Ottoman Empire Christopher Columbus’ Exploration Absolute monarchs Enlightenment American Revolution French Revolution Napoleon Latin American Revolutions Industrial/Agricultural Revolutions European Imperialism in Africa WWI Russian Revolution The Great Depression WWII Cold War India’s Independence Movement South Africa’s Independence Movement Globalization Climate Change

Fun Fact: all of these notes/PowerPoints are on my website

Timur the Lame conquered Russia, Persia, Mesopotamia, and India • Wanted to restore Genghis Khan’s empire and put Sharia

Law (Muslim law) in place Ottoman emperors took the title of sultan Lasted over 600 years Christians and Jews lived in their own self-

governing communities, but had to pay a special tax

Constantinople was a vital city for the Ottomans to possess for the control of traffic between Europe and Asia • Renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the

Ottoman Empire Empire fell in 1923 (end of WWI)

1500s – 1600s People began to draw conclusions based on observation and

calculation • Instead of relying on the Catholic Church’s teachings

Everyone believed in Ptolemy’s geocentric theory • Earth is the center of the universe and the sun revolves around it

Copernicus discovered the sun revolved around the Earth • Heliocentric theory

Galileo assembled the first telescope Catholic Church not happy with anyone who disagreed with

them Scientific Method emerged Isaac Newton used math to prove the theory of gravity and

invented calculus Invention of the microscope Advances in the studies of human anatomy, chemistry, medicine,

philosophy

1715 – 1789 = Enlightenment Absolute monarchs ruled without the consent of

the governed • Justified their rule through “divine right”

The philosophes were 18th century intellectuals who applied reason to many academic studies

John Locke = “natural rights” • Purpose of the government is to protect those rights

Thomas Hobbes = “social contract” Rene Descartes = father of modern philosophy Rousseau = “popular sovereignty” Denis Diderot = Encyclopédie Thomas Jefferson = Declaration of Independence

(America) People began to more openly question the teachings

of the church and encouraged the spread of new ideas

Absolute monarchies governed most of Europe • Enlightened despots/Old Regime • Ruled by “divine right”

Three Estates = first (nobility), second (Church), third (bourgeoisie/peasants) • First and Second Estates didn’t pay taxes

France was bankrupt • Wars, Marie Antoinette/Versailles, no taxes from First and

Second Estates, worst famine in history Mercantilism = the nation with the most money is

the most powerful • Exploration of the New World • Colonies exist for the benefit of the “mother country”

Meeting of the Estates General Third Estate declared itself “The National Assembly”

Louis XVI did not want a constitution National Assembly stormed the Bastille on July 14th, 1789

• All records of taxes destroyed, nobles fled the country, took the royal family prisoner

“Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Freedom of religion, press, speech, fair trial, end of special privileges (nobility and church)

1791 = France became a constitutional monarchy Legislative Assembly = Girondists vs. Jacobins France invaded by several nations at the same time Reign of Terror = Jacobins took control of the government and

executed thousands of nobles and the monarchy • Guillotine

Napoleon Bonaparte = military leader who overthrew the government in 1799 (coup d’etat)

European nations were competing with each other for world resources, political superiority, and military strength

Major causes = the French and Indian War, the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act • Colonists had to pay taxes to the British for everything • “No taxation without representation”

Boston Massacre -> Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress wrote an appeal to King

George III (ignored) Thomas Jefferson = Declaration of Independence War 1775 – 1783 (Revolutionaries led by George

Washington vs. the Redcoats) • France and Spain allied with America

Treaty of Paris ended the war (1783) Articles of Confederation (1781 – 1787) Constitution (1789 – now)

From 1500 to 1800, Latin America was colonized by Spain and Portugal • Mercantilism • Catholic missionaries converted people

One major impact of European colonization was the unequal social hierarchy in Latin America • White Europeans were at the top of society • Creoles = Spanish colonists had land & wealth but no political power • A large mixed-race population that made up the next level of the social

hierarchy • Indians & African slaves made up the bottom of the social hierarchy

By the late 1700s, Latin Americans were inspired to gain independence because of the success of the American & French Revolutions

In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt; Toussaint L’Ouverture became the leader of the slave uprising & helped free all the slaves by 1801

From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan creole Simon Bolivar led an army of revolutionaries against Spain

Argentinean creole San Martín led the independence movement in southern South America

In 1810, a poor but well educated Catholic priest named Miguel Hidalgo used Enlightenment ideals to call for a revolution against Spain in Mexico

In many nations, military dictators called caudillos seized power & made few reforms for citizens

Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1700s • Politically stable, rich in iron and coal, the world’s leading colonial power

Steam engines = used to pump water out of mines • Began to be used in multiple industries

Spinning wheel = cottage industries Spinning jenny = allowed one person to spin multiple spools of

thread simultaneously Steam locomotive = railroad industry Agricultural Revolution = better machines, more crops,

longer life expectancy Bessemer Process = steel

• Buildings can be made taller, machines can be stronger, less rust, etc. Thomas Edison = lightbulb and phonograph Telegraph/Morse Code Alexander Graham Bell = telephone Monopolies/tycoons (Rockefeller, Carnegie, etc.)

Henry Ford = cars Wright Brothers = airplanes

Nationalism, militarism, imperialism • Conflicts over colonies

Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy) vs. Triple Entente (France, England, Russia) • US neutral

Serbian nationalists assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand War (1914 – 1919) Trench warfare/new weapons (machine guns, planes, tanks, etc.) Lend Lease Act = US lent weapons to both sides of the war Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (Germany) Zimmerman Telegram = Germany asked Mexico to attack the US in

return for lost territory US entered the war in 1917

• African Americans, Latinos, and women served African Americans and women worked in factories in US while

white men overseas The Great Migration Spanish Flu England, France, US, and Italy participated in Peace Conference Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points

• League of Nations Treaty of Versailles (punished Germany for whole war)

1917 The Russians were faced with heavy casualties

(WWI), famine, lack of fuel, inflation, and ineffective absolute monarch

February Revolution (violent) and October Revolution (peaceful)

“Peace, Land, and Bread” Tsar Nicholas II = absolute monarch of Russia, forced

to abdicate the throne, held prisoner by the new Socialist Party • Whole family executed to prevent an uprising to support their

return to the throne Vladimir Lenin = head of the Bolshevik Party, became

the leader of the new Soviet Union Importance = soldiers, workers, and farmers came

together under the Socialist Party to overthrow their feudal system/tsar and to create a new nation

Overproduction = more products created than people could buy

Speculation = people made risky investments in the stock market and in real estate to try to get rich

Republican Economic Policies = lower taxes on the wealthy (trickle-down), high tariffs on foreign goods, relaxed enforcement of business regulations

Uneven distribution of wealth (rich get richer, poor get poorer)

Banks invested depositors’ money in stock market Stock market crashed

• Millions of people affected

No “safety net” • High unemployment, bank failures, home and

market foreclosures Dust Bowl = drought and high winds

created dust storms (Midwest) which destroyed farms and buried homes • Farmers migrated to find a better life

President’s Hoover’s response: “suck it up” Hoovervilles = temporary slums built for

people who lost their homes and jobs • All over America • No running water, no electricity, no heat

Franklin Roosevelt: • Governor of New York • In a wheelchair (polio)

The Brain Trust = FDR’s advisors who helped create the New Deal

Fireside Chats = Roosevelt’s weekly radio addresses to speak directly to the American people

New Deal = an economic and social plan to help end the Great Depression • “Relief, Recovery, Reform”

Relief = short-term actions to help people until the economy recovers • Example: bank holiday (close all banks and reopen “healthy” banks • Example: Civilian Conservation Corp, Public Works Administration

(job programs to help people get back to work) Recovery = restore incentives to produce to help the

economy recover • Example: National Recovery Administration (asked businesses to

follow standard pricing, production limits, and created a minimum wage)

• Example: Agriculture Adjustment Acts (government Reform = fix the problems so the Depression never

happens again • Example: FDIC insures bank deposits to restore confidence in banks • Example: SEC “watchdog” to make sure the stock market never

collapses again • Example: Social Security Act to provide income for elderly and

disabled workers

Anger and resentment in Germany over the unfair conditions in the Treaty of Versailles • Germany suffered from high inflation, famine, nationwide

destruction, and poverty Rise of military dictatorships in Europe

• Benito Mussolini (Italy) • Adolf Hitler (Germany)

Failure of “appeasement” = concessions made to Hitler for peace were unsuccessful in stopping Germany’s expansion • Rhineland, Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, Poland

Japanese aggression lead to their expansion in the Pacific, committed horrible atrocities • Invaded Manchuria (1931) • Invaded China (1937) • Invaded Indochina (1940)

The US established sanctions against Japan to try to stop their expansion in the Pacific • Caused huge oil, gas, and rubber shortages for Japan

Attack on Pearl Harbor • December 7th, 1944 = Japanese kamikaze (suicide) bombers

destroyed US Navy ships • Pushed the US into WWII • Japanese Americans put into internment camps (fear of

spies and sabotage) US used rationing to conserve resources Women and African Americans took a larger

role in the workforce • Production increased

President Roosevelt died • Vice President Truman took over

1939 - 1945 Holocaust = the mass extermination of 6

million Jews and other minority groups in concentration camps by the Nazis

Battle of Stalingrad = a Russian city targeted by Germany • Heavy casualties on both sides (eastern front)

D-Day = Allied invasion of Normandy (France) • Opened a second (western) front in Europe • Turning point in the war

Potsdam Conference = ended WWII in Europe

Bataan Death March = US prisoners in the Philippines forced to march 60 miles to a prison camp • 5,000 soldiers died on the march

Battle of Midway = US stopped Japanese advancement in the Pacific • Turning point in the war!

Island Hopping = jumping from island to island to reach Japan

Atomic Bombs = President Truman decided to drop two atomic bombs • Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Ended WWII in Japan

Differences between the US and the Soviet Union • US = democracy and free enterprise economic system • Soviet Union = dictatorship, believed in communism

Soviet Union occupied countries in Eastern Europe after WWII • Set up communist governments

Iron Curtain = the Soviets “cut off” Eastern Europe from Western Europe

Germany divided into East and West • Berlin also divided • Soviet Union blocked US access to Berlin • Berlin Airlift = the US airlifted supplies into West Berlin

Containment = stopping the spread of communism

Latin America = the US’s foreign policy was containment and furthering US economic interests

Examples of containment: • Truman Doctrine (1947) = helped Greece and

Turkey resist communism with $400 million in aid

• Marshall Plan (1948) = helped rebuild Western Europe with $17 billion in aid

• NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military alliance pledged to defend Western Europe from a possible attack

• Warsaw Pact = Soviet Union’s version of NATO

Communist North Korea invaded pro-western South Korea (1950)

UN and US pledged troops to support South Korea • Led by General Douglas McArthur

China entered into the war to defend itself from a possible attack

President Truman fired McArthur after McArthur criticized Truman’s decision to not use atomic bombs on Korea

War ended in a stalemate (38th Parallel) • Still exists today • Called “the Forgotten War”

Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed he had a list of communist spies in the government and in Hollywood

Held hearings and ruined peoples’ lives • Blacklisted actors from Hollywood • Ruined peoples’ lives • McCarthyism = Red Scare “witch hunts”

Soviets launched Sputnik • Led to massive US spending on math and science

education • Created NASA

GI Bill provided returning soldiers money for homes and college • African Americans still treated as second-class citizens

Housing boom • Levittowns = rapidly built suburban areas • Massive migration to the suburbs from the cities • Change of gender roles = women left the workplace to

become housewives and mothers Period of great economic prosperity

• Consumerist culture rose

Kennedy Highlights: • Challenged Americans to land on the moon • Started the Peace Corps to combat communism • Bay of Pigs Invasion = plan to start revolution in

Cuba against Castro, total failure • Cuban Missile Crisis = Soviets put nuclear-tipped

missiles on Cuba, US naval blockade of Cuba, 13 tense days before the Soviet Union backed down

Johnson Highlights: • Passed Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act • Great Society = Johnson’s plan to improve the quality

of life for all Americans • Escalated the war in Vietnam

Viet Cong, with North Vietnamese support, attacked the South Vietnamese government (1955)

US supported South Vietnam • Containment and “domino theory”

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution = expanded the president’s war powers to take “all necessary action”

President Johnson escalated the war effort Tet Offensive = 1968, massive attack by the Viet

Cong, the US barely defeated them War images on television caused support to

drop in the US War Powers Act (1973) = limited the president’s

war-making powers US pulled out of Vietnam in 1973 North Vietnam captured South Vietnam in 1975

US’ foreign policy goals = containment and furthering US economic interests

“No more Cubas” OAS = Organization of American States (1948), goal was to prevent the

spread of communism in Latin America Cuba = the US set up trade restrictions with Cuba, cut off all diplomatic

ties when it allied with the Soviet Union • The US tried to overthrow the Cuban government several times

President Johnson = the US began “propping up”/overthrowing dictators in Latin America when it suited us

1970s = the US waged war in Latin America against “communist subversives”

Argentina’s Dirty War = the military killed and imprisoned thousands of journalists, students, and “socialists” • Called “los desaparecidos” (the disappeared)

Iran-Contra Scandal = the US illegally sold weapons to Iran to illegally fund the Nicaraguan Contras

Drug policy = to dismantle drug cartels within Latin America NAFTA = the North American Free Trade Agreement (US, Canada, and

Mexico), eliminates tariffs between the three nations

The Mughal Empire began to decline in the beginning of the 19th century • Allowed the British to get a foothold

The British forced Indians to adopt British customs (disregarded Indian customs)

Several revolts happened – none successful Indian National Congress = 1885, saw the need for Indian leadership

• Mostly well-educated lawyers, teachers, and journalists • Voiced the interests of the urban elite • No Muslims allowed

Partition of Bengal = the Viceroy of India separated Bengal into West Bengal (Hindus) and East Bengal (Muslims) • Huge Hindu backlash, country reunited shortly afterwards

Mohandas Gandhi = used nonviolent noncooperation tactics to win India’s freedom • Fasts, marches, and preaching nonviolent tactics

Pakistan = the British government created the nation of Pakistan for Muslims • Half a million Hindus and Muslims killed each other in religious conflicts

India won its freedom on August 15th, 1947

Dutch East India Company = 1600s, set up trading outposts in South Africa to provide sailors with food, shelter, and supplies on their route to and from India

The British bought South Africa • Outlawed the Dutch language • Forced the Dutch Boers to migrate northwards

Zulu = indigenous African people who expanded their nation (violently), fought the British (unsuccessful)

The discovery of diamonds and gold in the 1800s led to mass immigration and huge economic benefits for the British

Native’s Land Act = severely restricted black landownership Mohandas Gandhi helped South Africa win its independence from Great Britain The National Party = came to power in 1948, brutally subjugated its black

population Apartheid = white minority controlled the black majority

• Segregated neighborhoods, imprisonment, social laws against racial mixing Nelson Mandela = anti-apartheid revolutionary, tried to violently overthrow

the government, put into prison for 27 years Nelson Mandela became president in 1994 in the nation’s first multiracial

election Still barriers like extreme poverty to prevent full racial integration in

South Africa

Definition = a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (decades to millions of years • Can refer to fewer events or more extreme weather events

Earth has gone through several extreme climate changes Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere in a particular place and time The climate system = the interaction of the biosphere, atmosphere, and other

parts of the earth that determine weather at a time or place Greenhouse gases = water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous

oxide, and ozone Greenhouse effect = the process where radiation from the sun passes through a

planet’s atmosphere and warms the surface. Human activities (like burning fossil fuels for energy) have put more

greenhouse gases up into the atmosphere Result = Those gases cannot escape Earth’s atmosphere, so the planet

keeps getting warmer Fossil fuels = oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear

• Not renewable during human lifetimes Renewable Energy = wind, solar, tidal, geothermic (volcanoes)

• Renewable during human lifetimes One of the biggest problems that renewable energy first faced was issues with

energy storage The meat industry produces around 1/5 of the man-made greenhouse gases

in the world

Globalization is the process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities (goods) and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world.

Economic = Cross-border trade of commodities (goods) and services, the flow of capital ($), wide and rapid spread of technology

Technological = Advances in travel have changed the globalization process, technology has sped up the process of globalization through information sharing

Cultural = The transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations • The Internet, pop culture, and travel are common ways that different

cultures are “consumed” by the world Political = Refers to the growth of the worldwide political

system, both in size and complexity (the UN) Military = Network of military ties and technological advances

(from steamships to satellites)

What is this? Why was it built?

The Taj Mahal – in memory of Emperor Nur Jahan’s wife, Mumtaz Mahal

What’s this? Who did the United States use it on? Why?

Atomic Bomb – Japan – To end WWII

What’s this? Who used it? Why?

Guillotine – French Revolutionaries – to execute people who were against the revolution (including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette)

What’s this? What invention uses this? What’s it for?

Morse Code – the telegraph – to send messages across long distances

What’s this? Who painted it? What is it depicting?

Guernica – Pablo Picasso – depicts the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica by their own government with German weapons