Outline Community Ecology –Indirect effects, Keystone species, Invasive species –Biodiversity:...
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Outline
• Community Ecology– Indirect effects, Keystone species, Invasive species
– Biodiversity: importance and evaluation
– The new paradigm in ecology: communities in flux
– Conservation of species interactions
• Ecosystem Ecology– Ecosystems of special concern (Marine and Tropical)
– Biodiversity and ecosystem services
– Ecosystem services
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem FunctionE
cosy
stem
F
unct
ion
Species Richness
redundantrivetidiosyncratic
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Ecotron Experiments
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Ecotron Experiments
Naeem, S., et al. 1995. Empirical evidence that declining biodiversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 249-262.
Predators
Herbivores
Plants
Decomposers
9 spp. 15 spp. 31 spp.
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Ecotron Experiments
• Productivity was highest in high diversity communities and lowest in low diversity communities
• Below ground decomposition was not different between treatments
• Water retention was different between treatments, but with no clear relationship to biodiversity
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: Ecotron Experiments
• Depending on ecosystem process considered, results supported each hypothesis for the relationship between diversity and function
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: BioCON
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: BioCON
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function: BioCON
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Evenness and Ecosystem Function
•Wilsey, B.J. and C. Potvin. 2000. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: importance of species evenness in an old field.
Kentucky bluegrass, dandelion, and wild strawberry planted at 3 levels of evenness (1.5:1:1, 5:1:1, 12:1:1)
Evenness
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Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function:Some Caveats
• Tilman (26 spp.)
• Wilsey (3 spp.)
• Naeem (31 spp.)
• Reich (16 spp.)Tilman, D. 1996. Biodiversity: Population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77: 350-363.
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Conclusions: Diversity and Ecosystem Function
• Plant production may decline as regional and local diversity declines
• Ecosystem resistance to environmental perturbations, such as drought, may be lessened as biodiversity is reduced
• Ecosystem processes such as soil nitrogen levels, water use, plant productivity, and pest and disease cycles may become more variable as diversity declines.
From: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining Natural Life Support Processes. Naeem, S. et al. Issues in Ecology Report 2, Ecological Society of America
http://esa.sdsc.edu/issues.htm
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Ecosystem Services• purification of air and water
• mitigation of droughts and floods
• generation and preservation of soils and renewal of their fertility
• detoxification and decomposition of wastes
• pollination of crops and natural vegetation / dispersal of seeds
• cycling and movement of nutrients
• control of the vast majority of potential agricultural pests
• maintenance of biodiversity
• protection of coastal shores from erosion by waves
• partial stabilization of climate / moderation of weather extremes
From: Ecosystem Services: Benefits Supplied to Human Societies by Natural Ecosystems. G.C. Daily et al. Issues in Ecology Report 4, Ecological Society of America
http://esa.sdsc.edu/issues.htm
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Lyme Disease
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Ecosystem Services:The Dilution Effect