Outline for the dayLast week’s assignments

New readings for you (4: one on SLA; 3 on Env-Poverty.)

Today: Continue with SL? Exercise in group

Discuss journal articles you brought on your topic

Presentation topic for next weekPoverty/environment

SLA/SLF in action

The End of Poverty – Movie(a) Thursday – 6 to 8 pm?

Exam date:April 11 or April 18. Your choice.

Last week’s Assignment…

New readings.

Assignment: your project. By Friday: questions; begin a blog (wordpress or blogspot)

Only two blogs receivedhttp://bwarejbekaa.wordpress.com/

http://ebadieh.wordpress.com/

today: bring journal or news articles – we will discuss them @ 6 pmish

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Vulnerability Context

Shocks Trends Seasons

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions (Transforming Structures & Processes)

Structures- Government- Private Sector

Processes- Laws- Policies- Culture- Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes

+ Sustainable use of NR base + Income + Well-being - Vulnerability + Food security

The SL Framework

Vulnerability Context

Shocks Trends Seasons

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

(Transforming Structures & Processes)

Structures- Government- Private Sector

Processes- Laws- Policies- Culture- Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes

+ Sustainable use of NR base + Income + Well-being Reduced vulnerability + Food security

Vulnerability Context

The external environment in which people exist

Trends - population, resources, economic, governance, technology

Shocks

can be the result of human health, natural events, economic uncertainty, conflict and crop/livestock health.

- illness, natural disaster, economic, conflict, crop / livestock pests & diseases

Seasons - prices, production, health, employment

Vulnerability context

Outside people’s control Not objective “risk” that matters –

but also people’s subjective assessments of things that make them vulnerable.

Both perceived & actual vulnerability can influence people’s decisions and thus their livelihood strategies

6

Vulnerability Context

Shocks Trends Seasons

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

(Transforming Structures & Processes)

Structures- Government- Private Sector

Processes- Laws- Policies- Culture- Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes

+ Sustainable use of NR base + Income + Well-being Reduced vulnerability + Food security

What are these ‘assets’?

Human capital - skills, knowledge & info., ability to work, health ; local knowledge key

Natural capital - land, water, wildlife, biodiversity, environment May be private property or common property

Financial capital - savings, credit, remittances, pensions; can be looked at as cash, credit, and inflows

Physical capital - transport, shelter, clean water, energy, sanitation, technology, communications;….

Social capital - networks, groups, trust, access to wider institutions; informal safety nets

Political capital (suggested by some): citizenship, enfranchisement, membership in political parities

It’s all about pushing out the ‘area’ of these assets

TIP But it’s also about the

sustainabilityof those assets

Human Capital

Natural Capital

Physical Capital

Social Capital

Financial Capital

Vulnerability Context

Shocks Trends Seasons

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

(Transforming Structures & Processes)

Structures- Government- Private Sector

Processes- Laws- Policies- Culture- Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes

+ Sustainable use of NR base + Income + Well-being Reduced vulnerability + Food security

People’s access to livelihood assets is affected by policies & institutions

Or ‘transforming structures and processes’

Structures: organizations, levels of government, private

sector behavior Processes:

policies, laws, institutional‘rules of the game’, incentives

TIP Think micro,think macro,

link micro to macro

What are institutions?

Regularized practices structured by rules and norms of society which have persistent and widespread use

May be both formal and informal Usually subject to multiple

interpretations by different actors May occur on multiple levels: from

household to community, nation, and global level

12

Vulnerability Context

Shocks Trends Seasons

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

(Transforming Structures & Processes)

Structures- Government- Private Sector

Processes- Laws- Policies- Culture- Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes

+ Sustainable use of NR base + Income + Well-being Reduced vulnerability + Food security

Livelihood Strategies- what do (rural) people do?

Choices people employ in pursuit of income, security, well being…

Agricultural intensification / extensification May combine access to natural capital

(land) w economic capital (credit); or Social capital (networks associated w/

drought) may be significant Livelihood diversification Migration

Livelihood strategies

Unraveling the connection: key part Agricultural intensification / extensification

- between capital-led and labor-led intensification

Livelihood diversification Between an active choice to invest in

diversification for accumulation and reinvestment and diversification to cope with adversity

Migration Between voluntary and involuntary movement,

effects, and movement pattern

15

Livelihood strategies: scaleA key issue: scale at which an

assessment takes place Can be described at individual,

household and village, and regional/national levelsDifferences evident between scale levels

Also: time scales. Over seasons and between years; over several generations

16

Our interventions must recognize that people have different strategies to achieve different ends

How important is “our” concern to people’s livelihoods?

And whose livelihoods in particular? What else is important to people,

and what conflicts might there be?

Vulnerability Context

Shocks Trends Seasons

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

(Transforming Structures & Processes)

Structures- Government- Private Sector

Processes- Laws- Policies- Culture- Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes

+ Sustainable use of NR base + Income + Well-being Reduced vulnerability + Food security

Livelihood Outcomes- what are people seeking to achieve?

More sustainable use of the NR base

More income Increased well-being Reduced vulnerability Improved food security

Livelihood outcomes

Outcomes that improve or deplete the Natural Capital may get greatest attention – but…

NRM practices that reduce need for child labor higher school attendance enhancing human capital (plus may reduce local knowledge)

Collective watershed management increase social capital

20

Vulnerability Context

Shocks Trends Seasons

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

(Transforming Structures & Processes)

Structures- Government- Private Sector

Processes- Laws- Policies- Culture- Institutions

Livelihood Outcomes

+ Sustainable use of NR base + Income + Well-being Reduced vulnerability + Food security

To my mind ...

It’s about seeing development from the shoes of the poor, not the shoes of the scientist

It has major implications for the way we work as specialists within a country programme as a donor agency with other donors

Not the same as ...

Integrated Rural Development ‘Farming Systems Approaches’

Not incompatible with ...Not incompatible with ... Sector-wide approaches Rights-based thinking Common sense

How does SLF differ from other approaches?

It puts people at the centre of development. People - rather than the resources they use or the governments that serve them - are the priority concern.

It builds upon people's strengths rather than their needs.It brings together all relevant aspects of people's lives

and livelihoods into development planning, implementation and evaluation.

It unifies different sectors behind a common framework.It takes into account how development decisions affect

distinct groups of people, such as women compared to men, differently.

It emphasizes the importance of understanding the links between policy decisions and household level activities.

It draws in relevant partners whether State, civil or private, local, national, regional or international.

It responds quickly to changing circumstances.24

Connection to Adaptation-How?The SL approach helps researchers to: Focus on most vulnerable people Assess their vulnerabilities and strengths Tap existing knowledge & ongoing efforts to

determine what works Enable community-driven strategies and

actions; ensure buy-in and longevity Ultimately… fortify against future climate-

related shocks

25

Review: what is the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework? Putting people at the center of

development; A different way of thinking about development

Useful also in assessing the effectiveness of existing efforts to reduce poverty

Useful to stimulate debate and reflection

When to use it?

When it has been established through a prior process that the improvement of people’s means of living is a priority;

At the development programme and project level,

At the early stages of the development programme and project cycle (identification, design and appraisal), and integrated into ongoing monitoring and evaluation as well;

In the context of rural or urban development.

27

Key issues in the SL framework

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

• Poor not central enough – easily “lost” from vision

• Key “processes” – gender, age, ethnic group, class/caste – not explicitly highlighted

• “Tradeability” of livelihood assets not indicated

• Linkages between different elements not sufficiently highlighted

• Too sequential – left-to-right

• Aspirations and opportunities missing

• Little assistance in dealing practically with “PIP box”

The SL Framework

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

PoliciesInstitutionsProcesses

NS

FP

HVulnerabilityContextShocksSeasonalityTrendsChanges

influenceLivelihoodStrategies

LivelihoodOutcomes

Focussing on the poor

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

TheThePoorPoor

Livelihood Assets

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

Financial Physical

Natural

SocialHuman

Personal

TheThePoorPoor

Unpacking Policies and Institutions

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

Enablingagencies

Serviceproviders

FinancialPhysical

Natural

Social

Human

Personal

The The PoorPoor

Unpacking “Processes”

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

Enablingagencies

Serviceproviders

FinancialPhysical

Natural

Social

Human

Personal

The The PoorPoor

An Envelope of Action

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

Enablingagencies

Serviceproviders

FinancialPhysical

Natural

Social

Human

Personal

The The PoorPoor

Strong Envelope – People Less Vunerable

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

Enablingagencies

Serviceproviders

FinancialPhysical

Natural

Social

Human

Personal

The The PoorPoor

Weak Envelope – People More Vulnerable

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

Enablingagencies

Serviceproviders

FinancialPhysical

Natural

SocialHuman

Personal

The The PoorPoor

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

Enablingagencies

Serviceproviders

FinancialPhysical

Natural

SocialHuman

Personal

The The PoorPoor

Uses

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

• A guide for people in the analysis of development practice and issues

• Encourages discussion and probing

• Not necessarily easier to explain but more complete

• Specifically identifies many features – politics, rules, social norms, gender/age/class/ethnic issues – that will help make it more culture specific

• Still not a magic bullet!

Advantages

17/06/2004 IFAD SL Framework - J. Hamilton-Peach & P. Townsley

•Addresses some of the “grey areas” identified regarding SL Places the poor firmly at the centre – makes people visible

Suggests the importance of clear definition of who is at the centre of the analysis

Unpacks the PIP box – more specific regarding key institutions and processes – and provides a more practical approach to analysing institutional and policy issues

Incorporates political dimension more explicitly

Helps understand entry points – based on opportunities and aspirations, possible at different levels (identifying them still depends on good analysis)

Study the way resources are organized in space and time and how they are allocated; how this has evolved through time taking a baseline date (beginning of the war in 75); and how this has impacted livelihoods.

To do so: Each team would assess how the human, natural, financial, physical and social capitals have changed over time, and, consequently, how the farmers currently have been impacted, and how they manage. Included within the examination is a study of the various agencies that these farmers depend on in their production, and the ability (or lack of) for these farmers to continue to sustain themselves  

To do so: You would use the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to assess farmer ‘communities’. You could also do problem tree analyses or DPSIR for particular issues that you find, to root the superficial management problems and examine their complexity and relationships. [Both tools to be discussed next week]

Plus: You would map the changes geographically 40

Now: examine your questions. Work with a member from another team Develop your questions further

Go back to your team (Begin to) develop a methodology/time-

line▪ What methods/tools would you need to build?▪ What is your time line?

41

Your journal articles / your news articles

42

The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach

1. The Basic Needs School2. The Utilitarian-Income/GNP Approach 3. The Natural Wealth Approach4. The Rights based approach 5. The Capabilities Approach

Overview of the complexity and multidimensionality of human well-being.

Underlying processes that mediate the links between human well-being and ecosystems.

Define and link the guiding principles on human well-being for use in analyzing environmental state-and-trends.