Other Types of Memory

Things that Affect Memory

Baddeley’sWorking Memory Model

• Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info• Phonological loop - holds verbal information• Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory; brings new

information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory

Central Executive

Phonological Loop

Visuospatial Sketch pad

Automatic vs. Effortful Processing• Some information,

such as where you ate dinner yesterday, you process automatically.

• Other information, such as this chapter's concepts, requires effort to encode and remember.

Types of Effortful Processing• Maintenance Rehearsal – go over something

repeatedly till it is encoded in LTM– Shallow level of processing (Craik & Lockhart)

• Elaborative Rehearsal – relate the info to info you already know.– Deeper level of processing (Craik & Lockhart)– Self-reference effect – applies info to yourself.– Visual imagery – vivid images you can remember.

• Levels of Processing framework – info encoded at a deeper level will be more easily remember than info encoded at a shallow level. How can you do this? (See middle of page 246).

Types of LTM

ImplicitNo conscious recall

ExplicitW/ conscious recall

Semantic Memory(General Knowledge)

Episodic Memory

(Personal Events)Procedural Memory

(Skills andProcedures)

Conditioning(CC & OCLearning)

Hippocampus Cerebellum

Two Types of Explicit Memory

1. Episodic information—information about events or “episodes”

2. Semantic information—information about facts, general knowledge, school work

Episodic Memory

• Memory tied to your own personal experiences

• Examples:– What month is your birthday?

– Do you like to eat caramel apples?

• Q: Why are these explicit memories?

• A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions

Semantic Memory• Memory not tied to personal events• General facts and definitions about

the world• Examples:

– How many tires on a car?– What is a cloud?– What color is a banana?

Implicit Memory

• Nondeclarative memory

• Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness

• Three subtypes

Subtypes of Implicit Memory

C lassicalC ond ition ing

ProceduralM em ory

Prim ing

Im p licit M em ory

Priming

• Priming is influence of one memory on another

• priming is implicit because it does not depend on awareness and is automatic

• View this example from Derren Brown – with his ad agency video – 8 min

Perceptual Priming

• Prime enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical features

• By showing you one thing, I can influence how you’ll see or perceive another.

• Does not work across sense modalities

• Here is a demonstration

Perceptual Priming

• Can you identify the fragmented stimulus to the right?

Perceptual Priming

• What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?

• Related items clustered together to form categories

• Related categories clustered to form higher-order categories

• Remember list items better if list presented in categories– poorer recall if presented randomly

• Even if list items are random, people still organize info in some logical pattern

Clustering: Hierarchical Organization

German Shepherds

ScottishTerriers

D ogs

Siamese Calico

C ats

M am m als

Hierarchical Organization

Semantic Network Model• Mental links between concepts

– common properties provide basis for mental link

• Shorter path between two concepts = stronger association in memory

• Activating one concept can spread and activate other associations.

Semantic Network ModelSee example at Human Cloud Brain

Red

FireHouse

CherryAppleRose

Pear

Ambulance

Fire Engine

TruckBusCar

FlowerViolet

Hot

Pot

Stove

Pan

Pie

How is Memory like a Computer?