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Darwin and Evolution
Chapter 17
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2Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
OutlineOutlineHistory of Evolutionary ThoughtHistory of Evolutionary ThoughtDarwin’s Theory of EvolutionDarwin’s Theory of Evolution
Earth very oldEarth very old Descend with change from a common ancestor Descend with change from a common ancestor Adaptation to a changing environmentAdaptation to a changing environment
The Evidence of EvolutionThe Evidence of Evolution FossilFossil BiogeographicalBiogeographical AnatomicalAnatomical BiochemicalBiochemical
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3Voyage of the HMS Beagle
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4Charles Darwin at 31
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5Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
History of Evolutionary ThoughtHistory of Evolutionary Thought
Prior to DarwinPrior to DarwinView of nature determined by deep-seated View of nature determined by deep-seated beliefsbeliefs
Held to be intractable truthsHeld to be intractable truthsBiology thought had slowly begun to acceptBiology thought had slowly begun to accept Various ideas of evolutionVarious ideas of evolution Similarities between living things reflect recent Similarities between living things reflect recent common ancestrycommon ancestry Dissimilarities between living things reflect Dissimilarities between living things reflect ancient common ancestryancient common ancestry
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6Evolutionary Thought before Darwin
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7Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Mid-Eighteenth CenturyMid-Eighteenth CenturyTaxonomy matured during mid-eighteenth Taxonomy matured during mid-eighteenth centurycenturyLinnaeus believed in:Linnaeus believed in: The fixity of speciesThe fixity of species That each species had:That each species had:
An ideal structure and function, andAn ideal structure and function, and A place in the A place in the scala naturaescala naturae (scale of complexity) (scale of complexity)
Count Buffon:Count Buffon:Wrote 44-volume catalog of all known plants Wrote 44-volume catalog of all known plants and animalsand animals Suggested descent with modificationSuggested descent with modification
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8Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Late Eighteenth CenturyLate Eighteenth Century
Cuvier:Cuvier:First to use comparative anatomy to develop a First to use comparative anatomy to develop a system of classificationsystem of classification
Founded PaleontologyFounded PaleontologyProposed CatastrophismProposed Catastrophism Local catastrophes in past had caused later Local catastrophes in past had caused later strata to have a new mix of fossilsstrata to have a new mix of fossils
After each catastrophe, the region was After each catastrophe, the region was repopulated by species from surrounding areasrepopulated by species from surrounding areas
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9Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Late Eighteenth CenturyLate Eighteenth CenturyLamarck:Lamarck:
First biologist to:First biologist to: Propose evolution Propose evolution Link diversity with environmental adaptationLink diversity with environmental adaptation
Concluded more complex organisms are descended Concluded more complex organisms are descended from less complex organismsfrom less complex organisms
Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics – Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics – LamarckianismLamarckianism
Charles Lyell:Charles Lyell: Earth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of Earth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of
erosion and uplifterosion and uplift Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and processes of Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and processes of
change are constantchange are constant
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10Formation of Sedimentary Rock
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11Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Darwin’s Theory of EvolutionDarwin’s Theory of Evolution
Geological observations consistent with Geological observations consistent with those of Hutton & Lyellthose of Hutton & Lyell
Biogeographical observations:Biogeographical observations:The study of the geographic distribution of life The study of the geographic distribution of life forms on earthforms on earth
Darwin saw similar species in similar Darwin saw similar species in similar habitats;habitats;
Reasoned related species could be modified Reasoned related species could be modified according to the environmentaccording to the environment
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12A Glyptodont and a Giant Sloth
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13The Patagonian Hare,Dolichotis
patagonium
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14Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Galápagos IslandsGalápagos Islands
TortoisesTortoisesDarwin observed tortoise neck length varied Darwin observed tortoise neck length varied from island to islandfrom island to island
Proposed that speciation on islands Proposed that speciation on islands correlated with a difference in vegetationcorrelated with a difference in vegetation
FinchesFinchesDarwin observed many different species of Darwin observed many different species of finches on various islandsfinches on various islands
Speculated they could have descended from a Speculated they could have descended from a single pair of mainland finchsingle pair of mainland finch
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15Galápagos Tortoises, Geochelone
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16Galápagos Finches
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17Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Natural Selection and AdaptationNatural Selection and Adaptation
Individuals have heritable variationsIndividuals have heritable variationsMore individuals produced each generation More individuals produced each generation than environment can supportthan environment can support
Some individuals have adaptive Some individuals have adaptive characteristicscharacteristicsEnables increased survival and reproductionEnables increased survival and reproduction Increasing proportion of succeeding Increasing proportion of succeeding generations will have these characteristicsgenerations will have these characteristics
Populations become adapted to their local Populations become adapted to their local environment through change in individualsenvironment through change in individuals
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18Variation in a Population
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19Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Organisms Have VariationsOrganisms Have VariationsDarwin emphasized that individuals from a Darwin emphasized that individuals from a population vary in their:population vary in their:Functional characteristics Functional characteristics
Physical characteristics Physical characteristics
Behavioral characteristics Behavioral characteristics
Proposed that these variations:Proposed that these variations:Are essentialAre essential
Allow adaptation to the environment over timeAllow adaptation to the environment over time
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20Artificial Selection of Animals
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21Artificial Selection of Plants
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22Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Organisms Struggle to ExistOrganisms Struggle to Exist
MalthusMalthusEach generation has the same reproductive Each generation has the same reproductive potential as the previous generationpotential as the previous generation
Reproductive potential is greater than Reproductive potential is greater than environment can supportenvironment can support
Death, disease, and famine were inevitable if Death, disease, and famine were inevitable if population were to have stabilitypopulation were to have stability
Individuals experience a constant struggle for Individuals experience a constant struggle for survivalsurvival
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23Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Organisms Differ in FitnessOrganisms Differ in Fitness
Fitness is the relative reproductive success of Fitness is the relative reproductive success of an individualan individualThe most-fit individuals in a population The most-fit individuals in a population capture a disproportionate share of goodiescapture a disproportionate share of goodies
Interactions with the environment determine Interactions with the environment determine which individuals reproduce the mostwhich individuals reproduce the most
AdaptationAdaptationChanges that help a species become more Changes that help a species become more suited to its environmentsuited to its environment
Product of natural selectionProduct of natural selection
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24Transitional Fossils
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25Darwin and EDarwin and EvolutionvolutionThe Evidence of Evolution:The Evidence of Evolution:
AnatomicalAnatomicalVertebrate forelimbs:Vertebrate forelimbs:
Homologous - All contain the same sets of Homologous - All contain the same sets of bones in similar waysbones in similar ways
Yet they are modified extensively to meet Yet they are modified extensively to meet various adaptive needsvarious adaptive needs
Darwin interpreted this as support for a Darwin interpreted this as support for a hypothesis of common descenthypothesis of common descent
Embryological developmentEmbryological developmentAll vertebrate embryos have:All vertebrate embryos have:A postanal tail and A postanal tail and Paired pharyngeal (gill) pouchesPaired pharyngeal (gill) pouches
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26Biogeography
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27Darwin and EDarwin and EvolutionvolutionThe Evidence of Evolution:The Evidence of Evolution:
AnatomicalAnatomicalHomologous Structures:Homologous Structures:
Anatomically similar because they are inherited from Anatomically similar because they are inherited from a common ancestora common ancestor
May be functionally similar or notMay be functionally similar or notAnalogous Structures:Analogous Structures:
Serve the same functionServe the same function Not constructed similarlyNot constructed similarly Do not share a common ancestorDo not share a common ancestor
Vestigal Structures:Vestigal Structures: Fully-developed anatomical structuresFully-developed anatomical structures Reduced or obsolete functionReduced or obsolete function
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28Significance of Homologous Structures
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29Significance of Developmental Similarities
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30Vestigial Limbs in Whales
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31Darwin and EDarwin and EvolutionvolutionThe Evidence of Evolution:The Evidence of Evolution:
Fossil & BiogeographicalFossil & BiogeographicalFossil EvidenceFossil Evidence
Fossils record the history of life from the pastFossils record the history of life from the pastDocument a succession of life forms from the Document a succession of life forms from the simple to the more complexsimple to the more complex
Sometimes the fossil record is complete Sometimes the fossil record is complete enough to show descent from an ancestorenough to show descent from an ancestor
BiogeographicalBiogeographicalDistributions of plants and animals across Distributions of plants and animals across earthearth
Consistent with origin in one locale and then Consistent with origin in one locale and then spread to accessible regionsspread to accessible regions
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32Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
Biochemical EvidenceBiochemical Evidence
Almost all living organisms:Almost all living organisms:Use the same basic biochemical moleculesUse the same basic biochemical moleculesUtilize same DNA triplet codeUtilize same DNA triplet codeUtilize same 20 amino acids in their proteinsUtilize same 20 amino acids in their proteins
DNA base-sequence differences:DNA base-sequence differences:When very similar, suggest recent common When very similar, suggest recent common descentdescent
When more different, suggest more ancient When more different, suggest more ancient common descentcommon descent
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33Significance ofBiochemical Differences
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34Darwin and EDarwin and Evolutionvolution
ReviewReviewHistory of Evolutionary ThoughtHistory of Evolutionary ThoughtDarwin’s Theory of EvolutionDarwin’s Theory of Evolution
Earth very oldEarth very old Descend with change from a common ancestor Descend with change from a common ancestor Adaptation to a changing environmentAdaptation to a changing environment
The Evidence of EvolutionThe Evidence of Evolution FossilFossil BiogeographicalBiogeographical AnatomicalAnatomical BiochemicalBiochemical
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Darwin and Evolution
Ending Slide Chapter 17