Otranto Part 1 - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica...

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FABIO SAULI - XVII SEMINARIO NAZIONALE di FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE – OTRANTO 4-11 GIUGNO 2015 XXVII SEMINARIO NAZIONALE di FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE

OTRANTO 4-11 GIUGNO 2015

MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBER MICRO-STRIP GAS COUNTER TIME PROJECTION CHAMBER

RESISTIVE PLATE COUNTER MICROMEGAS GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER

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FABIO SAULI - XVII SEMINARIO NAZIONALE di FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE – OTRANTO 4-11 GIUGNO 2015

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

FIRST PROPORTIONAL COUNTER:

THIN ANODE WIRE CENTERED IN A CYLINDRIAL CATHODE:

E. Rutherford and H. Geiger, Proc. Royal Soc. A81(1908)141

CHARGE-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS:

G.C. Montgomery and D.D. Montgomery J. Franklin Inst. 231(1941)447

+

+-

+-

+

+

+

+

+

+

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MWPC: GRID OF THIN ANODE WIRES BETWEEN TWO CATHODE PLANES

G. Charpak et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 62(1968)262

MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBER (1967)

Georges Charpak

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ALICE TPC AT CERN LHC

5 m Ø ~ 100 m3

J. Alme et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A622(2010)316

Pb-Pb INTERACTION AT 2.76 TeV:

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GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER (1997)

70 µm

55 µm

5 µm

Fabio SaulI

F. Sauli, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A386(1997)531

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MICRO TPC (2011)

ELECTRON TRACKS FROM 90Sr IN MAGNETIC FIELD (0.2 T):

MICROMEGAS OR GEM BUILT OVER A SILICON PIXEL READOUT:

H. Van der Graaf, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A628(2011)27

~ 3 cm3

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SUMMARY OF THE COURSE

PART 1: PRINCIPLES INTERACTIONS OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTER INTERACTIONS OF PHOTONS AND NEUTRONS DRIFT AND DIFFUSION OF CHARGES IN GASES INELASTIC ELECTRON-MOLECULE COLLISIONS CHARGE MULTIPLICATION AND AVALANCHE STATISTICS

PART 2: CLASSIC GAS DETECTORS PARALLEL PLATE COUNTERS MULTIWIRE PROPORTIONAL CHAMBERS AND DRIFT CHAMBERS TIME PROJECTION CHAMBERS STREAMER AND DRIFT TUBES RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS

PART 3: MICRO-PATTERN GAS DETECTORS MICRO-STRIP GAS COUNTER MICROMEGAS GAS ELECTRON MULTIPLIER

PART 4: MPGD APPLICATIONS MPGD TPC READOUT CHERENKOV RING IMAGING DUAL-PHASE MPGD OPTICAL IMAGING CHAMBERS

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TO KNOW MORE:

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 2014 http://www.cambridge.org

AMAZON http://www.amazon.com/

CERN LIBRARY http://library.web.cern.ch/services/buy/book

GASEOUS RADIATION DETECTORS: Fundamentals and Applications CAMBRIDGE MONOGRAPHS 36 (2014) 498 Pages – 16 Chapters – 520 Figures

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INTERACTIONS OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTER

R.L. Platzman, Radiation Research, G.Silini, Editor North Holland (1967)

PROBABILITY OF ELECTRON-MOLECULE INTERACTION

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The Review of Particle Physics

DIFFERENTIAL ENERGY LOSS ENERGY LOSS PER UNIT LENGTH:

€

χ(gcm−2 ) = ρ(gcm−3) l(cm)

€

dEdχ

=1ρdEdx

dEdx

REDUCED THICKNESS:

http://pdg.lbl.gov/

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INTERACTIONS

CLUSTERS

DELTA ELECTRON

NP: PRIMARY IONIZATIONS NT: TOTAL IONIZATIONS

dE/dx (keVcm-1) NP (cm-1)

NT (cm-1)

He 0.32 4.2 8

Ar 2.44 23 94

Xe 6.76 44 307

CH4 1.48 25 53

CO2 3.01 35.5 91

FAST PARTICLES, GASES AT NTP:

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ENERGY LOSS SPECTRA OF 15 GeV/c Ar-CH4 4 cm 5 Atm

SINGLE SAMPLE:

WEIGHTED AVERAGE ON 64 SAMPLES:

I. Lehraus et al, Phys. Scripta 23(1981)727

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CLUSTER SIZE PROBABILITY:

H. Fischle et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A301 (1991) 202

ENERGY LOSS STATISTICS:

G. J. Igo et al. Phys. Rev. 89 (1952) 879

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2 keV

5 %

PROBABILITY OF EMISSION OF AN ELECTRON OF ENERGY ≥ E0: ELECTRON RANGE IN GASES (STP):

2 keV

200 µm

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INTERACTION OF CHARGED PARTICLES WITH MATTER

CLUSTER STATISTICS: ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF POSITION ACCURACY IN DRIFT CHAMBERS

G. Charpak et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 167 (1979) 455

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INTERACTIONS OF PHOTONS WITH MATTER

Eγ Eγ - EK

ΕΚ- ΕL

Eγ

EC

Ee

ΘC Θe

Eγ e+

e-

PHOTOELECTRIC:

COMPTON:

PAIR PRODUCTION:

PHOTON CROSS SECTION VS ENERGY: Eγ

ABSORPTION

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INTERACTION OF PHOTONS IN GASES

NEAR ULTRAVIOLET: ABSORPTION AND IONIZATION IN HYDROCARBONS

PHOTON QUENCHING EFFECT IN GASOUS COUNTERS à HIGH GAINS

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INTERACTION OF PHOTONS IN GASES

NEAR ULTRAVIOLET: PHOTOSENSITIVE VAPOURS

TRIETHYL AMINE (TEA) (C2H5)3N Ei : 7.45 eV

TMAE C2[(CH3)2N]4 Ei : 5.6 eV

Holroyd, R., et al. (1987) Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A261(1987) 440

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INTERACTION OF PHOTONS IN GASES: SOFT X-RAYS

X-RAYS DETECTION EFFICIENCY IN ONE CM OF GAS (STP)

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INTERACTION OF PHOTONS IN GASES: HARD X-RAYS

CONVERTERS:

GAS DETECTOR

EFFICIENCY OF A GOLD-PLATED GEM DETECTOR:

Koike, T., et al. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 648 (2011) 180

LOW EFFICIENCY MULTILAYER DETECTORS

e

γ

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INTERACTION OF NEUTRONS

D.I. Garber and R.R. Kinsey: Neutron Cross Sections, BNL Report No. 325 Vol II (1976)

MAIN REACTIONS FOR NEUTRON DETECTION:

32He + n à 31H + p

105B + n à 73Li + α

63Li + n à 31H + α

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DRIFT AND DIFFUSION OF CHARGES IN GASES: IONS

!E

IONS MOVE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE FIELD, DIFFUSING BY COLLISIONS WITH THE MOLECULES

Drift velocity:

µ+ =w+

E

Mobility:

w+ =st

G.M. Thomson, et al, J. Chem. Phys. 58(1973) 2402

Dµ=kTe

Einstein expression:

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DRIFT AND DIFFUSION OF CHARGES IN GASES: IONS

IONS HAVE (ALMOST) CONSTANT MOBILITY AS A FUNCTION OF FIELD:

w+ ∝E

E. McDaniel and E. Mason, The mobility and diffusion of ions in gases, Wiley & Sons, New York (1973)

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DRIFT AND DIFFUSION OF ELECTRONS

DRIFT VELOCITY OF ELECTRONS

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ELECTRONS DIFFUSION

σ x =2εk xeE

εk: Characteristic energy

V. Palladino and B. Sadoulet, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 128(1975)323

THERMAL ENERGY εk=0.025 eV

80 µm

1.3 mm

σ =2DxµE

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LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSE DIFFUSION

σT > σL

AT HIGH FIELDS:

Drift

E Field

σT σL

H. Drumm et al. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 176 (1980) 333

STP: 200 V cm-1

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DRIFT AND DIFFUSION OF ELECTRONS ELECTRONS DRIFT IN MAGNETIC FIELD

!E

!B

θΒwB

€

! E

€

! B ⊥

θB : Lorentz angle

€

! E

€

! B //

! B

σ L T σ

w B

€

r E

€

σT =σ 0

1 +ω2τ 2

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TRANSPORT THEORY: FROM e-MOLECULE CROSS SECTIONS à DRIFT VELOCITY AND DIFFUSION

S. Biagi, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A421(1999)234

S. Biagi and R. Veenhof (1995), MAGBOLTZ: http://consult.cern.ch/writeup/magboltz/

ARGON: CARBON DIOXIDE:

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INELASTIC ELECTRON-MOLECULE COLLISIONS

ELECTRONIC LEVELS OF NOBLE GASES

MAJOR PROCESSES IN ELECTRON-MOLECULE COLLISIONS:

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EXCITATIONS – SECONDARY PHOTONS EMISSION

SECONDARY PHOTON EMISSION FROM EXCITATION COLLISIONS: PURE ARGON

Atomic Dimers

ARGON-XENON MIXTURES:

G.S. Hurst and C.E. Klots, Adv. Rad. Chem. 5(976)1 T. Takahashi, et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 205(1983) 591

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EXCITATIONS – SECONDARY PHOTONS EMISSION

SECONDARY PHOTON EMISSION: TEA AND TMAE

SECONDARY PHOTON EMISSION: CF4

A. Morozov, et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A628(2011) 360

A. Breskin, et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A273(1988) 798

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IONIZING COLLISIONS: CHARGE MULTIPLICATION

IONIZATION CROSS SECTIONS:

e + M à 2e + M+ TOWNSEND COEFFICIENT α : IONIZING COLLISIONS PER CM

αP= f (E

P)

M.J. Druyvesteyn and F.M. Penning, Rev. Mod. Phys. 12 (1940) 87

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PENNING EFFECT: A* + B à A + B+ + e

Ioni

zatio

n C

oeffi

cien

t cm

-1

M.J. Druyvesteyn and F.M. Penning, Rev. Mod. Phys. 12 (1940) 87

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TOWNSEND COEFFICIENT IN GAS MIXTURES:

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AVALANCHE CHARGE MULTIPLICATION

CHARGE MULTIPLICATION IN UNIFORM FIELDS;

l E x Ions

Electrons

€

dn = nα dx

GAIN:

AVALANCHE SIZE PROBABILITY FOR n0=1:

P(n) = e−nn

n

M (x) = nn0= eα x

MAXIMUM PROBABILITY FOR n=1 !

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€

P(N) =N(1 + θ)

N #

$ % &

' (

θ

e−

N(1 +θ )N

€

σA

A #

$ %

&

' ( 2

=1A

+11−θ

≅11−θ

H. Sclumbohm, Zeit. Physik 151(1958)563 H. Schindler, S.F. Biagi, R. Veenhof, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A624(2010)78

AVALANCHE DISTRIBUTION AT INCREASING GAINS (FIELDS) POLYA DISTRIBUTION: EXPERIMENTAL:

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AVALANCHE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR N ELECTRONS:

P(n,N ) = 1n

nn!

"#

$

%&

e−nn

(N −1)!

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CHARGE MULTIPLICATION: PROPORTIONAL TO STREAMER

VERY HIGH GAINS: TRANSITION FROM AVALANCHE TO STREAMER

ELECTRIC FIELD MODIFICATION

DISCHARGE BREAKDOWN

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