Outer Planet Communication Technologies Radio Science · Future Radio Science Technologies •...
Transcript of Outer Planet Communication Technologies Radio Science · Future Radio Science Technologies •...
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Outer Planet Communication Technologies andRadio Science
Joseph Lazio, Les Deutsch, Stephen Townes
© 2018 California Institute of Technology. Government sponsorship acknowledged.
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j p l . n a s a . g o v
The Interplanetary Network View
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OPAG Technology Forum 2
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Planetary Sciences Vision 2050 3
Exciting and Ambitious!We Have a Challenge …
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MRO (max)
Remote Sensing at Other Planets as at Earth
DATARATES
(bits/s)1E+04 1E+05 1E+06 1E+07 1E+08
Data for Science
Direction of IncreasingData Richness
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Cassini(max)
OPAG Technology Forum
Synthetic Aperture Radar, Hyper-Spectral Imagers, High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, …
Flyby, Orbit, Land, Rove, …
Required Improvement
✔ ✔/2 ✔
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History of Downlink Difficulty
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Equi
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108
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Mas
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64-m
An
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Cod
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Sp
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Ante
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Arra
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1st flyby of Mars
1st gravity assist to visit multiple
planets: Mercury and Venus
1st close-up study of outer
planets
Jupiter orbiter
Ka-B
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Saturn orbiter
Ka-b
and
Arra
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TV relayed by satellite
1st Mini Computer
1st Cell Phone
IBM PC Released
Internet made Public
1st Hand-Held GPS Receiver
iPhone Released
Discovery of 1,000th planet
1st US Spacecraft to fly
by the Moon
History to date:Performance has improved by 1013 so far
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Ice Giant Mission Concepts
OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only. 6
Neptune Orbiter with Probe, SEP,
and 50 kg payload
Uranus Orbiter with Probe and 50 kg
payloadCassini with Huygens Probe
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Ice Giant Mission ConceptsWhy Do I Care?
OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only. 7
Neptune Orbiter with Probe, SEP,
and 50 kg payload
Uranus Orbiter with Probe and 50 kg
payload
• More capable instrumentsHigher spectral resolution spectrometers, higher spectral resolution mass spectrometers, higher angular resolution imager
30 km spatial resolution on a moon vs. 100 km spatial resolution
• More capable missionsStereo vision on a moon via multiple looks
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Decade 0.5+: 10× Improvement over Today
OPAG Technology Forum 8
• Remove bottlenecks on spacecraft and DSN
– Universal Space Transponder (UST)
– Common Platform DSN signal processor
• Increase use of Ka band (32 GHz)over X band (8 GHz)
– Factor ~ 4× improvementcf. Cassini, Juno Radio Science
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Decade 0.5+: 10× Improvement over Today
OPAG Technology Forum 9
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+ +• Antenna arraying– DSN Aperture Enhancement Project
emplacing additional 34m antennas
– Provides backup for 70 m as well as arraying beyond 70 m
DSS-56 foundationMadrid
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DSN Aperture Enhancement Project (through 2025)Deep Space Network
10Canberra Goldstone Madrid
+ backend digital signal processing
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International Deep Space Network
New NorciaCebrerosMalargüe
CanberraGoldstone
Madrid
UsudaUchinoura Byalalu
11OPAG Technology Forum
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Indicates flow of water before the mountain formedStrata at Base of Mt Sharp
OPAG Technology Forum 12
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The DSN and the Interplanetary Internet
OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only. 13
Extends today’s Internet across the Solar System
Mars
Titan
Icy Moon
Moon
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z
High Performance Optical Terminal
To be demonstrated on Pysche
Hybrid RF/Optical Antenna
Potential reuse of existing infrastructure, in development today
Dedicated 12m Stations
NASA + International partnerships
Decade 2+: 100× Improvement over TodayDedicated Comm Relays
Extend the Internet to Mars and enable public engagement
14OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only.
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Laser Communication
Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC) to be demonstrated!
OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only.
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DSOC Overview
Photon-Counting Camera
Isolation Pointing Assembly
Point-Ahead Mirror
Single strut photoflight-like electronics
FLIGHT LASER TRANSCEIVER (FLT)
Electron microscope detail of 320 µm active area tungsten silicide (WSi) superconducting nanowire single photon
detector (SNSPD) array
Laser Transmitter Average Power 4 W
Packaged Nanowire Array
GROUND TECHNOLOGYAluminum Optical Transceiver
Assembly
SiC Flight Laser Transceiver (FLT)
DSOC Technologies & Advances
Palomar Observatory/Hale Telescope 5 m
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High Performance Optical Terminal
To be demonstrated on Pysche
Hybrid RF/Optical Antenna
Potential reuse of existing infrastructure, in development today
Dedicated 12m Stations
NASA + International partnerships
Decade 2+: 100× Improvement over TodayDedicated Comm Relays
Extend the Internet to Mars and enable public engagement
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… In the Inner Solar System
OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only.
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OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only. 18
… In the Outer Solar SystemDecade 2+: 100× Improvement over Today
Increased Data Volume
Laser Communication
??SMAP 6 m antenna (NG
Astro.)
• Diameter (6 m?)• Mass• Surface accuracy• Pointing and stability• …?
Radio Frequency Communication
• Diameter (50 cm?)• Pointing• Laser power?• Spacecraft isolation• …?
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Radio ScienceApparent even with early missions that occultations by planetary atmospheres would affect radio communications• Mio dio! Tragedy!• Or one person’s annoyance is
another’s data --- Study atmospheric properties!
“Occultation Experiment: Results of the First Direct Measurement of Mars's Atmosphere and Ionosphere” (Kliore et al. 1965, Science)
• Can also study planetary interior! Turn the DSN+spacecraft
into one giant science instrument
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Radio Science in the Outer Solar System
OPAG Technology ForumPre-decisional - For planning and discussion purposes only.
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Future Radio Science
Technologies• Simultaneous dual
frequency links (Cassini, Juno use X- and Ka bands)to difference the Doppler and cancel dispersive noise effects
• Water vapor radiometer to calibrate Earth’s tropospheric noise contribution
“We have identified 12 priority science objectives for ice giant exploration. […] The two most important objectives relate to the formation, structure, and evolution of ice giants (…): • Constrain the structure and
characteristics of the planet’s interior, including layering, locations of convective and stable regions, and internal dynamics.
• Determine the planet’s bulk composition ….Ice Giants Pre-Decadal Study Final Report
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Interiors of Moons: Earth’s MoonRadio Science
GRAIL mission made precise measurements of separation between two spacecraft orbiting the Moon• Changes in separation due to acceleration of one
of the spacecraft
• Changes in acceleration result from changes in mass along spacecraft trajectory
• Could also use small spacecraft to study planetary atmospheres
Role for small spacecraft in outer solar system?
OPAG Technology Forum 22
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Conclusions
Ambitious science missions realized iffsufficient data returnedCommunication technologies improvements possible over next decadesRadio Science making and will continue to make valuable contributions
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DSN Now
The DSN as a Science Instrument 24http://eyes.nasa.gov/dsn/dsn.html