“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.”
“Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” MLK.
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Transcript of “Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.” MLK.
Civil Rights1954-1965
Notes, Film (Eyes on the Prize), Worksheet, Primary Sources
(documents and photographs), Time Magazine on Brown Decision
Court Cases, Organizers
“Shallow understanding from people of good will is more frustrating than absolute misunderstanding from people of ill will.”
M L K
FDR’s Four Freedoms Speech, January 6, 1941
We look forward to a world founded upon four essential freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression… The second is freedom of a person to
workship God in his own way…The third is freedom from want…The fourth is freedom from fear…
Introduction to Civil Rights
I. After WWII, Americans were concerned with Civil Rights issues because of 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and the continued segregation of African Americans in society and in the military
II.Voting Rights were curbed since Reconstruction (called disenfranchisement):
Poll Tax
Grandfather Clause
Intimidation by KKK
Literacy Tests (you try it!)
Gerrymandering (re-drawing Congressional districts)
III. Segregation was still enforced by Jim Crow Laws regarding:
Schools (supported by Plessy case of 1896 and overturned by Brown case of 1954)
Public transportation Restaurants (‘lunch counters’) Shopping facilities Entertainment Hotels Water fountains and restrooms Neighborhoods Intermarriage laws (‘miscegenation’)
III. Some Civil Rights successes
Great migration and rise of black middle class
Black universities NAACP Harlem Renaissance New Deal programs Music industry Jesse Owen—Olympian Jackie Robinson--Baseball
And…
Truman’s Executive Order desegregating the army and federal government--1948
(Response of the ‘Dixiecrats’ split the Democratic Party in the Election of 1948-Truman still won)
V. How to fight segregation?
Thoreau’s ideas of Civil Disobedience (passive resistance and strategy of non-violence)
Used by Gandhi for independence of India after WWII
Used by King and others…
Note:
Civil Rights issues addressed by the three branches of government
Executive—the enforcement and executive orders
Legislation—new laws Judicial—interpretation of the
Constitution and lower laws
VI. Legislation
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
24th Amendment—eliminated poll tax
Practice of Affirmative Action in work place, college admissions, etc.
Review of Amendments (on TAKS)
13th—ended slavery 14th—citizenship for former slaves 15th—suffrage for former slaves(Remember: “Free citizens vote.”)
24th—ended poll tax 26—suffrage for 18 year olds
VI. Civil Rights Court Cases(These are on the TAKS test!) A.Dred Scott v. Sanford—1857—ruled for slavery everywhere in the U.S.—overturned in 1865 by the 13th & 14th amendments
B.Plessy v. Ferguson—1896—ruled for segregation—“separate but equal”—overturned by Brown decision
The Mendez Case (Mendez v. Westminster)
1944—Orange County, California Hispanic families sued for students to attend local
schools Courts heard testimony regarding culture and
language Rued to de-segregate California schools. This applied
to Asian Americans and African Americans also The Anderson Law passed and signed by Governor
Earl Warren Warren was later named as the chief justice of the
Supreme Court and wrote the ruling for Brown v. The Board of Education
The Warren Court is famous for “liberal” decisions (Miranda rights, etc.)
C.Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954—ruled to de-segregate schools—referred to 14th
amendment
D. Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S.—1964 Referred to commerce clause of Civil Rights Act of 1964
—ruled against any segregation in commercial areas
E. Loving v. Virginia—1967—ruled against
miscegenation laws—cited 14th amendment
F. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education—1971
Upheld integration of schools to be achieved by busing if necessary
G. Regents of the University of California v.
Bakke—1978 Upheld affirmative action but ruled against
rigid use of racial quotas H. Shaw v. Reno—1993 Ruled that racial gerrymandering was illegal—
upheld Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
Favorite Civil Rights Books
To Kill a Mockingbird Warriors Don’t Cry The Help I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Invisible Man A Lesson Before Dying The Wedding Quakertown White Lilacs Secret Life of Bees Roots The Autobiography of Miss Jean Pittmann
Favorite Civil Rights Films
Mississippi Burning Ghosts of Mississippi In the Heat of the Night Remember the Titans To Kill a Mockingbird The Great Debate Glory Road The Defiant Ones Raisin in the Sun Driving Miss Daisy Roots The Autobiography of Miss Jean Pittmann
Eyes on the Prize—Film Events Emmitt Till (Mississippi)
Montgomery Bus Boycott (Alabama) Little Rock Nine and Central High School (Arkansas) Nashville Sit-ins (N.C. and Tennessee) Albany Demonstrations (arrest of King—Georgia) Birmingham Demonstrations (arrest of King—Alabama) JFK’s Civil Rights Act proposed March on Washington, August 1963 Voting Registration Efforts Malcolm X and Northern Efforts Assassination of Medgar Evers (Alabama) Mississippi Summer Project Freedom Summer and the Murder of Three Students (Miss.) Mississippi Freedom Party and The 1964 Democratic Convention Selma Voting Registation and Boycotts (Alabama) March from Selma to Montgomery (Alabama)
Organizations
NAACP Southern Christian Leadership
Conference Students Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee Congress of Racial Equality Nat ional Urban League Nation of Islam
AP Supplement—see AP Guide, Ch. 23 p. 153-161
Slaughterhouse Cases and 1883 Civil rights Cases
Film: Birth of a Nation, 1915
Marcus Garvey
FDR’s Fair Employment Practices Commission (and A. Philip Randolph)
Leadership
King—SCLC Roy Wilkins—NAACP Stokely Carmichael—SNCC Huey Newton—Black Panthers Malcolm X—Black Muslims
Note: Ida Wells-Barnett, Ella Baker, Diane Nash
“One Man, One Vote”
Reynolds v. Sims—1964—Congressional reapportionment based most recent census date
States rights vs. Federal Government
What does this mean? How did the Civil War resolve it or did it? How was this an issue in the 1950s and
1960s? How is this an issue today? View the next slide: Which side does
Wallace represent? Which side does the Deputy Attorney
General represent? Which side does the trooper represent?
Governor George Wallace “standing at the school house door” blocking Deputy Attorney General Katzenbach—defying integration efforts. What moral compromises would a trooper have to make if any?
King in the Birmingham Jail, 1963
Is it always wrong to defy the law?
When, if ever, is it right to defy a society’s laws?
Who are models of Civil Disobedience?
Read the Letter from Birmingham Jail1. Underline everything you
think is an injustice.
2. Circle everything you think is illegal today.
3. What types of actions are regulated by laws?
4. Some people say you can’t change behavior by passing laws, but that is what laws do. Which actions would be the most difficult to change?
5. How have conditions described in King’s letter changed today?