Our last kingdom: Animalia

Chapter 23

How do we even know its an animal?• ___________: eating

food then digesting it on the ________ of the organism.– Can start dead, alive or in

pieces• Cells held together by

__________ (not cell walls)

• Do not have haploid living stages… reproduce sexually but ________________ ________________

Animal life cycle• Egg and sperm make _______• Form _________ (single layer of

cells in sphere)• Form gastrula (sphere begins to

_______________________ __________________)

• Gastrula divides into two (_____________________), and then three (_______________) cell layers/cavities that go on to produce different cavities and layers

• Go on to become __________ (don’t look like the adult) and then undergo metamorphosis into different forms until they reach the ________________

• Adults produce egg and sperm

Monarch Butterfly Pupa… between larva and adult

Protists also gave rise to animals• Remember that plants and

fungus diverged BEFORE animals started forming

• The same process that changed Volvox into multicellular algae probably created animals as well

• ____________________________________________________________________… this would look a lot like sponges and cnidarians (our first groups to study!!!)

Invertebrates• Most animals, grouped because

they have no backbone (not really a phylogenetic class)

• Include the phylums– Porifera (sponges)– Cnidaria– Platyhelminthes (flatworms)– Nematoda (roundworms)– Mollusca – Annelida (earthworms)– Arthropoda (arthropods and

insects)– Echinoderms

**Using your book find each of these phyla and list 3 facts about them (they can be their structure, life cycle, or members)

Porifera• Probably arose from a

colonial protist called choanoflagellate

• Known as sponges• ____________________:

water/ food drawn in through pores then sent out through the top

• Asymmetrical/ Radial symmetry?

• Can have one or more cavities• Economic importance in bath

products!

Cnidarians• Include all kinds of jellyfish• Can be in the form of a _______:

cylinder with ‘arms’ projecting from one side

• Can be in the form of a __________: think jellyfish… umbrella like with streamers coming from the edges

• Commonalities:– __________________: Prey is

pulled into the umbrella and digested within the animal

– _______________: stinging portions of the tentacles that stun or kill their prey so they can be ingested.

– _________________giant Nomura's jellyfish off the coast of Japan on October 4, 2005.

Bilateral Symmetry• Although the previous

classes had radial symmetry most animals have bilateral symmetry

• Bilateral symmetry means the ____________________ _______________________

• They have a clear _________________

• _________________• And __________________

___________________

__________: flatworms, flukes and tape worms• Flatworms are ___________found in

freshwater lakes and ponds

• ________ are __________ and their life cycle usually includes multiple hosts– Can infect humans with blood

fluke disease

• Tape worms: _________________ __________________ and consume the partially digested food (no digestive tract of their own). _____________________________________________________________________________________________– Humans can be infected with

Taenarhynchus when they eat infected rare beef

Body Cavities• Most animals have a space

between the digestive tract and their skin… this space is called a body cavity AKA _____________– Allows for better movement

(more flexible)– More resilient against pressure

and damage– Helps circulate nutrients and

oxygen• Skinny or short animals do not

need these cavities because all areas are capable of absorbing their own nutrients… _______________________ __________________________ (like the vascular system of plants)

Nematoda: Roundworms• Among the most numerous

species• _____________________• Have a cuticle• ____________are used as

model organisms because they have the same kind, but simpler nervous system

• Roundworms can be deadly – _______________ in dogs

• Almost all species have the same body plan… very little diversity

Mollusks• Have a distinct body plan

– __________ muscle that they sit on for locomotion

– Visceral mass: ________________– Mantle: ______ form the shell… allows

for excretion• 3 major groups:

– _____________: Snails, slugs, sea snails and sea slugs (hide in a shell, very colorful, only terrestrial)

– ____________: clams, oysters, muscles, and scallops (have 2 hinged shells, sedentary, can open and snap shut when they sense predators or prey

– _______________: squid (internal shell) and octopus (no shell). Built for speed and agility. Complex brains and organ systems, great predators. Giant octopus can be up to 17m and 2 tons!!!!

The segmented body

• _____________________________________________________________________________ is accomplished by segmenting

• Repeated segments of similar content allow for the whole body to be enervated, or kept clean (like separate entrance and exits for nutrients and waste in each segment)

• Segmentation ________________– Insects have segments that grow legs,

and some for wings– Human are segmented only in the

vertebrae and associated muscles• In all animals it allows

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Annelida• Rigidly segmented body plan• _____________________

– Ingest the soil and excrete lots of soil with mucus… give the soil nice texture for farming!

• _____________________– Marine worms that have bristles

to trap food as well as aid in gas exchange and waste disposal

• Leeches: – __________________________

with some notable exceptions that suck your blood!

– Can be used in medicine to remove excess blood from flooded tissues after trauma

http://www.vincentprat.info/wordpress/2006/07/12/remove-leeches/

Mouth of the bloodsucking medicinal leechPhoto: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Arthropods• ____________ : Hard outer ‘shell’ that

protects the soft interior tissue• Have jointed appendages (legs w/ joints)• __________________because the

exoskeleton cannot grow with them• Segmented into three major pieces

– ______ (senses), _______ (breathing apparatus and arms) and ____________ (intestine and legs)

• 5 classes– 1. Trilobite (fossil), – 2. arachnids (spiders),– 3. crustaceans (lobster and crab), – 4. centipede/ millipede, – 5. insects

Insects: a closer look

• Over a million species defined so far

• Broken into 7 orders based on their form and function– Incomplete metamorphosis:

________ ________________________• Orthoptera: crickets, praying

mantises, cockroaches• Odonata: dragonflies • Hemiptera: true bugs… stink

bug, water strider, bed bugs

More insects

• Complete metamorphosis:________ ____________________________________________– Coleoptera: beetles (largest

order in the animal kingdom)– Lepidoptera: Moths and

butterflies– Diptera: mosquitoes, flies, and

gnats – Hymenoptera: ants, bees,

wasps. Complex social organization

Echinoderms• Sea Stars: have

arms that with tube feet that pull apart mollusks (a favorite food)

• Urchins: are spheres with spines for protection (or locomotion) and eat algae

New evolutionary branch (separate from mollusks, annelids and arthropods)Include Sea Stars, Sand Dollars, and Sea Urchins

Spiny exoskeletonUse a water vascular system for movement… can push out or suck in water to move along. (tube feet)