Outcome:Model the structure and function of...
Transcript of Outcome:Model the structure and function of...
Outcome:. Model the structure and function of the molecules of life. Drill/Warm-up:
1. Differentiate covalent and hydrogen bonds.
2. A scientist estimates that dental plaque contains up to 1 x 10 11 bacteria per gram. What number is equal to 1 x 10 11?
THINK ABOUT IT
– In the early 1800s, many chemists called the compounds created by organisms “organic,” believing they were fundamentally different from compounds in nonliving things.
– We now understand that the principles governing the chemistry of living and nonliving things are the same, but the term “organic chemistry” is still around.
– Today, organic chemistry means the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms, while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds.
What are organic molecules?
Molecules of Life
What are biological molecules?
Compounds that contain carbon
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Organic Molecules
What is a cell made up of mostly?
Mostly water, but what else?
Carbon based molecules
Why is carbon so significant for these molecules?
Recall that an atom’s bonding ability
• Is related to the number of electrons it must share to complete its outer shell
Atomic number?
What does sharing electrons with other atoms, in four covalent bonds mean?
Each carbon acts as an ‘intersection’
With 4 different branch points
Creates endless variety of (organic) carbon molecules
Vary in length
The Chemistry of Carbon
– What elements does carbon bond with to
make up life’s molecules?
The Chemistry of Carbon
– What elements does carbon bond with to make
up life’s molecules?
– Carbon can bond with many elements,
including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur,
and nitrogen to form the molecules of life.
Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules
Activity: Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules
http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_essentials_3/0,11844,3107816-,00.html
Unbranched or branched Rings
Different location of double bonds
The Chemistry of Carbon
– Carbon atoms can also bond to each other,
which gives carbon the ability to form millions of
different large and complex structures.
– Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double, or
triple covalent bonds.
– Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on
themselves to form rings.
Methane Is a hydrocarbon
What is a hydrocarbon?
……….. Carbon
& Hydrogen
Methane is the simplest
Examples of larger hydrocarbons??
Octane (in gasoline)
Fatty foods
“MACRO”-molecules
Molecules that make up living organisms are very LARGE. The root word “MACRO” means “giant.”
Source Citation: "Computer image of a protein molecule." Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 31 March 2007 <http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/SciRC?ste=1&docNum=CV2210040779>
Protein molecule
Biological Molecules
‘Carbs’
Oils
Food
DNA RNA
Sugar Glucose Glycogen Cellulose
Fatty acids (sat & unsat) Butter
Structural
Storage Enzymes Antibodies
The Macromolecules
There are four main classes of organic molecules:
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
“Organic” refers to the carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds found in these molecules.
How to Build a Macromolecule
Made from combining smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS
Lots of monomers added together make a POLYMER
POLYMER = MACROMOLECULE
The Structure of Macromolecules
• Macromolecules are also called POLYMERS (“poly” means “many”).
• Polymers are made by joining a group of MONOMERS together (“mono” means “one”).
monomer monomer monomer monomer monomer
polymer
Vocab builder: In the game “Monopoly,” one person tries to take control of many properties.
Making Macromolecules To join two monomers together, a molecule of
water is removed. This process is called DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS.
H HO
H2O Vocab builder: You become “dehydrated” when your body lacks water.
Its Like A Puzzle!!!!
• Monomers = individual
puzzle pieces
you can put the pieces together or brake them down
Polymer = the finished
puzzle
Breaking Up To break two monomers apart, water needs to be
added back in. This process is called HYDROLYSIS (“lysis” means “break” or “destroy”).
H
H2O
HO
Vocab builder: “Hydro” is the root for water, as seen in “fire hydrant.”
Carbohydrates
Small (simple) sugar molecules
What type of sugar is found in the following?
Long starch molecules in pasta, potatoes
These are our primary sources of dietary energy
In plants, carbs used as building material
Examples?
Examples?
Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glucose Fructose
Starch Cellulose
Disaccharides Lactose Sucrose
Monosaccharides
What type of sugar is
found a sports drink?
Glucose
What type of sugar is
found in fruit?
Fructose
What about honey?
Its really sweet? Why?
It contains both glucose and fructose
Glucose and Fructose
Have the same formula… C6H12O6
Why are they ‘different’?
They are isomers
L-Dopa
Form rings in aqueous solutions
Which sugar is this?
Why are the carbons numbered?
Glucose
Making Models of Macromolecules
• How do monomers join together to form polymers?
• Materials
– Molecular model kits
Molecular Model Kits
Carbon
Hydrogen oxygen
nitrogen
Prepare the following
• 6 – Carbon
• 12- Hydrogen
• 6 – oxygen
• Sticks
Make a glucose model
Disaccharides
Are ‘double sugars’
What are they constructed from?
2 monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Sucrose:
Maltose: glucose and
galactose and Lactose:
glucose and
glucose
glucose
fructose
Lactose, another disaccharide
• Its a condition called lactose intolerance
• Some people have trouble digesting lactose
• Missing gene for lactase enzyme
Sucrose The most common disaccharide is sucrose, what do you know it as?
Common table sugar
Sugar cane
What plants do we use to extract table sugar?
Roots of sugar beets
Polysaccharides Are long chains of sugar units
(polymers) (monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides
What are some polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet
Liver, muscle cells break down glycogen to release glucose when needed for energy
Structural component, dietary fiber
Describe some characteristics of the following:
Carbohydrates Biological Macromolecule:
Function: • Dietary energy Monomer:
Examples:
• Disaccharides
• Storage • Plant structure
• Monosaccharides
• Polysaccharides
(simple sugars)
(double sugars)
(long polymers)
(glucose, fructose)
(maltose, lactose, sucrose)
(starch, glycogen, cellulose)
Carbohydrates
• quick and short-term energy source
• “hydrates” of carbon
– (CH2O)n
• Monosaccharides
• Greek monos – single, sacchar – sugar – pentose – C5H10O5
– hexose – C6H12O6
Carbohydrates
• 3 types of carbohydrates
– monosaccharides
– glucose, fructose
– disaccharides
– sucrose, lactose, maltose
– polysaccharides
– starch, glycogen, cellulose
CARB STRUCTURE
WHAT DO THESE DIFFERENT CARB
STRUCTURES HAVE IN COMMON?