human body)
Ambroise Pare Pioneered many surgical
treatments and specialized in the treatment of wounds
Used a mixture including turpentine to heal wounds (cleaned the wound)
Used ligatures of arteries to reduce blood flow and slow bleeding
Ambroise Pare Used cauterization
techniques prior to amputation
Hypothesized that phantom pain after amputation arose in the brain
Revived the practice of podalic versiori to deliver babies not coming out safely
Bezoar Stone Experiment
The Bezoar stone was reputed to be able to cure the effects of any poison
Pare’s cook was caught steeling silverware
The cook agreed to be poisoned to determine if the stone in fact worked
The cook died days later proving that the Bezoar stone had no miraculous healing properties
William Harvey Described the process of blood
being pumped around the body by the heart
Discovered how valves in the veins work
Postulated that the circulatory system was closed and that the heart re-circulated throughout the body
Clashed with Galen’s concept that blood was created in the liver and that there were two types of blood
William Harvey Theorized that there are two separate
loops of the circulatory system, one to the lungs and the other to the rest of the body
Carried out dissections showing that embryos do not possess characteristics of adults
16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries
Edward Jenner developed the first vaccination to prevent the spread of smallpox in 1796
Surgery Louis XIV: Fistula Separated from barbers 1745
Child birth: male obstetricians
Industrial revolution Urbanization: overcrowding Industrial hygiene and disease of workers
18th Century
(19th Century)Modern Medicine
1840: first clear statement of living agents of disease
1842-46: Ether as an anesthetic agent
1844: nitrous oxide: pain control
1847: Chloroform anesthetic
(19th Century)Modern Medicine
1868: Thermometry
Hypodermic syringe
1886: The ampoule
With all these advances, medical
services were not available to the average individual
19th Century Formal training for nurses
led by Florence Nightingale began
Infection control methods were developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
(19th Century)Medical Education
1871 Harvard
Raised entrance requirements
Lengthened to 3 years
Better facilities for lab and clinical instruction
(19th Century)Medical Education
1893 John Hopkins
Required Bachelor's Degree
Student serve as clerks
Graduates spent several years as interns and residents
Research become dominating feature in all department
(19th Century)Medical Education
1909 – 1911 Flexner: report
Closed many schools
Raised standards
Revised curricula
Only the elite
(19th Century)
Medical ResearchOutstanding scientist in 19th Century
Liebig at Giessen 1824
Virchow in berlin 1856
Pasteur in Paris 1888
Koch in Berlin 1905
(19th Century)
Medical Research Huge sums to foster research
Quest of new knowledge
1850 US $ 74 Million
1955 US $ 261 Million
1974 US $ 4 Billion
(19th Century)
Medical Research Scientific Journals 1800 100 1900 10 000 2000 1000 000
20th Century Gained an increased knowledge
about the role of blood in the body:
ABO blood groups discovered
Determined how white blood cells protect against disease
20th Century New medicines were
developed: Insulin to treat diabetes Antibiotics to fight
infections caused by bacteria
Vaccines to prevent people from getting diseases caused by viruses
20th Century New machines were developed:
Kidney dialysis machine Heart lung machine Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan
20th Century Surgical and diagnostic techniques
were developed to cure once fatal conditions:
Organ transplants
Limbs reattached
Test tube babies
Amniocentesis
Implanted first artificial heart
20th Century Ultrasound
CT scan
Bone scan
MRI
Operative navigation systems
3-D printing
20th Century Health care plans developed to help
pay the cost of health care
Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena
HMO’s provided an alternative to private insurance
Hospice was organized
History of medicine - highlights
Plague pandemic started in 1332 in India, spread through China and Russia to Constantinople and Italy
In the middle of 14th c.- whole Asia, Europe and north Africa
…wasteland, extinct cities, corps lying around, with no one to bury them
History of medicine - highlights
“black death" most prominent in Dalmatia (Split, Zadar, Dubrovnik)
In Dubrovnik in 1377 – first quarantine in the world – 40 days of isolation and observation prior to unloading the cargo and people
Hadith shareef:
History of medicine - highlights
Girolamo Fracastoro – theory about invisible germs that spread and cause diseases
Through direct contact, via objects, ability to spread far from the source
Refutes Galen’s "miasm theory” (poisonous air and fumes)
Girolamo Fracastoro "De contagione et contagiosis
morbis“ in 1543 – claims that germs multiply, are poisonous, could be destroyed by fire
Recommends regular body hygene, clean environment, water and food sanitation, disinfection
History of medicine - highlights
Microscope discovery
Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1670 Analyzed blood, saliva, bones, muscles,
human eye lens, ect. Achieved magnification up to 40-160 times,
later up to 270 times
History of medicine - highlights
In 18th c. doctor from Slovenia Marko Anton Plenčić supports the theory about small living creatures which cause communicable diseases
He hypothesized that different creature causes different, specific disease
History of medicine - highlights
At the end of 18th c. British doctor Edward Jenner noticed that women who milk cows often get cow pox (much more benign than smallpox) and never get smallpox, as a consequence
Edward Jenner After 20 years of observation –
experiment on 8yrs old boy James Phipps
Jenner took the pus from the hand of a women with cow pox and applied it to the boy – after 6 weeks the boy was exposed to smallpox – didn’t get smallpox
Published a book about vaccination in 1798 (vacca=cow)
History of medicine - highlights
Only in 19th century bacteria have been discovered
Pollender discovered one of the largest bacteria - anthrax in the blood of dead animals
History of medicine - highlights
Louis Pasteur – foundations for modern theory about causes of communicable diseases discovered yeasts introduced pasteurization for wine and milk Noticed how anthrax culture loses virulence –
when applied to healthy animal it didn’t cause the disease
Created vaccine to immnunize rams against anthrax
In 1881. discovered streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria
Louis Pasteur In 1885 L. Pasteur introduced
vaccination agains rabies
Dried spinal cord from dogs died of rabies Pasteur applied for 9yrs old boy Joseph Meistera, who was bitten by a rabid dog – the boy was saved
Countless lives were saved all over the world
History of medicine - highlights
During 19th c. in England – great cholera epidemic
John Snow – a doctor perticulary interested in this epidemics in 1854 creates hypothesis that cholera was transmitted via water
History of medicine - highlights
1882 Robert Koch discovered M. tuberculosis
1890 discovered tuberculin, first considered cure, later became diagnostic tool
Tuberculosis was a pandemic at the end of 19th c. due to poor social and economic conditions
History of medicine - highlights
At the end of 19th c. Koch and Pasteur formed new discipline – Microbiology
History of medicine - highlights
Beginning of 20th c. – discovery of viruses
1908 - Karl Landsteiner - poliomyelitis virus
1912 - Wilhelm Grueter – herpes virus
History of medicine - highlights
In 1907 Paul Erlich introduced chemotherapy (chemicals that selectively destroy microorganisms, without causing damage to the host)
1923 – systematic prophylactic BCG vaccine
History of medicine - highlights
1928 Alexander Fleming accidental finding that the presence of molds blocked coccus culture growth
Penicillium notatum - penicillin
History of medicine - highlights
Only from 1940s penicillin was applied during WWII against coccus bacteria, C. diphtheriae, anthrax, tetanus
Over following years – discoveries of other antibiotics, most important was streptomycin (Selman A. Waksman – coined term antibiotic)
Top achievements in medicine?
http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/medicine.html
http://www.healthfiend.com/weeklytop/top-10-greatest-medical-discoveries-of-all-time/
Jon Queijo: Breakthrough!: How the 10 Greatest Discoveries in Medicine Saved Millions and
Changed Our View of the World
Chapter 1. The World’s First Physician: Hippocrates and the Discovery of Medicine
Chapter 2. How Cholera Saved Civilization: The Discovery of Sanitation
Chapter 3. Invisible Invaders: The Discovery of Germs and How They Cause Disease
Chapter 4. For the Relief of Unbearable Pain: The Discovery of Anesthesia
Chapter 5. I’m Looking Through You: The Discovery of X-Rays
Chapter 6. The Scratch that Saved a Million Lives: The Discovery of Vaccines
Chapter 7. From Ancient Molds to Modern Miracles: The Discovery of Antibiotics
Chapter 8. Breaking God’s Code: The Discovery of Heredity, Genetics, and DNA
Chapter 9. Medicines for the Mind: The Discovery of Drugs for Madness, Sadness, and Fear
Chapter 10. A Return to Tradition: The Rediscovery of Alternative Medicine
Landmark AdvancesYear Landmark Inventor
C. 1280 Spectacles ?
1540 Artificial limb Ambrose Pare
1714 Mercury Thermometer Gabriel Fahrenheit
17715 Bifocal lenses Benjamin Franklin
1792 Ambulance Jean Dominique Larrey
1796 Vaccination Edward Jenner
1816 Stethoscope Theophile Laennec
1817 Dental Plate Antony Plantson
Running Press Cyclopedia,
Landmark AdvancesYear Landmark Inventor
1827 Endoscope Pierre Segalas
1846 Anesthetics William Morton
1851 Ophthalmoscope Hermann von Helmholtz
1853 Hypodermic syringe Alexander Wood
1865 Antiseptic Joseph Lister
18815 Rabies Vaccination Louis Pasteur
1867 Contact lenses Adolf Fick
1895 X-ray Wilhelm Rontgen
Running Press Cyclopedia,
Landmark AdvancesYear Landmark Inventor
1903 Electrocardiography William Einthoven
1928 Antibiotics Alexander Fleming
1957 Pacemaker Clarence W Lillehie and Earl Bakken
1967 Heart transplant Christiaan Bernard
1973 CAT scan Godfrey Hounsfield and Allan Cormack
1979 Ultrasound scan Ian Donald
1982 Artificial Heart Robert Jarvik
Running Press Cyclopedia,
http://www.kaahe.org/health/ar/class/173-- - المسلمين- األطباء أعالمhtml.والعرب
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/10/05/health/digital-doctor.html?ref=thedigitaldoctor&_r=0#/#time15_375
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_medicine_and_medical_technology Detailed timeline from 2600 BC to 2013 AC
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/history_of_medicine.htm
Look for Arabic / Muslim
Medicine
Chinese Medicine
Egyptian Medicine
Greek Medicine
Native American Medicine
Old Indian Medicine
Roman Medicine
Prehistoric Medicine
Medicine in the Middle Ages
Eastern Medicine
Nobel prize winners in Medicine
Look for History of herbalism
History of hospitals
History of medicine Canada, USA, UK, Europe,
History of nursing
History of pathology
History of pharmacy
History of surgery
History of Virology
History of Microbiology
History of Epidemiology
History of Nursing
History of Psychiatry (Medicine of the mind)
Thomas Clifford Allbutt History of medicine[134]
Timeline of nursing history
Timeline of medicine and medical technology
Milestones in history of medicine
Major developments in medicine
Men of MedicinePeriod Name Discovery –
Famous for
Hippocrates Father of Medicine
Galen
850- Rhazes الرازي
Ali Ben el-Abbas بن عليالعباس
Albucasis Zahrawi القاسم آبوالزهراوي
980-1037 Avicenna سينا ابن
Ibn Nafis النفيس ابن
AVENZOAR / Ibn-Zohr ابنزهر
Averroës (Ibn Rushd) ابنرشد
1188 – 1248
Ibn al-Baitar البيطار ابن
Men of MedicinePeriod Name Discovery – Famous
for
1493-1541
Parcelsus
1514-1564
Andreas Versalius
1510-1590
Ambroise Pare
1578-1657
William Harvey
1632-1723
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
1716-1794 James Lind Scurvy cured by Vit C
1749-1823 Edwaed Jenner
1778-1829 Sir Humphry Davy Nitrous Oxide anesthesia
1811-1870 Sir James Young Simpson
Chloroform anesthesia
1819-1868 William Thomas Green Glass inhaler - Ether
1802-1887 JEAN boussingault Iodine cures goiter
Men of MedicinePeriod Name Discovery – Famous
for
1813-1858§
John Snow Father of public health
1858-1930
Christian Ejikman Beriberi cured by brown rice
1816 Rene - Theophile - Hyacinthe
The stethoscope
Ignaz Phillipp Semmelweiss
Childbed fever spread by doctors
1827-1912
Joseph Lister Aseptic surgery
Robert Koch Bacteria caused disease
1822-1895
Louis Pasteur Bacteriology / Vaccination / Pasteurization
1881-1955
Alexander Fleming Penicillin
1904-1950
Richard Drew Blood transfusion / banks
1922-2001
Christian Barnard First heart transplant 1967
Men of MedicinePeriod Name Discovery – Famous
for
James Watson / Francis Crick
Discovered DNA
William Kolf Artificial Kidney machine
Wilheim Rontgen X-ray in 1895
Techniques & Procedures
Abortion
Acupuncture
African traditional Medicine
Alchemy
Ambulance
Amniocentesis
Amputation
Amulets and talismans
Anesthesia
Angioplasty
Animal/human transplants
Antibiotics
Antidepressants
Antimalarial drugs
Artificial eye
Aspirin
Autopsy
Ayurveda
Techniques & Procedures
BCG vaccine
Biopsy
Blood Groups and transfusion
Blood pressure
Bloodletting
Bone setters
Breast implant
Breathalyzer
Burns – treatment skin graft
Cancer / anti-cancer
Chemotherapy
Chloroform
Clinical trials
Contact lens
Corneal transplant
Cortisone
CT / CAT scan
Cupping
Techniques & Procedures
Defibrillator
Diet
Dissection
DNA structure
ECG
EEG
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Electrotherapy
Electron microscopy
Endoscope
Genetic testing
Genes and human genome
Germs and germ theory
Gloves, gowns
Hearing aid
Heart-Lung Machine
HeLa Cells
Herbal medicine
Hippocratic medicine
Hippocratic oath
Homeopathy
Techniques & Procedures
Hormones
Hospitals
Hydrotherapy
Hygiene
Hygienic products
Hypodermic syringe
Incubators
Intravenous infusion
In-Vetro Fertilization (IVF)
Informed consent
Inhalers
inoculation
Insecticides
Insulin
Techniques & Procedures
Intrauterine device IUD
Iron lung (Respirators)
Kampo (Japanese medicine)
Kidney dialysis
Kidney transplant
Laser in medicine
Leech tharapy
Liver transplant
Lung transplantMagic bullets
Massage
Meat inspection
Mechanical ventilators
Medical education
Miasma theory
Techniques & Procedures
Microscope
Military hospitals
MRI
Neurosurgery
Nuremburg code and trials
Nursing
Ophthalmoscope
Oral contraceptive pill
Ophthalmoscope
Orthopedic surgery
Osteopathy
Pacemaker
Palpation
Patients' records
Techniques & Procedures
PCR
Percussion and palpation
Plaster of Paris
Penicillin
PET scan
Physiotherapy
Pregnancy tests
Pulse measurement
Randomized controlled trials
Radio-isotope scan
Renal Dialysis
Rhinoplasty
Robotic surgery
Sterilization
Techniques & Procedures
Speculum
Stem cells
Stethoscope
Surgical instruments
Surgery
Thermometer
Thermal ablation
Tissue culture
Traditional medicine
Trephination
Triage
Ultrasound
Scurvy
Syphilis
Techniques & Procedures
Vaccination
Vivisection
War surgery
Wet-nursing and milk banks
wheelchair
Wu Xing
X-rays
Yin and Yang
العربي التجبير
الشعبي الطب
History of Diseases Allergy
Alzheimer’s disease
Appendectomy
ARDS
Asthma
Bladder stone Beriberi
Botulism
Brain surgery
Carcinogens
Cholera
Cochlear implant
Cataract
Cholera
Diabetes
History of Diseases Diphtheria
DVT
Epilepsy
Food poisoning
Gallstones
Gangrene
Goiter
Gout
Hearing aid
Heart valve replacement
Heart failure
Heat stroke
Hepatitis
Hernia
History of Diseases Herpes
Hypertension
Internal fixation of fractures
Jaundice
Joint replacement
Kyphosis
Leprosy
Malaria
MERS (Corona)
Meningitis
MRSA
Open heart surgery
Plague
Pleurisy
History of Diseases Poliomyelitis
Puerperal fever
Rabies
Rickets
Surgery
Swine flue (H1N1)
Tetanus
Thyroid disease
Tonsillectomy
Trachoma
Tuberculosis
Thalidomide
Typhus
Urethral stones and strictures
http://thequeenstable.blogspot.com/
Medical Students 140 yrs ago
No one worried about admissions entrance requirements were lower than they
are for a good high school student
Instruction was superficial and brief
The terms lasted only 16 weeks, and after the second term the M.D. was automatically given, regardless of a student’s academic performance
Medical Milestones
MEDICAL MILESTONES | BMJ | jANUARY 2007 | volume334
Medical Milestones
MEDICAL MILESTONES | BMJ | jANUARY 2007 | volume334