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OUTDOORSMAN

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OUTDOORSMAN

Outdoorsman can be fun if you are prepared, or impossible if

you are unprepared. .

• Review knife and saw safety.

Do some basic lashings.

Use plaster of Paris to cast animal tracks.

• Do a scavenger hunt (leaves, lichens, seeds, rocks, etc.).

• Lay a trail with rocks, sticks, grass, etc.

• Have scouts crawl on their bellies, hands and knees, stooped

and standing up over a grassy area to allow them to see from

an animal's point of view.

fl • Discuss ways to tell direction without a compass.

Discuss what goes into a personal first-aid kit.

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KNOW HOW TO MSE KUli CABE FOR A KNIFE

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rTO OPEN

Put your thumbnail in the slot of the blade. Keep the fingers away fromthe cutting edgs. Pull the blade all the way open.

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TO CLEAN

Drop machine oil on hinge, work blade a few

times. Hold cleaning cloth at the back of

the blade, not the cutting edge. Wipe

carefully across the whole blade.

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TO USE

Sit on ground Indian fashion, not on. logs or bench. Clench handle with your

whole hand. Always push knife avsy from you. Keep at least an arm's length

from anyone else. Don't place thumb on blade.

TO CLOSE

Hold the handle firmly with one hand. With the fingers of your other hand,

push the blade. The knife will close half way. Then push the blade again.

The knife will snap shut.

Sharpening Knife - Slide blade on stone in circular motion, with pressure

toward back of blade. Turn blade over and repeat in opposite direction.

Passing Open Knife - Not a good idea. ' Close knife to pass.

Don11 carry an open knife. Don't hammer with a knife.

Don't run blade into ground. Don't push knife blade shut with thumb.

Don't use knife for a screwdriver.

Great River G.S.Module -24-

" *" i CAMFCRAFT

n-crnft is the1 art or skill of being a good camper. Familiarity with the few--•ic tools and the development of a few basic skills are important steps in be-

::*ji|C a good camper. Here are some suggestions to give you confidence in help-

• ,- children become good campers.

| HOW TO USE KNIVES, SAWS, AXES, AND HATCHETS(Worlds to Explore Handbook and Cadette Girl Scout Handbook)

*• proper use of knives and hatchets is a sign of a good woodsman, and a Girl Scout.:4«jg herself on!being able to handle thei>: well and with cara. They are carried

r uae, not be piay. They are kept in good condition, clean and sharp, and are••4 ir such a wa^ that neither the user nor anyone near by may be injured by them.

«y are never used by Girl Scouts to strip bark from any tree or to disfigure

-cp»rty*

• uaing a Knife:

Whittle or cut away from the body

Keep the fingers behind the blade

Do not carry an open knife in the hand

Keep the knife clean; boil or scald the blades before cutting food with them;

keep tho knife out of the fire

Do not hajnraer with the handle of the knife and do not drive it into a stick by

hammering on the back of it

Do not pry things open with the blade or use it as a screwdriver

Know how to sharpen the blades properly and how to keep them sharp- A dullknife is harder to handle than a sharp one. A small pocket whetstone is easy

to carry.

To open a jacknife, hold it in one hand, put your other thumbnail in the slot

and swing the blade out until it clicks in place

Closing the jacknife (pg 378, Worlds to Explore Handbook) Hold the handle ofthe jacknife in one hand witU_tb« sharp cutting side of the knife upward. Withthe fingers of your other hand, push the blade. The knife will close halfway.

Then push the blade again. The knife will snap shut. Always be sure your

fingers are away from the cutting edge.

. In passing a knife (pg. 378, Worlds to Explore Handbook) If you are using ajacknife, close it before you pass it. If you are using other knives such as

paring knives, grasp the blade along the dull edge and pass the handle to theother person. In this way you have control of the sharp edge of the knife.Keep your knife in your pocket when you are not using it or make a lanyard orsennit of macrame and hang your knife from your belt.

:j jJsing an Ax or Hatchet• . "~ In carrying an ax or hatchet always protect the blade with a sheath or guard.

Carry an ax by grasping the handle close to the ax head with the blade down

and outward.

In chopping, Gee that a clear space encircles you, both around and above you.

The chopper is responsible for others who may pass by.

Always chop wood in such a position that the ax or hatchet will not strike the

body if it should slip. Your feet are apart, and your weight distributed even

ly so that the axe will slip between your legs if it misses the log. Your eyes

must be always on the spot ycu want to hit. If you look at your foot when the

axe is coming down, you are likely to hit that foot.

t. Whon dropping down a tree, a branch, or a sapling with an axe, take pains to

cut away all the twigs and foliage-so that the ax will not touch anything when

it is swung. Even a small twig may deflect it and cause an injury.

16-12

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In Using an Ax or Hatchet (cont) " ■ ., - - - .Jl Always use a low, solid stationary chopping block or log as a base when split-

ting woodbr kindling, . .-. ^^'i' :U :* •'• «^-":"v'"-''6. Do not hold a stick of wood in one hand and chop with the, other.

7. Be sure that the head of the ax or hatchet is on firmly.

In Using, a Saw:1. Palli don't push a saw.

2. Brace your wood so it con't move. ,.. ■

J, A sharp blade will work better than a dull one! "

Girl Scouts of Southwestern

CampA978

16-13

Flrebuildintt & Methods of Cocking

The kind of fire needed for cooking depends upon many factors - thsof fuel available, weather conditions of the immediate surroundings, the ™* olfirsplaee to be used, the kinds of cooking to be dons and, perhaps most important,

ths ability of the builders.

r Allow ample time for the following: '- selection and gathering of the proper kind of wood,, if using wood.

• Construction of fireplace and fires,

r - Preparation of food.

- A leisurely meal*- Proper and thorough clean-up.

for amr

1. If a ready made fire area or fireplace is not »™U»^«rt?2 •£ «£•clearing. Have overhead clearance, too. Clear space down todirt. Savssod to replace later. Rocks (not sandstone) or green logs should be placed

2. ESorS 2LSK vfSZXtiZ pl»t7 of2. ESorS 2LSK vfS pfl bucket and broom or shovel on hand.Lj 3. Build the fire with the wind at your back to provide draft.

6. A SiTSSSfkll- with «t.r i. eon«nl«t to tar. «« th. fir. tocontrol flames*

building or tending a fire. ,,4*4_9. Pot holders should be large and in good condition

Oven mitts should be in- good soadition also.

to Bttilil » fir* uaing wood:

- a ■ssrcaar-srfa. tu.

3. if w££r i» dampfthe dri.-t wood v±U b. found « tr-«, not

foundation fir* - to. thra. pi*..» of kindling to for. •» A -

^ld Omn on oatoh befor* placing it again-t tind«r. Bwak match i

6. mrtnff^'iTS;. gradu^ add progr.a.lvl, 1-rg.r pi.c« of kindling and wood until you have the desired fire.

8, To extinguian a lire, eprwi co-ao, °***14*r'' —~7 v 1

cool enough that the hand can be hsld on thea, the ashesburied. Remains of fire should be buried or removed*

16-17 9. Use Just enough fuel for your cooking needs.

Firebuilding and Methods of Cooking

How to Btiild a Fire Using Charcoal \ "./'"»

1. Use small twigs, tiny trench candles or fire starters to begin. Put the

*K-y charcoal on top of this,2. Light the fire starter or twigs and add charcoal as the fire catches.

Blow at base if necessary.3. When the fire is ready, charcoal will be grey-white in daylight, red at

If. To^xtinguish fire, cover with sand or dirt or water. The charcoal canbe dried out and used again.

[ 5. Keep charcoal in a dry place between using. It absorbs moisture, and isI hard to light when damp. _

6. Quick method to start the charcoal - use a charcoal chimney placed wher^r ever your fire is to be built. Using a #10 can remove the top and bottom

of it. Punch holes around the bottom with a beer can °Pen£% j*£* fS^.1 starters and charcoal in can. Ught starters. Coals should ignite rapidly.

When charcoal is ready, remove chimney with pliers. Warning: it will be

N very hot.

How to Build a Fire Using Paper

P Newspapers may be used to make a fire which will cook food. It produces considerable smoke, but is usable and inexpensive.

The fuel is made by any of the following methods:

1. Roll paper tightly, soak in water, .1?*2. Roll paper, soak in water, twist tightly, let dry.51 Soak paper in water, make into tightly compressed balls, let dry.

Fire Starters

i Pudsies or fire kisses - cover bottom of cake pan with sawdust. MeltX* ^0%^paraffin. Pour over ^J^«**«~jEZ

or three eighths inch. When hard, cut in squares.

2 ^Lip^ip^asket into splinters about 2 Inches long. Tie In small££ £ dl enda or ffi *" *»• paCk ta *3"ta£ p

inum foil or a tin box.

3. Small pieces of waxed cartons.

How to Make Trench Candles

Place a narrow strip of cloth or twisted string (for a wick)on the end of 6 to 10 layers of newspaper. Roll paper tightly,

leaving 3/V' of wick extending at each end. Tie rollV|f^mJy^string atV to 6" intervals. Cut one inch above each tied placeand cut sections into cone shape. Pull center string to top ofcone to serve as wick. Soak cut sections in melted was. Whenthoroughly dry these trench candles make excellent fuel to useunder ?in^ca7atoves. Bits of candles are also practical to useas tinder for starting fires when wood is damp.

16-18

HCW TO MAKE A BUDDY BURNER

Select a small tin can that will fit inside

your tin can stove (a tuna fish or small

salmon can is an excellent size). Take acardboard strip Ykn wider than the height

of the can and roll it into a coil that

fits loosely into the can. Pour melted

wax or paraffin to fill the can and let

it harden. The coil of cardboard should

extend over the whole surface so that, when

lighted, the flame will burn over the en

tire area.

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HOW TO MAKE A TIN CAN STOVE

With a pair of tin shears, cut two openings

in a #10 can, one for fuel and one for a

chimney (see illustration). 3e sure to

burn and wipe lacquer off top of can before

using it for cooking. Handle with care when

hot.

HCW TO MAKE A CHARCOAL STOVE

Use #10 can. Cut top of can out. Use beer

can opener and make two holes on either side

of can to be used to secure wire for the

handle. Make holes around bottom of can

for draft. Cut wire mesh approximately 6'1x 8", bend ends under about 3" on each side*

This is done to make the mesh stand in can

thus allowing draft underneath charcoal which

is placed on mesh.

Fire can be put out safely and quickly by

pouring water on partially burned charcoal.

Let dry and reuse.

SAFETY FOR USE OF CHARCOAL STOVES & BUDDY BURNERS

At least three feet should be allowed between stoves or burners. The groundwhere they are used should be level and clear of dried leaves and twigs.Stoves may be very hot. Do not move unless with heavy pot holders or pliers.

HOW TO MAKE A REFLECTOR OVEN

The reflector oven may be purchased from most stores carrying camp equipment.However it is often much more fun to make your own. The following ideas may

help you create your own oven:

- Cut in half diagonally and line a cardboard box with aluminum foil, shinyside out. Place green sticks or wires from side to side in the middle ofthe box to make a shelf - cover it with foil. Brace the box at the frontand back with rocks or sticks so it won't move.

- Take a sheet of heavy aluminum foil about 20" by 14". Fold in half. Openup to form a right angle. Fit two pieces of foil into each open end ofthe large piece of foil. Fold together the foil of the large piece andthe end pieces to make the sides. Anchor with a rock with the open oven

facing the fire. Improvise a rack to hold the fold using rocks, sticksand/or cans. The heat will reflect from the foil oven down and up toward

the rack.

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Place sticks in the ground and line with aluminum foil, shiny side towardsfix*. This makes a backdraft to reflect heat. Place food to be cooked ona rock or other base between foil and fire. ** . '

*•* , "5

A collapsible oven may be made from 5 cookie sheets and twelve bolts with

ls nuts* ,. ma) two sheets serve as sides of oven when standing on endb) two sheets serve as top and bottom reflectors

c) the fifth sheet is the trayc) the f

Measure carefully so sheets (b) which form a "V" fit very tightly «*f^iTlevel. Punch holes for bolts to hold trays in place. Bolts can be^ovti^irays ^cked flat for carrying. Strait^(^o- coat hanger)can be used to support tray (c). Put them inati i a

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COOKING

For added fun in cooking try making your own utensils. A few suggestions:

For toasting or broiling

For frying use aluminum foil wrapped

around a forked stick

t. ;■•

HOW TO MAKE NCN-LIQCID FIRE STAPTr.RS:

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Candle Kisses: Break or cut household paraffin or old candles

into 1" chunks. Wrap each chunk in a piece of

wax paper and twist both ends.

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Trench Candles: Cut 6-10 layers of newspaper into 4-5'* strips,

rlcicts a pi^ce of twisted string or cloth for a

wick and roll into candles and tie with 3tring or

twine. Dip "candle11 into melted wax or paraffin

and allow to dry.

3. Egg-Carton and Sawdust; Fill cups with sawdust cr wood shavings.

Pour ir.elt^d paraffin in each cup. A twine wick may

be .added.

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4. Fudgics: Cover bottom of cake pan with sawdust. Melt candle ends or

paraffin. Pour over sawdust to depth of 3/8". When

hard cut in squares and pack in aluminum foil or a

tin cau.

To waterproof matches—dip ends in clear nail polish—let dry—store in water

proof container.

Giri Scouts of Southwestern Pennsylvania

Training - September 1983

-40-

OUTDOOR RECIPES

Many "indoor" recipes are equally goodfoxuoutdoor cooking. Progression in foodpreparation like all other forms"oTTrogreasion are based on a girl1 a readiness and

experience.

SIMPIE ONE POT MEAL3 (Us* one big pot or 3-lb. or 1-lb. shortening or coffee candepending on portions to be cooked)

SLUSHING BUKXY (Simple One-Pot Meal) Recipe for 12

k Tablespoons margerine

4 Tablespoons flourl(31b 3oz)or 5&OJ4 oz)cans concentrated Tomato Soup

yi lb. diced cheese

Salt and pepper

2*t slices toast or crackers

Melt margerine and blend in flour. Add undiluted soup and heat thoroughly. Addcheese and heat until melted. SerTB on toast.

OTHER SIMPIE CNE-PCT MEALS INCLUDED ON SEPARATE SHEET.

PCfP OF GOLD (More advanced one-pot) Recipe for 8

Mix 2 cups Biaquick with water to make a stiff dough. Make balls with piece ofcheese in center of each. Heat 2 cans of tomato soup and 2 cans of milk (or water,US cans) to boiling. Add dumplings. Cover and simmer for 15 minates.

CHICKEN STEW (More advanced one-pot) Recipe for 8

Heat in large covered kettle 1 can chicken noodle soup or 1 can chicken rice soup,1 can peas, 1 can boned chicken or equivalent ci* up chicken and 2 cups wftef\Mix 2 cups Bisqulck with water to a stiff dough and drop by spoonsfuls onto boiling

stew. Cover and simmer 15 minutes.

RING-TUM-DIDDY (More advanced one-pot) Recipe for 12

1 lb. bacon diced 2 (1 lb. 3 oz) can tomatoes2 large green peppers Salt and pepper3 medium onions ^ Id. American cheese

2 (1 lb. 3 oa) can corn

Pry diced bacon. Remove from pot - add onion and green pepper and saute until soft.Add tomatoes and corn, season. Bdd cheese and heat thoroughly until cheese melts.

ALUMINUM FOIL COOKING (Wrap food portions in heavy aluminum or 2 sheets regularaluminum foil. Cook over coals or on grate over charcoal.;

GRINDERS Recipe for 6

1 lb. chopped bologna or luncheon meat Combine all ingredients and spread on2 Cups shredded American cheese split hamburger °* *»t-dog rorLB* mA6 tablespoons mayonaise Wrap and heat until chedse is melted.2/3 cup pickle relish

OTHER ALUMINUM FOIL DIMNESS MAY INCLUDE:

1." Hamburger, 1 slice onion, 1 slice potato, 1 slice carrr*. (20 minutes)2. 1 slice of ham or Spam, 1 ring pineapple, 1 teaspoon tr-^n sugar (10 minutes)3. 1 piece chicken, % tomato, 1 carrot sliced, 2 tablespoons minute rice, salt and

pepper (30 minutesh. 1 potato (cut large potato in half) 30 minutes

Outdoor Recipes - cont'd.

STICS COOKING (More advanced)

MEAT ON A STICK

2 lbs. ground beef Mix beef, egg, crumbs and season.

1 egg beaten Using 1 tablespoon of mixture, form

ft cup bread crumbs small balls and thread on sticks. CookSalt, and ^rp^er 3 inches from heat.Tomato wedges, pieces of onion

or greenrpepper

SIMPLE! DESSERTS

COUNTRY SODAS

Insert a candy stick in whole orange which has been rolled to ™»Va it juicy..

SOME MORES

Place 1 toasted majshnw How and 1 piece chooolate bar'between graham crackers.

BANANA BOATS

Peel inner curve of banana. Cut out 3-1 inch sections. In cavity place a

marshmallow with a square of sweet chocolate on each side. Cover with peeling .

or wrap in aluminum foil. Heat slowly until .soft.

MOCK ANGEL FOCD CAKE

Cut unsliced dry bread in 1)4» cubes. Roll in sweetened condensed milk- Roll

ijx shredded coconut or cinnamon sugar. Toast on sticks. If bread is cut in•ticks Vfif* x 3" it may be toasted on grate of charcoal stove.

"BAKED APPIES IN ALDMINUM FOIL

Core apples, fill centers with raisins and sugar. Wrap in foil. Cook 15-20 min«

MORE ADVANCED DESSERTS

APPLESAUCE AND GINGERBREAD

Mix prepared .gingerbread * little stiff. Heat 2 cans applesauce to boiling in •large kettle, add.gingerbread.*. Cover. Heat slowly for 34 hour. Use # recipefor 31b. Crisco can. -

FRUIT COCKTAIL AND CAKE

Use white cake mix - follow^dnstaractlona. for Applesauce & Gingerbread cake.

• CRUSHED PINEAPPLE AND*<3INGERBREADPrepare as applesauce and gingerbread.

-.CRUSHED PINEAPPIE AND CAKE

Add oleo and brown sugar to pineapple JUd yello%*..cake. battex^to .hot .mixture*,

CHERIff FILLING AND CAKE

Use canned sour cherries- with sugar adde4*-JU3d> wMfc<»--cake

SLICED PEACHES AND SPICE CAKE

Use frozen or canned peaches and spice, cake. mix.

Girl Scouts of Southwestern Pennsylvania"draining

lev. 8/7?

MASTER PLAN FOR ONE POT HEALS FOR TWELVE PERSONS

Into one Pot put:

3 pounds - hamburger browned

i package - dehydrated onion*or 2 chopped fresh

- dehydrated sweet p

or 2 chopped fresh

— tomato soup

salt and pepper

3 cans

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Then add:

AMERICAN CHOP SUET

if cans spaghetti

MACARONI BEEF

1 large package of

macaroni cooked

separately.

CHILI

^ cans of red k±da#y

beans and chili powder

SPANISH RICE

1 large package of

minute rice cookad

separately

HUN'l'KH'S STEW

if cans of vegetable

soup

SQUAW CORN '

3 cans of corn and

Yz pound dioed cheese

SPAGHETTI

1 large package of

spaghetti cooked

separately. Sprinkle-

with cheese*

YOKI SPECIAL

3 cans of spaghetti

and 2 cano of peas*

HUNGARIAN HOT POT

if cans Campbell1 a

pork and beans

Girl Scouts of Southwestern Pennsylvania

Training

V77

A LOOK AT NATURE

'YOU WILL BE ASKED TO IDENTIFY, FIND, RETRIEVE, DRAW OR IN SOME MANNER EXHIBIT YOURKNOWLEDGE ABOUT NATURE. YOU HAVE 10 MINUTES IN WHICH TO ACCOMPLISH THIS TASK. ; •;

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BOUNDARIES

LEFT - STREAM :: DO NOT CROSS THE STREAM

AHEAD - ACCESS ROAD TO HIGHWAY

RIGHT - HIGHWAY

BEHIND - PAVILLON

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WHEN" YOU HERE THE WHISTLE - RETURN. TO THE STARTING POINT IMMEDIATELY

ITEM NO. DESCRIPTION

1. A stone made of sand ( 1 nugget )

2 ' Leaf from the tree which began as an acorn C 1-nugget; 2 nuggetsif you can identify as white or black and tell how you knew)

3/ Needle cluster-from a pine tree ( 1 nugget; 2 nuggets if you can

identify and tell how you knew)

4. Tree from which seed balls hang all winter - piece of bark ( 1 nugget )

5. A stone not made of sand ( 1 nugget ); identify ( 2 nuggets)

6. Identify the songs of 2 or 3 birds( 2 birds = 1 nugget; 3 birds = 2 nuggets)

7. On the back of this paper, draw the tracks you would find in the

snow, which were made by:

a deer ( 1 nugget)

a running rabbit ( 1 nugget )

8. Point out or bring back a sample of lichen ( 1 nugget)

9 Draw or describe the bud of the tree from which clothespins aremade. It is also the favorite tree of lovers on Valentines

Day. C 1 nugget)

10. EXTRA NUGGETS( BRING BACK A SAMPLE OR PIECE OF EACH) :::::::

An Acorn - ( 1 nugget)

A piece of MOSS ( 1 nugget)A Wildflower ( remains of one is fine) - ( 1 nugget)

Survival ia a word which can mean many things to many people. However, in anysense of the word, it comes down to mean two things - physical skill ability and knowleIn this respect, many of the activities for this theme can be made into games

depending on time'and availability of space. In addition, many of these activities canbe taken *from the- Wolf and Bear Cub Scout books. You should try to include some of thefollowing ones:' •-•• •

WOLF BOOK : ACHIEVEMENT 1- Feats of skill

3- Keeping healthy

Electives 4 - Games

18 - Outings

BEAR BOOK: ACHIEVEMENT 3- Using rope

5- Whittling

8- Fitness

12- Protection

Electives 1 - Skies

2 - Weather

12- Nature Craft

SURVIVAL KIT ' -*? " ~

Pose the following problem to the scouts;" If you were in the woods and got lost,

what are the things you would like to have with you to help you out until you are found

Allow the boys to make suggestions stating the reasons why they would want the objects

they suggest. Then try to help them narrow their list down to things which serve many

purposes and can be carried in their pockets or in a belt pouch. Some of these could be

pocket knife, rope or picture wire, compass, mirror, waterproff matches, dime,safetypins, band-aids,etc.

WATER PROOF MATCHES

Kitchen matches ( long wooden/strick anywhere variety) can be used as is or shorterin order to fit in a container. Melt wax in a double boiler and dip the heads in the wa:

to form a coating. This can be done either one at a time or in bunches. Another way to

do this is to coat each match with a layer of clear finger nail polish.

TRAIL MARKERS

Following trails dates.back to early man and is something we do everyday- for examc

highway signs. Pictured are some common markers used by hikers. You may want to have yc•_

scouts learn these at one meeting and then follow a trail you make at the next.

The symbc

GROUND - TO - AIR SYMBOLS

Below are several of the international symbols used in rescue operations

should be at least 10 feet across or. better for easier spotting from a plane.

' "jziii °* "»*■

These mean "This is the way."

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Turn to the left. Warning.

Short distance this *ay. 3 km to ...3

Long distance iffis way.

SIGNALING

Morse code can be sent by sound, light, or flag. To get someones attention normally

four A's are sent (.-.-.-.-) ,AR (.-.-.) says your done. To help the boys get started,

start by wmorizing the letter E,I,S,H,T,M,0 or Enemy £s Secretly Hiding Take Morse

Orders. Theae letters give the basic dot, dash letters. Start to combine them to make

words in" order to learn the others •

A

I

C

D

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F

G

H

International Morse Code

Utters

di-dah

dah-dwK-dlt

d«Jwdi-d*h-dit*

dah-di-dit .

dft

dl-di-d*h-dit

dah-dah-dit

dUdi-di-dit

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

otdelwdah-dahdah^dl-dah

di-dah-di-ditdah-dah

dafcdit

dalvdah-dah

di-dah-dakdit

dah-dah-di-dahdi-dah-dit

Numtrals

1 dWah-dah-dah-dah

, * di«dUdah-dah-dah

di-di-dt-dah-dah

^ dJ-di-di-dj-dah

5 di-di-di-di-dit

^ - <LoT * •

di-di-drt

dah

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

dah.dinJi.di.dit

dah-datwdi-di-dit

di-dah-dahdah-dl-dl-dah

dah-dMJah.dah

dah>dah-dah.dah.dit

0 da>MJah.d«h.dah-dah

SENDfNG A MORSE MESSAGE OUTDOORS

WITH A SINGLE SIGNAL FLAG

Ff«9 held

upright

indicates

the end

ofleHer.

Swing flag to left fo*iqrwl"d*h.MUt«a

figure-t- motion.

Swing flag to right to indicete "dit."

The figure-^ movement will prevent th«

flag from wrapping itself around pole.

Rag down

meant end

of e word.

KNOTS

Below are directions and uses for some fundamental 'knots used in camping and

rescue work. If doing this in- a den, have each boy bring a 6-8 foot section of rope

(not string ot twine) to use in practising.

KNOTS

THE RIGHT KNOT FOR THE RIGHT USE. The trick In knot tying

is to use the right knot and to tie It correctly. The right knot

holds when you want It to hold and unties quickly. The wrong

knot may come untied when you put a strain on it or may jam so

hard that you can't untie It. '

You can teach yourself to tie the knots by following the draw-

Ings carefully. Use real rope from the start-not string or twine.

Get hold, of a 6-foot length of 1/4-inch rope or larger

Practice tying It to a post and around yourself. To be certain

that you really know the knots, try to tie them in the dark.

SHEET BEND

to Join two rop««with« SHEET BDIO. m*k«« blflht anon» dthm rop««~hMvivoni If thay v« ofdur«r«ntthlekn«aa«a. P«a«th««ndo<th«bUc

through and around the hlgltt. than follow th« dottad mtow 11m undw the

' standing part la Uto bight. *

Th« SHEET BEND got Its mom fro« "banding" (tying) • ""haat- (a ror>hold»a sail tn place). Aah««tband lithe b«it knot to Ua tworepe. tc*jwhathar of tha mom or of dlffarantthlekMflMa. Uaad toragaa to m*x.

na«s; lt'« also callad • "waaw's knot."

BOWLINE

1T* fasten th««nd of a ropa araundyour wclst with* tOWUNE. bring tharope

around you. Mace til* and on the standing part. Holding on to both tnd and

standing part where they cross, twist your hand ovor and toward you to form

• loop In the standing part. Bring tha ropa and around tha standing part and

dowa through tha loop. Pull taut.

•OWUNE forms a loop that will not slip, ft Is an Importantrescue knot In flras,

r*-—»t«- climbing, and water accidents. Laarn to Ua It around yoursalf. than

aroond sbmaona alsa.

SQUARE KNOT . *

SQUARE KNOT Is fundamantally a binding knot. Illausad for typing up bundle«

and packages. Onshtpboaid ltls used for'reefing*-typing up-the sails. IMi

gava It Us old nama of "reef knot.* Bsaost uaportant usa Is In first aid. (or

binding up a wound with a triangular bandageorwUh a gause bandage. Ik hold*

firmly whan It la Uad right.

To tla a SQUAW KNOT, hold ona ropa and In on* hand, tha other ropa and in

thaothar. Twtatlaft-fcand rope and over, behind, and undertha right-hand rope

end. and pull taut. Once more twist tha sama ropa and over, behind, and

under, and pull taut. Whan tied correctly, tha end of each ropa lies next us

Us own standing part. .. .

TWO HALF HITCHES

TWO HALT HITCHES Is one of the simplest knots for tying a rope-such as a

clothesline or the ropa ("painter") of boat-to a pole or a ling. It forms a loop

that can be pulled tight yet which Is easily loosened again.

To fasten a ropa to a post with TWO HALT HITCHES, pass ona end of the ropa

around tha post. Bring the rope end over and under Its own standing part and

through the loop you have formed this way. Do the same once more In front ofthlsflrsthalf hitch. Again bring rope end overand under tha standing part and

rough tha loop farmed. . :

TAUT-LINE HITCH

TAUT-UNE HITCH la the bast hitch to usa for yourtant guy Unas. H fora*

loop that does not slip by Itself as long as the ropa Is taut, yet slips easi.

when you push knot up or down. ltls also Important In rescue workwhan a

necessary to tie a loop on a line that U taut. ':"*-' "'■» \

To tie a TAUT-LWE HITCH, pass the ropa through tha eye or around the pc

to which you.want to attach It. Carry ropa end around tha standing part tvn:

and through the loop thus formed. Then carry tha ropa end around once •--.

time and pull taut, finally adjust tha knot.

The short^ 'free part of the rope Is called the end. The rest ofthe rope is the standing part. When you bend the end so thatit lies beside the standing part, you have a bight. By crossing the end over the standing part you make a loop. If youbring the end through the loop, you have made an overhandknot-or a half hitch if around a post. .All knots are made by

- combining bights, loops, or overhand taWlndifferent ways.

CLOVE HiTCJ.

CLOVE HITCH 1. tha most Important knot fw^^\*"VU"■Sir". tog and finishing most lashings that hold poles and timbers togeth-r.

To attach.ropa toapon or raU with

around the pole and lay U over Its own standing^^ V£more around the pole. Finish by carrying the end under the ropeSg7t«1hVhitch as much a. possible., "Hitch- U the nama for afor fastening a ropa to ^ot :

FINDING YOUR WAY

EAST TO THE LEFT OF ME (ELM)- to find directions without a compass remember ELM.

If it is morning and the sun is still rising, stand with your shoulder (left side) towax

the sun. Your left side is then East, your right is WEST, your nose is SOUTH, and North

behind you.In the afternoon, position your right shoulder to the sun or WEST, and the

relationship still holds. YES - it worJc3 with the moon also. "'

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SHADOWS (A) - About mid-morning, drive a stake in the ground. At the end of its

shadow drive another stake. Tie a string to the first s

and with the string and a stick, draw a circle using th

distance from the first stake to the second as the radi

As the sun rises, the shadow will get smaller inside th

circle.In the afternoon, the shadow will elongate and v

reaches the circle, mark this point with a third stake,

your string and stretch it from stake 2 to stake 3. Div

this distance in half. Then lay the string between sta

2 and 3 as before. A line drawn from the half-way mark

of the string to. stake 1 is a North-South line. The lin

will only be a few degrees of when compared to a compas

(B) - Take a thin stick and place it in the ground so t

ie casts a faint shadow ( this works on overcast days

as well as sunny ones). Place your watch next to the st:

so that the shadow lines up with the hour hand on the v

A line half-way between the hour hand and the number 12

will point south. If you have a digital watch, you have

to approximate the positions on the watch.

NIGHT SKIES (A) The North Star, Polaris, Jaes-directly

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beneath the North Pole. It is found by tracing"ia^l

from the two end stars of the cup to themeact^hicightes-

star above the cup - about 2-3 distances dErom0otnr:.-^outstretched thumb to your middle finger held^=££3aim'slength. It also lies just off the end of the little

dippers handle. Another way to find it is by the consta

Cassiopeia which looks like a spread out W or M depend!

on the time of year and time of night.

(30) - Another unique way to tell directions at night fr

the stars is as follows; drive a stake into the ground

so that it is at eye level and in an open area. Drive

another taller stake behind the first one .so that the t

tips line up with a bright star. After several minutes,

the star appears to move ( really the earth is what mov

If your, star moves up, you are facing east; moves down,

you are facing West;moves right,you are facing South;

moves left, you face north.

MOTHER NATURE - The idea that moss grows only on the r.

side of trees is true under certain conditions. However

given enough shade and moisture, it will grow around th

entire tree. In higher elevations, deciduous trees ( th

that loose their leaves) grow on southern slopes and pi

are found mostly on northern slopes. A tree will be muc

bushier on the southern facing side than the northern s

Likewise, leaves tend to be smaller on the southern sid

than the northern side of a tree. Lastly, animals on hi

in trees, etc. build their nests or entranceways facing

a southern exposure.

F COMMON FIRST AID

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- bleeding from open wounds should first be washed to'make sure it is clean.^ Controll of the bleeding, is by placing a cleancloth over the wound and

Pinching.-or squeezing the wound shut with pressure. The wound should beltd above the heart until bleeding stops.

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BURNS - First degree' ( red skin) and second degree ( blisters form) burns are treatby flooding the burnt area with cold water, blot dry, and apply a sterile

dressing. For severe second and third (cooked flesh) burns, the victim needs

medical attention. Do not remove clothing adhering to the burnt area or floe

with cold water. Cover the wound with a clean cloth and transport to a doctc

SHOCK - Signs are: pale skin, skin cold to touch, pulse rate increases ( over 100)

and is faint, breathing shallow and quick, eyes appear sunken, vacantexpression and widely dilated pupils.

Treatment: If no bone breakage or spinal injury, lay victim on back,

elevate feet about 12 inches, cover to keep warm, send for help.

BROKEN BONES - Do not attempt to reset: immobilize fracture with a splint and bind

to body if necessary; carry victim out of area or send" for helpA

CAUTIONS '~..*.

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CHOKING - Most people recommend that you not hit someone on the back if they are

coughing and breathing normally. Hitting them could lodge the obstruction

as easy as knocking it loose. If getting breath seek medical help,

Never stick fingers in mouth to dislodge particle.

BLEEDING - Do not apply a tourniquet except as a last resort, i.e. the bleeding is

so bad that pressure will not stop it and the victim is in danger of

bleeding to death. The decision to apply a tourniquet is a decision to

risk the serifice of a limb to save a victims life. Once on, get victim

to doctor as fast as possible.

GAMES

BRIDGE PASS

Two scouts stand 10 feet apart on a level surface. .One scout is the bowler and the

other is the catcher- Use a -tennis ball or something similiar. The bowler will roll

the ball so that it passes through the catcher's spread legs. The catcher who stands

with his back to the bowler, bends over and must catch the ball before it passes between

his spread legs. Award 1-3 points to the bowler if the catcher fails and vise-versa.

Set total points at whatever limit you want.

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FOOTWORK

Players start facing any direction with their feet together. On the word "GO",' eacl-player crosses'his right foot over his left and turns slightly to the left until his

right foot or toe is firm enough to allow his left foot to be placed alongside the right

foot. This is repeated until the player turns completely around. Do this once slowly wit

scouts so everyone understands. Then start the game where the first scout to turn around

twice wins. To make it more difficult have them do a right turn followed by a left turn

followed by another right turn sequence.

BOX THE COMPASS ' • >

Mark a circle 2-3 feet in diameter on a smooth flat ground. Draw a 3 inch circle ir

the center of this circle ( the large one). Mark the outer circle with N,S,E,W for

compass points.

Easy version of the game consists of one scout standing on the 3 inch circle facing

North. He is the marker or arrow of the compass. Another boy stands about 6 feet away

and is the caller. The caller calls out two directions on the compass. The marker

immediately jumps up and lands with one foot on each of hte designated positions.

Once this phase of the game is mastered, mark the outer circle with northeast (NE) ,

southeast (SE), northwest (NW) and southwest (SW). Start the game again. After each

jump the marker replaces his feet on the inner circle facing north. After three errors c

losing balance, the boys switch places.

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There are achievements in the Bear £ Wolf Book for knot tying. Most of these

handouts will aid you in becoming profecient in those knots S. other types. --

*** Use the KNOTS-ANO-NOT-KNOTS sheet to set up puzzles for your den. You

can set a number of these as a individual competition.

EYE-OF-GOD

The Eye OF God dates to the Pueblo Indians and is a sacred decoration to

bring good fortune,luck,health, £ long life. Size,color can vary as desired.

1. Select 2 sticks of the same size £ place them to form a cross

2. Take the string or yarn for the center and tie the sticks together

very tightly in the cross shape.

3. Hold sticks in one hand,keep them crossed, weave the yarn over one

leg, then under, around and across to the next leg ( See Figure).

4. Repeat the over, under, around and over.

5. Change colors as you proceed if desired.

PICTURE FRAME

1. Take 4 sticks to form the frame.

2. Square lash 2 sticks together to form a corner.

3. Continue until all 4 corners are done. Make certain that the

FRAPPING IS TIGHT SO THE FRAME WILL HOLD IT»S SHAPE.

MAKING ROPE-

1. Use lengths of cord,string,yarn about 3 times longer than the length

of rope you want. You can tie shorter pieces together.

Tie the strands together at both ends.

Hook one end of the tied strands over a doorknob, post,etc.

Stretch the cords out straight £ put a paper tube ovet them.

Slip a pencil through the end and begin to twist the strands.

Hold the line taut., continue until the strands are wound very tight..

Have a helper grab the twisted stands at the center and bring the

end with the pencil to the knob or anchor.

The helper should now slowly move down the strand allowing it

to twist upon itself to form a thicker rope.

When it is twisted all the way, remove the pencil £ tube. Tie the

loose end together.

Fig.11

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HANKING A KOPE

Use it: To carry a rop« on your belt; to

store % rope.

1. Fold one end cf rope in two loops

about six or seven inches long. Size of

loop* depend on lengtn of rope.

2. Wrap Ion?* end of rope evenly around

the loop*, starting at A and working to-

wara B.

3. When you get to B, stick the end of the

rope ycu have *>~n wrapping through the

loop.

4. Pull one side of A gentiy lo see which

will rightcn 3 and anchor the end of the

rope. Thrn pull loop tight.

5. The two tads of the rope will be un-

cven. Make them even by pulling gently

on A or on or.r of rhz ends.

6. Roll hank between your paims to

smooth it.

7. Hang ir on your belt.

Unwind it by pulling the end that did not

go through the loop. Pull ie ail the wnv

through the wound rope.

95

1963 Edition

Junior Handbook

p. 95

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WHIPPING A ftOPE

You need: A pir.cc of rope and a piece

of string or cord 12 inches long. Use

brightly colored string ro decorate your

jump rope or ropes on a drawstring bag.

1. Make, a loop with one end of the string

and lay the loop along the rope with the

ends of the string hanging off the end of

the rope.

2. Hold the string in place with your left

thumb. With your right hand, wind the

long end of the s-tring tigutly over the

loop and around the rope. The short end

will be left hanging.

3. Wind the string around the rope for at

least an inch. Wind firmly and closely but

do not overlap. When you have wound

far enough, tuck end you have been wind

ing through loop. Held it with your left

hand thumb so it does not loosen.

4. Take the other end and pull slowly.

The loop will disappear under the wind

ing. Pull until the loop is halfway under

the winding. Trim the ends to make a

neat finish.

If your whipping slips off the rope, you

did not make it tight enough. Practice

until it holds when you try to push it off.

94

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1983 Edition

Joiiior Handbook

p. 94

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Learn To LashLashing is used to fasten sticks or

poles together wiih binder twine,

rather than with nails, it is safe to

use on trees and is easily taken apart.

Good lashing is neat and attractive

and holds securely.

Square lashing: With one end of

cord make a clove hitch around

vertical stick. Bind sticks together

firmly as shown, then tighten with a

/rapping (winding the cord between

the two stick*). Finish .tb.z lashing

with a square knot.

Diagonal lashing: Make a dove

hitch around two 3ticks as shown.

Make three or four turns around one

fork, then three or four turns around

the other, pulling tightly. Frap and

end as in square lashing.

Shter lashing: Make a dove hitch

around one of the sticks. Take several

turns around both sticks. Frap and

end as above.

Continuous lashing: Starting at era-

ter of ccrd, make a clove hitch at

one end of the long stick. Roll ends

of cord into two balls to prevent a

tangle. Bring the balls from the dove

hitch over the short sticks and under

the long one, crossing underneath

the long stick each time. Continue

as shown, making sure the cord runs

parallel to the long stick on top and

crosses on the underside. End with

a square knot.

SQUARE LASHING

DIAGONAL LASHING

sheer lashing

CONTINUOUS LASHING

1963 Edition

Cadette Handbook

p. 170-32-

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1963 EditionCadette Handbook

P. 171

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