TBS903 Autumn2009 Subject Outline Subject Outline (Final Version)
Outline
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Transcript of Outline
Outline
Review Question Grading Mistake Test Review Inability of Labor Markets to Provide for All Joblessness and Other Problems Social Organization Doug Massey and Segregation
Stop me at 3pm to talk about Fundraising Lose Ends and the Trip to Campus
My Mistake…Didn’t give you credit for the following… MUST HAND IN AGAIN Week 5 Poverty and Self Interest Sociology 315 Assignment Week 5 Readings Due on Tuesday (2/9/10)
1. In chapter 4, Rank argues that is in everyone’s self interest to conclude that “widespread poverty within our border is…unwise, unjust, and intolerable”(Rank 2005: 87). His first line of argument involves the risk of poverty across the American life course. For this question please describe what is meant by the term “life course” and explain how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) allows researchers to study the life course.
Exam 1
What to say…
Median grade was a B …1/2 of you got a B or higher & ½ of you got a B or lower… 80% of you got a C or higher…
Exam was worth 20% of your grade…Next test worth another 20%
40% of your grade is determined by the review questions… If you’re not doing them, or not taking them seriously (and some
of you are not)… you are making a serious mistake
When the review questions to date are combined with exam, some of you are in excellent shape…most of you are doing fine and moving in the right direction…some of you are in deep trouble…
Rank and the Inability of the Labor Market to Support All Citizens March 2010 US Census Bureau Release
Over 4 million full time workers are poor
From Ghetto to Jobless Ghettoes
“The manufacturing losses in some northern cities have been staggering”(Wilson 1996: 29)
North Lawndale Neighborhood in Chicago loses 57,000 manufacturing jobs
Manufacturing Jobs Lost Between 1967-1987Pct. Change Total Lost
Philadelphia 64% 160,000 Chicago 60% 500,000 New York 58% >500,000 Detroit 51% 108,000
Note video clip on Blacks in the Steel Industry
Joblessness & Ghetto Related Behavior…A “Culture of Poverty”
“…the residents of these jobless black poverty areas face certain social constraints on the choices they can make in their daily lives. These constraints, combined with restricted opportunities in the larger society, lead to ghetto-related behavior and attitudes- that is, behavior and attitudes that are found more frequently in ghetto neighborhoods than in neighborhoods that feature even modest levels of poverty and local employment. Ghetto-related behavior and attitudes often reinforce the economic marginality of the residents in jobless ghettos” (Wilson 1996: 52)
Wilson on Structure and Culture
Wilson asks his readers to examine “social action- including behavior, habits, skills, styles, orientations attitudes” within a “broader structure of opportunities and constraints that have evolved over time”(Wilson 1996: 54).
Situationally Adaptive: Social Structure Cultural Response Shapes the Social Structure
“This is not to argue that individuals and groups lack the freedom to make their own choices, engage in certain styles and orientations, but it is to say that these decisions and actions occur within a context of constraints and opportunities that are drastically different from those present in middle class society”(Wilson 1996: 55)
Ghetto Related Behavior and the Structure of Opportunity
Wilson asks his readers to examine “social action- including behavior, habits, skills, styles, orientations attitudes” within a “broader structure of opportunities and constraints that have evolved over time”(Wilson 1996: 54). He urges us to note the urban poor make choices within a “context of constraints and opportunities that are drastically different from those of middle class society (Wilson 1996: 54). This does not mean you have to approve of such choices. As sociologists, you are asked to examine them within a broader context.
With this in mind, explain why drug dealing becomes a “reasonable” career choice for some of the people that Wilson interviews. Be sure to incorporate at least one direct quote from one of the interviewees into your answer.
Drug Dealing as Rational Choice
“I’m a cocaine dealer -- cause I can’t get a decent ass job. So, what other choices do I have? I have to feed my family…do I work? I work. See…don’t bring me that bullshit. I been working since I was 15 years old. I had to work to take care of my mother and father and sisters.” p.58
“Me myself I have sold marijuana. I’m not a drug pusher, but I’m just trying make ends—I’m trying to keep bread on the talbe- I have two babies.” p.58
“Like I was saying, you can make more money dealing drubs than your job, anybody…I can take you to a place where cars come through like this all day – like traffic…” p.59
Wilson
Maybe a rational choice for the individual, but high levels of drug activity bring other problems the community…
Violence and Guns Turf battles, theft, crime….
This affects norms and action of others not involved in drug trade
Others arm themselves…
Code of the Street evolves
Norms that provide for survival in high poverty neighborhoods, but which don’t transfer to mainstream society
Outline
Wilson and Social Capital Wilson and Bourdieu Doug Massey and Segregation Creating a Segregated America
Concentration of Poverty Maintaining a Segregated America The Effect of a Segregated America
Waiting to hear back from Minister…unless there are pressing issues, we will talk trip & fundraising next week
Please bring Reflection set #3 (the one’s that were due the day the ministers came) class next week.
My Mistake…Didn’t give you credit for the following… MUST HAND IN AGAIN Week 5 Poverty and Self Interest Sociology 315 Assignment Week 5 Readings Due on Tuesday (2/9/10)
1. In chapter 4, Rank argues that is in everyone’s self interest to conclude that “widespread poverty within our border is…unwise, unjust, and intolerable”(Rank 2005: 87). His first line of argument involves the risk of poverty across the American life course. For this question please describe what is meant by the term “life course” and explain how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) allows researchers to study the life course.
Wilson
High levels of drug activity bring other problems…
Neighborhoods become more dangerous… people “decrease their involvement in voluntary associations and informal social control networks essential to maintain the social organization of the neighborhood” (Wilson 1996: 61)
Can translate this from “soc-speak” to English?
Neighborhood Social Organization (Wilson 1996: 20)
Less Social capital
Interpersonal networks, friendship networks, and networks of family relations that
Can be tapped for jobs and mobility
Enforce norms in society
In strong neighborhoods, social capital links households together and helps organize the community
Examples from Wilson? Or maybe your life?
Wilson and Social Control
Neighborhoods with high levels of social organization that connect adults “by means of an extensive set of obligations, expectations, and social networks- are in a better position to control and supervise activities and behavior of children.” Wilson, p. 62
Connected neighbors “observe, report on and discuss the behavior the children…networks reinforce discipline…because other adults assume responsibility for maintaining a public or social behavior even on the part of children that are not their own.” p. 62
Neighborhood Social Organization (Wilson 1996: 20)
In High Poverty Neighborhoods
Networks often weaker, more social isolation Work on Philly and Denver suggests social
isolation is deliberately practiced by parents in dangerous neighborhoods
Networks that do exist may be helpful in “ghetto milieu” but less helpful in promoting well being of kids in larger society
Beyond Informal Networks…Little Organizational Infrastructure
High Poverty Neighborhoods lack “strong organizational capacity or an institutional resource base that would provide an extra layer of social organization in their neighborhoods” (Wilson 1996: 64)
Low rates of residential participation in voluntary (PTO, block associations, neighborhood watch) formal organizations (churches, political parties) and inform networks (bowling teams, playgroups, card games)
State Economy
Political Party Union Professional
Association
Civil Society in
Middle Class Neighborhood
Individual
Neighborhood
WatchFood Bank
ChurchBowling
Team
Rotary
Club
State Economy
Individual
Food Bank
Church
Informal
Neighborhood
Connections
Civil Society in
Poor Neighborhood
State Economy
Political Party Union Professional
Association
Individual
Neighborhood
WatchFood Bank
ChurchBowling
Team
Rotary
Club
Civil Society in
Middle Class Neighborhood
Wilson and Social Control
“A weak institutional resource base is what distinguishes high jobless inner city neighborhoods form stable middle class and working class areas.” p. 64
Weaker organizational basis and fewer institutional resources Neighborhood Associations, Block Organizations, cub scouts,
PTO, etc. This a gap the CEM is trying to fill
Research shows that this makes it hard to control behavior in a neighborhood
“The higher the density and stability of formal organizations, the less the illicit activities such as drug trafficking, crime, prostitution, and gang formation can take root in the neighborhood.” p. 64
When all is said and done…
“In short, social isolation deprives inner city residents not only of conventional role models, whose strong presence once buffered the effects of neighborhood joblessness, but also of the social resources (including social contacts) provided by mainstream social networks that facilitate social and economic advancement in a modern industrial society. (Wilson 1996: 66).
Joblessness is about more than just money… “…where jobs are scarce, where people rarely, if
ever, have the opportunity to help their friends and neighbors find jobs, and where there is a disruptive or degraded school life purporting to prepare youngsters for eventual participation in the workforce, many people eventually lose their feeling of connectedness to work in the formal economy; they no longer expect work to be a regular, and regulating, force in their lives.” (Wilson, p.52)
What does it mean to say that work is about more than just money…?
Bourdieu and Work
It is not just about making a living
“It constitutes a framework for daily behavior and patterns of interaction because it imposes disciplines and regularities.” p.73
Without work and regular income a person lacks a “coherent organization of the present- that is a system of concrete expectations and goals.”
“Everybody needs someplace to go.”- Michael Chabon
Increased levels of depression, lack of self efficacy (feeling that you can take steps to achieve goals in a given situation) and hopelessness “They took all the hope away.” – Man in Video
These feelings can spawn further problematic behavior Substance Abuse
Economic Restructuring, the surbanization of jobs, and Segregation
Economic Restructuring has big impact on African Americans given where their occupational distribution
Important to be clear…Most Blacks are not poor.
“Inner city African Americans are “overrepresented in areas of high to extremely high poverty concentration…” p.51
And underpresented in the areas where job growth is now concentrated…
This has led to research aimed in understanding the concentration and segregation…
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White Black Hisp Asians
Poverty
Massey Supplements Wilson
“My purpose is to supplement Wilson’s theoretical argument by introducing residential segregation as a “key conditioning variable in the social transformation of the ghetto and to illustrate the crucial role it plays in concentrating poverty and creating the underclass” (Massey 1990: 330)
Massy’s argument: “In the absence of racial segregation, the economic dislocations of the 1970s would not have produced concentrated poverty or led to emergence of a socially and spatially isolated underclass.” (Massey, p.330)
Suburbanization of Employment
Donut Shaped Development Share of Jobs within 3, 10, > 10 mile Radius of central city, 1996
Urban population faced with suburban job growth… Spatial Mismatch
The demand for labor has shifted away from neighborhoods where blacks are concentrated in favor of suburban areas
Chicago as an Example
1970-1990, 60% of new jobs in Chicago area were created in the Northern SuburbsBlacks are less than 2% of that population…How to explain this?
By 1990, Chicago Accounted for just 37% of the jobs in metro-region
Back to Chicago….
Why aren’t Blacks in the suburbs where the growth is?
Video Clip from the Promised Land
What prevented blacks from following whites to the new suburban neighborhoods that were built following World War II?
How did the city of Chicago decide to address the lack of housing for blacks in Chicago?
You will sometimes hear the term “perpendicular segregation, “vertical ghettoes” or “ghettoes in the sky.” Explain what is meant by these terms.
How did people seem to like the Robert Taylor homes?
Creating a Segregated America Deliberate private and public choices
made by Whites…Let’s explore. American Apartheid, Massey and Denton
Isolation Indices by Year
1890 1970
Chicago 8.1% 89.2%
Philly 11.7 75.6
NY 3.6 60.2
Avg 6.7 73.5
Creating a Segregated America Restrictive Covenants (note next slide)
Legally binding contracts signed by neighborhood residents to keep blacks out of neighborhood
Property owners agreed not to permit a black to own, occupy or lease property
Usually valid for 20 years and became enforceable when 75% of homeowners in an area had signed.
Used widely from 1910 until 1948
Federal Government urged their use until 1950
Creating a Segregated America White engaged in violent attacks, mob behavior…
intimidation
Whites Formed Neighborhood Organizations to non-violently apply pressure
Lobbied for zoning restrictions on housing Boycott realtors who deal with blacks Boycott businesses who deal with blacks Collect funds to buy property from sellers (Archie
Bunker) Buyout blacks
Creating a Segregated America Survey of Real Estate Agents (1950s):
80% refused to sell blacks property in white neighborhoods
56% simply refused to deal with blacks
Creating a Segregated America: Government Role
White Public opinion favors discrimination:
“Do you think there should be separate sections in towns and cities for Negroes to live in?” 84% of Whites say yes in 1942
Federal Housing Authority Underwriting Manual, 1939 “if a neighborhood is to retain stability,
it is necessary that properties shall continue to be occupied by the same social and racial classes.”
Creating a Segregated America: Government Role Overtly Discriminatory Government
Policies
Federal Housing Authority recommends use of restrictive covenants
Recommendation remains in underwriting manual even after Supreme Court rules restrictive covenants unconstitutional
Creating a Segregated America: Government Role
Government Lending Agents engage in Redlining
the practice of financial lenders refusing to grant home and commercial loans in minority and racially changing neighborhood
Neighborhoods rated into 4 categories Black neighborhoods rated in lowest categories “within such a low price or rent range as to attract
undesirable elements.” Areas would be outlined in red pen and denied loans
Building the suburbs…neglecting the cities…
In 1966, Paterson and Camden New Jersey both had no FHA loans.
Nassau County in Long Island had 60 times more loans than the Bronx.
With no loans, houses can’t be maintained
Without access to credit, houses can’t be purchased…and sold, which depresses wealth in these communities
Massey and Denton, American Apartheid
“Given the importance of the FHA in the residential housing market, such blanket redlining sent strong signals to private lending institutions, which followed suit and avoided making loans within affected areas. The lack of loan capital flowing into minority areas made it impossible for owners to sell their homes, leading to steep declines in property values and a pattern of disrepair, deterioration, vacancy and abandonment. Thus by the 1950s, many cities were locked in a spiral of decline that was directly encouraged and largely supported by federal housing policies. As poor blacks from the south entered cities in large numbers, middle class whites fled to the suburbs to escape them and to insulate themselves from the social problems that accompanied the rising tide of poor.”
Maintaining the Ghetto
If Blacks can’t spread out…What do you do? What did they do in Chicago?
Build Up. 1950s and 1960s Government Housing Projects Decent Modern Accommodations
Projects often nice
But still Segregation… Reservations in the Sky,Vertical or
Perpendicular Ghettos
Maintaining the Ghetto…
Double edged sword…New but segregated By both race and class
“The replacement of low density slums with high-density towers of poor families also reduced the class diversity of the ghetto and brought about a geographic concentration of poverty that was previously unimaginable. This new segregation of blacks – in economic as well as social terms- was the direct result of unprecedented collaboration between local and national government.”
Massey and Denton, p.57
Explaining Concentrated Poverty
Concentrated Poverty as result of “strong interaction” between the level of segregation and changes in the structure of income distribution.” (Massey, p.331)
Bumper Sticker High Poverty Rate + High Segregation Rate= Highest Levels
of Poverty Concentration
Massey uses a model to show the mechanism that leads to this situation…
Try not to have a brain hemorrhage… try to follow the logic …I am not going to show you the math and equations…if you interested you can look at the original article:
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass Author(s): Douglas S. Massey Source: The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 96, No. 2 (Sep., 1990), pp. 329-357 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable
Massey’s Model…A Picture of America…1970
Blacks not permitted into many sectors of the economy, and therefore have higher rates of poverty
Black poverty level in City X is 20%
White poverty level in City X is 10%
Picture more or less corresponds to NYC and Chicago
Massey’s Model: A city without Segregation
If Blacks & Whites live in integrated neighborhoods poverty rate in all neighborhoods is 12.5%
B=2000
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Massey’s Model…If Blacks are Barred from 4 Northern Neighborhoods…Average white environment improves as poverty reduced
All Black experience a poverty rate of 13.3% Some Whites live in neighborhoods with 10% poor (no
Blacks)…on average White are in neighborhoods with poverty rate of 12.2%
B=0
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As segregation increases, so does level of poverty in Black communities…while level in White communities drops
All Whites live in segregated community…White poverty is 10%...so that is the avg. for each neighborhood
All Blacks live in segregated community…Black poverty is 20%...so that is the avg. for each neighborhood
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Now add class segregation to racial segregation…
Middle class blacks leave poorest neighborhoods
Class segregation reduces poverty in the non-poor neighborhoods and increases it on the poor sides…
Watch…
Racial Segregation w/ Class Segregation & Poor Blacks become concentrated in HIGH POVERTY NEIGHBORHOODS
Poor blacks concentrated in high poverty areas
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Now add class segregation to racial segregation…
Class segregation reduces poverty in the non-poor neighborhoods and increases it on the poor sides…
“The imposition of racial segregation on a residential structure that is also segregated works to the detriment of poor blacks and to the benefit of poor whites”(Massey 1990: 336).
All poor Blacks end up in neighborhoods with 40% poverty
Massey’s Main Finding...
“In a segregated environment, any exogenous economic shock that causes a downward shift in the distribution of minority income (e.g., the closing of factories, the mechanization of production, the suburbanization of employment) will not only bring about an increase in the poverty rate for the group as a whole, it will also cause an increase in the geographic concentration of poverty” (Massey 1990: 337).
The economic shock is concentrated… “confined to a small number of minority neighborhoods; the greater the segregation, the smaller the number of neighborhoods absorbing the shock, and the more severe the resulting concentration of poverty”(Massey
1990: 337)
Can anyone interpret this?
A Tangle of Pathology…Business Failure
“A major consequence of any downward shift in the distributional structure of black income is a reduction in buying power in neighborhoods where poor blacks live” (Massey 1990: 344).
No race and class segregation, the loss of buying power is dispersed across the city
With race and class segregation, the loss of buying power is concentrated in a few neighborhoods
“In poor neighborhoods, therefore, retail profits fall, services are cut back, and businesses inevitably close…”(Massey 1990: 345)
“Racial segregation takes the overall loss in Black income, concentrates it spatially, and focuses on fragile neighborhoods that are least able to absorb it”(Massey 1990: 345)
A Tangle of Pathology…Housing Deterioration
Homeowners less able to make repairs Can’t afford repairs…Supply stores close
Landlords can’t recover costs of building maintenance
Buildings are abandoned…neighborhoods deteriorate
A Tangle of Pathology… Everything becomes more concentrated
Percentage of welfare dependent families increases
Percentage of female headed families increases
Mortality risks increase Lack of health care Unhealthy behavior
Education suffers Support for schools comes from local sources…
decline in neighborhood reduces school funding
Crime rates increase…note next slide
“A Tangle of Pathology”
“Racial segregation is the structural condition imposed on blacks that makes intensely deprived communities possible, even likely. When racial segregation occurs in the class-segregated environment of the typical American city, it concentrates income deprivation within a small number of poor black areas and generates social and economic conditions of intense disadvantage” (Massey 1990: 350).
“These conditions are mutually reinforcing and cumulative, leading directly to the creation of underclass communities typified by high rates of family disruption, welfare dependence, crime, mortality, and educational failure”(Maseey 1990: 350)
Outline
Doug Massey and Segregation
Fundraising Trip to Campus
My Mistake…Didn’t give you credit for the following… MUST HAND IN AGAIN Week 5 Poverty and Self Interest Sociology 315 Assignment Week 5 Readings Due on Tuesday (2/9/10)
1. In chapter 4, Rank argues that is in everyone’s self interest to conclude that “widespread poverty within our border is…unwise, unjust, and intolerable”(Rank 2005: 87). His first line of argument involves the risk of poverty across the American life course. For this question please describe what is meant by the term “life course” and explain how the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) allows researchers to study the life course.
Creating a Segregated America Deliberate private and public choices made by
Whites…
You can’t just wave a magic wand an undo this…CensusScope -- Segregation: Dissimilarity Indices The dissimilarity index (D), which may be interpreted as the proportion of the
minority racial/ethnic group of interest (m) that would need to move across sub-units in order to achieve an even distribution, is given by
Isolation Indices by Year
1930 1970 1990
Chicago 8.1% 89.2% 83.9%
Philly 11.7 75.6 72.2%
Avg 31.7 73.5 64.9%
Strategies are effective…1933 Sociological Study of Chicago
Immigrant enclaves were never homogenous Always other nationalities
Ethnics are never a majority of neighborhood Except Poles, 54% Blacks were, 82% of population
Most European Did not live in the Ethnic Hood 3% of Irish did.. 50% of Italians did… 93% of Blacks did…
European Ethnic Enclaves as Transition to Suburbs Blacks find it hard to leave ghetto…
Massey’s Main Finding...
“In a segregated environment, any exogenous economic shock that causes a downward shift in the distribution of minority income (e.g., the closing of factories, the mechanization of production, the suburbanization of employment) will not only bring about an increase in the poverty rate for the group as a whole, it will also cause an increase in the geographic concentration of poverty” (Massey 1990: 337).
The economic shock is concentrated… “confined to a small number of minority neighborhoods; the greater the segregation, the smaller the number of neighborhoods absorbing the shock, and the more severe the resulting concentration of poverty”(Massey
1990: 337)
Can anyone interpret this?
Continued Segregation
5. Massey suggests that it is a fundamental myth that the era of racial segregation is over. Please present one piece of statistical evidence that supports this claim.
Continued Segregation
South Africa and the US…
Continued Segregation
CensusScope -- Segregation: Dissimilarity Indices
The dissimilarity index (D), which may be interpreted as the proportion of the minority racial/ethnic group of interest (m) that would need to move across sub-units in order to achieve an even distribution, is given by
Continued Segregation
6. Massey notes that a variety of explanations for why segregation persists. He dismisses several common explanations and offers others.
Anyone recall some of the dismissed theories…
Not just class or income...Interpret this chart please…
Even Affluent Blacks are Segregated
Not Black Preference to live in segregated neighborhoods…
Continued Segregation
6. Massey notes that a variety of explanations for why segregation persists. He dismisses several common explanations and offers others. Please summarize one of the explanations that he offers. Be sure to cite the text in your answer.
Why Segregation: Most Whites Prefer to Live in Neighborhoods that are Mostly White
A lot of Whites prefer no Blacks…or other minorities
Experiment, December 2001 American Sociological Review So how come Whites don’t seem to want
to live with Blacks
Is race the factor, or concerns about crime, schools etc. that White’s may associate with Black stereotypes?
Experiment, December 2001 American Sociological Review Random Sample of Whites asked:
“Imagine that you are looking for a new house and that you have two school aged children. You find a house that you like much better than any other house- it has everything you’d been looking for, it is close to work, and it within your price range.”
Asked with random combinations of following: Public schools (low, medium, high) Neighborhood is [5% to 100%] Black, Asian, Hisp Property Values are [declining, stable, increasing] Crime rate is [low, average, high]
Experiment, Findings
Puzzle: Is race the factor, or crime, schools etc.
Findings:
Regardless of racial/ethnic make up of neighborhood, no one wants high crime, bad schools
Percent Of Asians and Hispanic, no effect on choice
Percent Of Blacks has effect, even when schools good, property up, crime low
If 35% Black, Whites would not buy If 35% Asian or Hispanic, Whites would buy
Conclusion: Stereotypes & prejudice persist
Experiment, Findings
What made Whites more likely to buy when Blacks were present: Number of Black friends they had
Suggests Contact reduces prejudice Integrated schools Affirmative Action in college
Another Explanation….Old fashioned Discrimination
Residential Segregation: Why? Old fashioned Discrimination
U.S Government Experiments: Paired Samples
Blacks discriminated against by Realtors & Others
56% of the time in rental market
59% of the time in home sales 15% told nothing available Shown 18% fewer units 21% steered to minority
neighborhoods…in my case away
Continued Segregation
7. Massey presents several ways that segregation perpetuate disadvantage. Please explain two ways that segregation perpetuates disadvantage. Make sure that one of your explanations addresses the concentration of poverty. Be sure to cite the text in your answer.
Segregation and Disadvantage
Segregation and Disadvantage
Segregation and Disadvantage
Segregation and Opporunity
So what can be done to eliminate concentrations of poverty that limit opportunity for many Black Americans?
Have you heard anyone talk about this…in NJ the talk is about opposing it
Fundraising and a Trip to Campus
For each task you volunteer for and complete, I’ll give ¼ point on your assignment grade
Fundraising new information or loose ends Change jars; Track; Lacrosse, other?
Trip to Campus Spring Carnival
1. Describe your feelings about your community activity. Is it what you expected? Is it worthwhile? Why or why not?
2. Please describe the most fulfilling thing that you have experienced while with the afterschool program.
3. Please describe the most challenging thing that you have experienced while with the afterschool program.
4. Are there things that you have learned from the children or others that you work with at Chester Eastside Ministries? If so, what?
5. What have you learned about yourself from this experience? Have you learned any new skills or developed a new interest? Has the experience challenged or made you question any ideas that you previously held?
6. Has your community activity helped you learn something new about poverty in America? Has it raised any new questions in your mind?
Next…
Poverty and Family