Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age...
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![Page 1: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Outline• Intro to Population Ecology
• Estimating Patterns of Survival
• Survivorship Curves
• Age Distribution
• Rates of Population Change– Overlapping Generations
• Dispersal– In Response to Climate Change– In Response to Changing Food Supply
![Page 2: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Readings• Table 10.1, p. 263
• Table 10.2, p. 264
• Life Histories, pp. 311-319
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Population Dynamics
Fundamental Equation:
N(t+1) = N(t) + B – D + I – E
N(t+1) - N(t) = B – D + I – E
= N = B – D + I – E
I
ED
B
![Page 4: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
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![Page 8: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
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![Page 14: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Estimating Patterns of Survival
• Three main methods of estimation:– Cohort life table
• Identify individuals born at same time and keep records from birth.
![Page 15: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Estimating Patterns of Survival
• Three main methods of estimation:– Static life table
• Record age at death of individuals.
![Page 16: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Estimating Patterns of Survival• Three main methods of estimation:
– Age distribution• Calculate difference in proportion of individuals in
each age class.• Assumes differences from mortality.
![Page 17: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cohort vs Static Life Tables
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High Survival Among the Young• Murie collected Dall
Sheep skulls, Ovis dalli– Major Assumption:
Proportion of skulls in each age class represented typical proportion of individuals dying at that age
• Reasonable given sample size of 608
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High Survival Among the Young
– Constructed survivorship curve
• Discovered
bi-modal mortality– <1 yr
– 9-13 yrs
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Survivorship Curves• Type I: Majority of mortality occurs among older
individuals. – Dall Sheep
• Type II: Constant rate of survival throughout lifetime.– American Robins
• Type III: High mortality among young, followed by high survivorship.– Sea Turtles
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Survivorship Curves Plot
Log10lx vs. X
![Page 22: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dall sheep (Ovis dalli)
Life Table
![Page 23: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Static life table for Dall Sheep
x nx dx lx S1000
0 752 129 1.000 1000
1 623 114 0.828 828
2 509 113 0.677 677
3 396 81 0.527 527
4 315 78 0.419 419
5 237 59 0.315 315
6 178 65 0.237 237
7 113 55 0.150 150
8 58 25 0.077 77
9 33 9 0.044 44
10 24 8 0.032 32
11 16 7 0.021 21
12 9 2 0.012 12
13 7 1 0.009 9
14 6 4 0.008 8
15 2 2 0.003 3
total 752
x = age class
nx = number alive
dx = number dead
lx = proportion
surviving
S1000 = # per 1000
alive
Ovis dalli dalli
![Page 24: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Static life table for Dall Sheep
x nx dx lx S1000
0 752 129 1.000 1000
1 623 114 0.828 828
2 509 113 0.677 677
3 396 81 0.527 527
4 315 78 0.419 419
5 237 59 0.315 315
6 178 65 0.237 237
7 113 55 0.150 150
8 58 25 0.077 77
9 33 9 0.044 44
10 24 8 0.032 32
11 16 7 0.021 21
12 9 2 0.012 12
13 7 1 0.009 9
14 6 4 0.008 8
15 2 2 0.003 3
total 752
Age class x = 0 = newborns = 100% survive
Age class x = 1 only 623 in this
age class = 752-129
prop surviving (l1) = 623/752 = 0.828
Age class x = 2 only 509 survive
= 623-114 prop surviving (l2) =
509/752 = 0.677
![Page 25: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Age Distribution
• Age distribution of a population reflects its history of survival, reproduction, and growth potential
• Miller published data on age distribution of white oak (Quercus alba)– Determined relationship between age and trunk
diameter– Age distribution biased towards young trees.
• Sufficient reproduction for replacement– Stable population
![Page 26: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Age Distribution
![Page 27: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Age Distribution
• Rio Grande Cottonwood populations (Populus deltoides wislizenii) are declining– Old trees not being replaced– Reproduction depends on seasonal floods
• Prepare seed bed
• Keep nursery areas moist
– Because floods are absent, there are now fewer germination areas
![Page 28: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
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Dynamic Population in a Variable Climate
• Grant and Grant studied Galapagos Finches.– Drought in 1977 resulted in no recruitment
• Gap in age distribution
• Additional droughts in 1984 and 1985
• Reproductive output driven by exceptional year in 1983– Responsiveness of population age structure to environmental
variation
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Age Structure
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Creation of Stable Age Distribution
3
2
1
Age
1st Gen. 2nd Gen. 3rd Gen.
Not Stable Not Stable Stable
1
65
34
20%
30%
50%
10
35
55
10
35
55
![Page 33: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Rates of Population Change
• Birth Rate: Number of young born per female
• Fecundity Schedule: Tabulation of birth rates for females of different ages
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Frequency of Reproduction in Populations
Time
Nu
mb
er
of o
ffspr
ing
Discrete,
non-overlapping
Discrete,
overlapping
Continuous
generation
![Page 35: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Estimating Rates for an Annual Plant
• P. drummondii– Ro = Net reproductive rate; Average number of seeds
produced by an individual in a population during its lifetime
– Ro=Σlxmx
• X= Age interval in days
• lx = % pop. surviving to each age (x)
• mx= Average number seeds produced by each individual in each age category
![Page 36: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Estimating Rates for an Annual Plant
• Because P. drummondii has non-overlapping generations, can estimate growth rate– Geometric Rate of Increase (λ):
• λ =N t+1 / Nt
• N t+1 = Size of population at future time
• Nt = Size of population at some earlier time
![Page 37: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
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Estimating Rates when Generations Overlap
• Common Mud Turtle
(K. subrubrum)– About half turtles nest each yr– Average generation time:
T = Σ xlxmx / Ro
– X= Age in years
– Per Capita Rate of Increase:
r = ln Ro / T
– ln = Base natural logarithms
![Page 39: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Fecundity (Fertility) Schedule
![Page 40: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Life Table Calculations
0+2.95+3.06+1.52+0.26 = 7.70
X(lx)(m
x)
(lx)(m
x)
Generation Time
(1*2.95)(2 *3.06)3*1.52)(4 *0.26)7.70
14.677.70
1.905
7.70Sum = 14.67
![Page 41: Outline Intro to Population Ecology Estimating Patterns of Survival Survivorship Curves Age Distribution Rates of Population Change –Overlapping Generations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062305/5697bff21a28abf838cbbd46/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
BIO 340 Exam 1mean = 73%, sd = 15%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5
Series2