Out of the Antilles: Fossil phylogenies support reverse colonization to South America

Liliana M. Dávalos & Valéria Da C. TavaresJonah RothlederFernando BalseiroCarlos A. Mancina

No island species on the continent I

There are many more species on the continent

Rojas et al. 2016 Syst. Biol.

No island species on the continent II

Less diverse communities on islands and underused resources

=> Islands easier to colonize

Photo by Carlos Mancina

No island species on the continent III

More diverse communities on continent select for increased competitive ability

Photo by Jon Flanders

Reverse colonization exists Filardi & Moyle 2007 Nature

Short-faced bats!

Photo by Jon FlandersPhoto by Jon Flanders

Not for these bats

Multi-locus phylogeny fails to support island origin

Rojas et al. 2016 Syst. Biol.

Key fossil is missing in phylogenies Drawing by Adrian Tejedor

Analyses

• Data• Multi-locus data (7 nuclear, 3 mt)• Morphological data

• Tip dating• All extinct Quaternary bats in clade and

sister• Independent gamma rates

• BioGeoBEARS• DEC+J model (best-fit)• Test ancestral constraint

Sphaeronycteris

AriteusArdopsPygoderma

Stenoderma

Ametrida

Phyllops falcatus

† Cubanycteris silvai

Centurio

† Phyllops silvai

Artibeus (Artibeus)

† Phyllops vetus

Mill ion years before present0.05.010.015.020.025.0

Posteriorprobability

1.00

0.48

Oligocene Miocene Pliocene

Short-faced batsStenodermatina

Cubanycteris is a Short-faced bat Sister to extant lineages

Figure 2

Ametrida Sphaeronycteris Centurio Pygoderma Ardops Ariteus Phyllops

† Phyllops silvai† Phyllops vetus

Stenoderma † Cubanycteris silvai

Artibeus (Artibeus)

† Artibeus anthonyiArtibeus (Koopmania)

Artibeus (Dermanura)

Ectophylla Enchisthenes Chiroderma Vampyressa (Vampyriscus)

Vampyressa (Metavampyressa)

Mesophylla

Vampyressa (Vampyressa)

Platyrrhinus Vampyrodes Uroderma

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Mil l ion years before present

S A

M2.83

1.780.28

0.12

2.60

1.02

Founder-event dispersal(20% of cladogenetic events)

S A

M

1.13

0.32

6.465.04 0.68

0.73

Anagenetic dispersal(33% of cladogenetic events)

Miocene Pliocene

Short-faced batsStenodermatina

Biogeographic analyses Color = area

Figure 2

Ametrida Sphaeronycteris Centurio Pygoderma Ardops Ariteus Phyllops

† Phyllops silvai† Phyllops vetus

Stenoderma † Cubanycteris silvai

Artibeus (Artibeus)

† Artibeus anthonyiArtibeus (Koopmania)

Artibeus (Dermanura)

Ectophylla Enchisthenes Chiroderma Vampyressa (Vampyriscus)

Vampyressa (Metavampyressa)

Mesophylla

Vampyressa (Vampyressa)

Platyrrhinus Vampyrodes Uroderma

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Mil l ion years before present

S A

M2.83

1.780.28

0.12

2.60

1.02

Founder-event dispersal(20% of cladogenetic events)

S A

M

1.13

0.32

6.465.04 0.68

0.73

Anagenetic dispersal(33% of cladogenetic events)

Miocene Pliocene

Short-faced batsStenodermatina

Reverse colonization is optimal Ancestral area = Antilles

Ametrida centurioSphaeronycteris toxophyllumCenturio senexPygoderma bilabiatumArdops nichollsiAriteus flavescensPhyllops falcatus

Phyllops silvaiPhyllops vetus

Stenoderma rufumCubanycteris

Artibeus amplusArtibeus planirostrisArtibeus schwartziArtibeus obscurusArtibeus jamaicensisArtibeus fimbriatusArtibeus fraterculusArtibeus lituratusArtibeus hirsutusArtibeus inopinatus

Artibeus anthonyiArtibeus concolorArtibeus anderseniArtibeus cinereusArtibeus aztecusArtibeus watsoniArtibeus phaeotisArtibeus bogotensisArtibeus gnomusArtibeus glaucusArtibeus toltecusEctophylla albaEnchisthenes hartiiChiroderma villosumVampyressa bidensVampyressa brockiVampyriscus nymphaeaMesophylla macconnelliVampyressa melissaVampyressa pusillaVampyressa thyonePlatyrrhinus incarumVampyrodes caraccioliUroderma bilobatum

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Probability of occupancy per areaunder constrained DEC+J analysis

Mainland origin is rejected χ21 = 3.58, P = 0.0352

Short-faced bats bite harder through higher, distinctive mechanical advantage

Dumont et al. 2012 Proc. Royal Soc. B Dumont et al. 2014 Evolution

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Unilateral Molar Biting

Palate Width / Skull Width

Pal

ate

Leng

th /

Sku

ll W

idth

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Bilateral Molar Biting

Palate Width / Skull Width

Pal

ate

Leng

th /

Sku

ll W

idth

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

In Snout Unilateral Molar Biting

Palate Width / Skull Width

Pal

ate

Leng

th /

Sku

ll W

idth

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

In Snout Bilateral Molar Biting

Palate Width / Skull Width

Pal

ate

Leng

th /

Sku

ll W

idth

Nectar

Crown Stenodermatinae

Stenodermatinae

Other

25 101520

HighvMStress

LowvMStress30 152025

LowMA

HighMA

30 152025

LowMA

HighMA

25 101520

HighvMStress

LowvMStress

Short-faced bats bite harder through higher, distinctive mechanical advantage

Dumont et al. 2014 Evolution Mancina & Garcia 2005 Carib. J. Sci.

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High Low

Thanks!