Outcomes of this lesson

• Outcome 1Define Classical Conditioning• Outcome2 Define operant conditioning • Outcome 3 Explain classical conditioning-

Watson’s work • Outcome 4 Evaluate the positives and

negatives of classical conditioning

Assumptions of behaviourism

• Behaviourism is an important branch of psychology that deals with observing the behaviours and habits of humans and animals.

• Human behaviour is learnt

• We are born Tabula Rasa – Blank slate

• There are 3 Assumptions..

• We learn through association

• We learn by our environment and how we operate within it

• We learn through observation

Assumptions of behaviourism

• All human behaviour can be explained through observable actions

• All works on stimulus and response • Only observable behaviour can be tested- no

need of the mind- lab experiments • Highly testable- has it is measurable• Through the use of a scientific method we can

analyse, quantify and compare behaviour

Starter task

• One person claps• Straight after • The other blows air into the eye of the third

person• Keep going• What begins to happen?

Assumption 1

behaviour can be explained through Classical Conditioning = We learn through Association

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI

• Born in Russia in 1849• Died 1936• Physiologist: The

circulatory system of dogs and saliva levels

• Man of peace • Classical conditioning

1904• Pavlov’s dogs

Hand-out

• In classical conditioning, the dog learned to associate two stimuli when they occur together, such that the response originally elicited by one stimulus is transferred to another. The dog learnt to produce an existing response to a new stimulus.

classical conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogsgame

• http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/

However

• It is a study on animals in a lab setting • Is it comparable?• Can we test this on humans?

Assumption 1

• Classical Conditioning: • Pavlov • Watson • We learn through Association

Watson

• The birth of Behaviourism• Objective study of human behaviour• Study of people’s actions with the ability to be

able to predict and control them

Watson: Little Albert

• Watch the following clip and take notes• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE

What did we see in this clip?

• Explain what was happening to little Albert

Stimulus and Response

Lets try it

And for me…

Thus, our behaviour is reduced down to mere stimulus from our surroundings and the learning of response to that stimulus…

In conclusion

• Involves learning what events in the environment go together

• We are learning associations between objects and the correct expected behaviour

Real life applications

• Potty training: Associate the toilet with the place to go.. Not the nappy!

• Our Beds as the place to sleep• Routines, time of day we associate with

eating- we learnt this when we were being weaned!

In conclusion:Human behaviour

• "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years." –John B. Watson, Behaviorism, 1930

• But hang on!!!• Q1: What is Watson implying about human behaviour?• Q2: What is wrong with the above notion?

Evaluation : Outcome 4Q: what is good and what is bad??

• The good: • The bad

Hand-out: evaluation (The basics) Behaviourism up to now

The good• retestable – valid• objective – results can

be seen • used in successful

treatments: alcoholism and phobias

• Mostly tested in the lab: ecological validity (not real life)

• Experimenter bias (researcher bias) could behave in a way to influence participants

• Ignores mental processes- we can observe and learn!

Assumption 2: Behaviour can be explained in terms of Operant conditioning

Getting you thinking

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt4N9GSBoMI

• Q: What is happening in this video?

Difference?

• Remember that classical conditioning involves a neutral stimulus that automatically triggers a response without thought

• while operant conditioning requires the voluntary action to use the surroundings and the use of reinforcement or punishment

Example: If Sheldon didn’t offer chocolates than the girl’s behaviour wouldn’t even change!

Skinner and operant conditioning

• Skinner • the idea that behaviour

is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behaviour will occur again.

Operant conditioning • In operant conditioning, we

learn to perform new behaviours through the consequences of the things we do.

• Consequences could be either positive or negative

• We use (operate on ) the environment around us to learn

• So if we manipulate the environment= behaviour will change

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZSk7oCNaHg&list=PLDE5F51C091BACFE5&index=4

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hcRR_QQNPU&list=PLDE5F51C091BACFE5&index=5

Positive and negativeReinforcement determines human behaviour

Positive and negative reinforcement

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io• 2:24

Examples of reinforcement

Think of some examples: Handout

Positive reinforcement• Introducing a new

behaviour

Negative reinforcement • Taking away a behaviour

Evaluation: Anything wrong with this approach?Anything good with this approach?

Assumption 3 Human behaviour can be explained

by Social Learning theory

Read assumption 3 of hand-outRead Bandura and SLT section

Assumptions

• Aggression could be explained• Learning by observation• Potential for aggression- biological• But the expression is learnt!• Mental representation- cognitive• Children will then use the learnt behaviour • Only if the consequence is good!

Observation

• Video had to be removed- wouldn’t load up!

Bandura

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjTxQy_U3ac

• Anything wrong with this experiment?

So….

• We learn new behaviours through observation • We observe others when they get positive or negative

reinforcement • This observation of reinforcement will determine if we

imitate that behaviour • This is called Vicarious reinforcement • Social- cognitive psychology – we then build schemas

(memories) for next situation and can decide what behaviour is appropriate- recap twins video

•

Evaluation

• Hand-out