Other Procedures and Acceptable Means of Compliance

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Section 2 BCAR APL

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BELIZE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AVIATION

Belize Civil Aviation Regulations 2009

SECTION 2Acceptable Means of Compliance

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STANDARD PAGE

1.1 Exemption from holding current medical certificateBCAR APL 2.3.5 6

1.2 Voluntary surrender of licenseBCAR APL 2.13.2 6

1.3 Training requirements for student pilots RESERVED 7

1.4 Human physiology of flight training requirements for applicants for pilot licensesBCAR APL 3.7.1 (i), BCAR APL 3.16.1 (j), and BCAR APL 3.33.1 (i) 7

1.5 Glider and balloon pilot license knowledge requirements BCAR APL 3.7.2, BCAR APL 3.16 8

1.6 Private pilot license requirements

BCAR APL 3.0 12

1.6.1 Aeronautical knowledge requirements for a private pilot license

BCAR APL 3.8.2 121.6.2 Flight instruction and skill test- aeroplane category

BCAR APL 3.10.1 13

1.6.3 Flight instruction and skill test- helicopter category

BCAR APL 3.10.1 16

1.6.4 Flight instruction and skill test- airship category RESERVED 18

1.6.5 Skill test performance requirements for private pilot license BCAR APL 3.10.1 18

1.6.6 Required aeronautical experience for the issue of aprivate pilot licenseBCAR APL 3.11.4 19



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

STANDARD PAGE

1.7 Commercial pilot license requirements BCAR APL 3.16.1 (h) (i), BCAR APL3.18.2, BCAR APL 3.19 19

1.7.1 CPL flight instruction and skill test- aeroplane category

BCAR APL 3.16.1 (h), BCAR APL 3.19 19

1.7.2 CPL flight instruction and skill test- helicopter category BCAR APL 3.16.1(i), BCAR APL3.19 25

1.7.3 CPL flight instruction and skill test- airship category

RESERVED 25

1.7.4 Procedure for conduct of skill test for commercial pilot license BCAR APL 3.16.1(i), BCAR APL 3.19 25

1.7.5 Aeronautical knowledge requirements for a commercial pilot license BCAR APL 3.17 25

1.7.6 Commercial pilot aeronautical experience requirements BCAR APL 3.20.1 27

1.8 Airline transport pilot license RESERVED 29

1.9 Instrument Rating Requirements

BCAR APL 3.44 29

1.9.1 Aeronautical knowledge areas for instrument rating

BCAR APL 3.44.1 (d) (iii) 301.9.2 Flight Instruction operational experience, skill test and proficiency

check

BCAR APL 3.44.1 (d) (iv) BCAR APL 4.11.1 (b) (iii) 321.9.3 Procedures for the conduct of instrument rating, skill test and

Proficiency CheckBCAR APL 3.44.1 (c) and BCAR APL 4.12 (b) 32

1.10 Category II and III Pilot authorizations requirements RESERVED 34

1.11 Flight Instructor: Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check

BCAR APL 4.5.2 34

1.11.1 Flight Instruction, skill test and proficiency check- aeroplane category

BCAR APL 4.5.2 34



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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont..)

Acceptable means of Compliance

STANDARD PAGE

1.11.2 Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check-helicopter category BCAR APL 4.5.2 38

1.11.3 Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check-Airships Category RESERVED 41

1.11.4 Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check- balloons BCAR APL 4.5.2 41

1.11.5 Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check- glidersBCAR APL 4.5.2 43

1.11.6 Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency

check- flight Instructor for Instrument Ratings

(Aeroplane, Helicopter and Powered Lift)

BCAR APL 4.5.2 45

1.12 Flight engineer license knowledge requirements

RESERVED 45

1.12.1 Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check RESERVED 45

1.13 Training and testing requirements for licenses BCAR APL 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 46

1.13.1 Procedures for minimum training and skill test standardsfor an airman license BCAR APL 6.2 – 6.4 46

1.13.2 Required aircraft simulation and equipment 47BCAR APL 6.8 – 6.10

1.13.3 Required equipment- excluding controls

BCAR APL 6 47

1.13.4 Required controlsBCAR APL 6 47

1.13.5 Simulated instrument flight equipment

BCAR APL 6.8 – 6.10 48



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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acceptable means of Compliance

STANDARD PAGE

1.13.6 Aircraft with single controls

BCAR APL 6 48

1.13.7 Language proficiency

BCAR APL 1.13.6 48

1.14 Recording and retention of flight training

and aeronautical experience records

BCAR APL 6.7 51

1.15 Air traffic controller license requirements

BCAR APL 7. 53

1.15.1 Aeronautical knowledge requirements for Air traffic controller licenseBCAR APL 7.4.1.1 53

1.15.2 Aeronautical knowledge requirements for Air traffic controller ratings

BCAR APL 7.4.1.1 54

1.15.3 Skills test for an Air traffic trainee License

(RESERVED) 55

1.15.4 Training course requirements for an Air traffic controller License

BCAR APL 7.6.1 (a) 55

1.15.5 Experience requirements for an Air traffic control license BCAR APL 7.6.1 (b) 56

1.16 Flight operations Officer Authorization RequirementsRESERVED 57

1.17 Medical examination standardsBCAR APL 9.11.1 57

1.18 Aircraft maintenance engineer license requirements BCAR APL 10. 85

1.18.1 Knowledge requirements for an aircraft maintenance engineer licenseBCAR APL 10.2 85

1.18.2 Skill Requirements for an aircraft maintenance engineer license BCAR APL 10. 100



Section 2 BCAR APL

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Section 2 BCAR APL

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Belize Department of Civil Aviation

BCAR APL SECTION 2 ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE

Standard:

NO: 1.1

EXEMPTION FROM HOLDING CURRENT MEDICAL CERTIFICATE

BCAR APL 1.2.4.1

A person is not required to hold a current and appropriate medical certificate required if thatperson—

(a) is exercising the privileges of a ground instructor authorization;

(b) is operating an aircraft within a foreign country using a pilot license issued by thatcountry and possesses evidence of current medical qualification for that license;

(c) is operating an aircraft with a pilot license, issued by the Director on the basis of aforeign pilot license and holds a current medical certificate issued by the country thatissued the pilot license; or

(d) is taking a test or check for a license, rating or authorization conducted under anapproved course by an Approved Training Organization.

Standard

NO. 1.2VOLUNTARY SURRENDER OF A LICENSE

BCAR-APL 2.13.1

The holder of an aviation document issued under the Civil Aviation Act or theseregulations made thereunder may voluntarily surrender the aviation document for:

(a) Cancellation;(b) Issuance of a lower grade license; or (c) Another license with specific ratings deleted.

The holder in order to surrender his or her document must:1. Bring in the document to be surrendered and all documents linked and related to it intothe licensing unit at the BDCA.2. The holder must request through the licensing unit staff a date to surrender his license.3. The holder must state a reason for his decision to surrender his or her license and mustthen surrender his or her license to the licensing unit staff.



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4. The Licensing staff must then document that time, date, and reason for the surrender of the license. The holder will then sign a in a book denoting the day, time, and reason for the

surrender of the license. He will then be informed by the licensing staff about the effects of the surrender of his license and the time period and process for his renewal of this license.

Cancellation A holder who cancels his license voluntarily may at any time apply for another licenseunder the condition that he meets the same requirements of issue of the said license whenhe or she decides to obtain that license.

Issue of a lower grade license A holder who surrenders his or her license for a lower grade license must be informed bythe licensing unit staff about the decrease in privilages and the time period, validity andrequirements to be met for the lower grade of license desired.

Another license with specific ratings deleted A holder who surrenders his license for another license with specific ratings deleted mustbe informed by the licensing unit staff of the decrease or change in privileges associatedwith the other license with a specific rating deleted. The holder after indicating his or her intention to go ahead and obtain another license with specific ratings deleted, and will thensign a log indicating the date, time and reason for change of license.

Standard:

NO. 1.3 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR STUDENT PILOTSRESERVED

Standard NO: 1.4HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY OF FLIGHT TRAINING REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICANTSFOR PILOT LICENSES

BCAR APL 3.7.1 (i), BCAR APL 3.16.1 (j), and BCAR APL 3.33.1

Applicants for pilot Licenses under BCAR APL 3.7.1, BCAR APL 3.16.1(j) and BCAR APL3.33.1(i) shall receive training in the following areas in respect of the human physiologyof flight:

(a) high-altitude aerodynamics and meteorology;

(b) respiration;

(c) effects, symptoms, and causes of hypoxia and any other high-altitude sickness;

(d) duration of consciousness without supplemental oxygen;

(e) effects of prolonged usage of supplemental oxygen;

(f) causes and effects of gas expansion and gas bubble formation;

(g) preventive measures for eliminating gas expansion, gas bubble formation andhigh-altitude sickness;

(h) physical phenomena and incidents of decompression; and



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(i) any other physiological aspects of high-altitude flight.

Standard NO: 1.5 – Glider (RESERVED) and Free Balloon Pilot LicenseRequirements

BCAR APL 3.7.2 and BCAR APL3.11.9 (b)

Free Balloon Pilot License

1. Requirements for the issue of the Free Balloon Pilot License are as follows:

(a) the applicant shall be not less than 18 years of age;

(b) the applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to theprivileges granted to the holder of a free balloon pilot license, in at least the followingsubjects:

Air law

(i) Rules and regulations relevant to the holder of a free balloon pilot license; rules of theair; appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures;

Aircraft general knowledge

(ii) Principles of operation of free balloon systems and instruments;

(iii) operating limitations of free balloons, relevant operational information from the flightmanual or other appropriate document;

(iv) physical properties and practical application of gases used in free balloons;

Flight performance, planning and loading

(iv) effects of loading on flight characteristics; mass calculations;

(vi) use and practical application of launching, landing and other performance data, includingthe effect of temperature;

(vii) pre-flight and en-route flight planning appropriate to operations under Visual FlightRules; appropriate air traffic services procedures; altimeter setting procedures; operationsin areas of high-density traffic;

Human performance

(viii) human performance relevant to the free balloon pilot including principles of threatand error management;

Meteorology

(ix) application of elementary aeronautical meteorology; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information; altimetry;

Navigation

(x) practical aspects of air navigation and dead-reckoning techniques; use of aeronauticalcharts;



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Operational procedures

(xi) use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codesand abbreviations;

(xii) appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures, including action to be taken toavoid hazardous weather, wake turbulence and other operating hazards;

Principles of flight

(xiii) principles of flight relating to free balloons;

(xiv) communication procedures and phraseology as appropriate to Visual FlightRules operations and on action to be taken in case of communication failure;

(c) the applicant shall have completed not less than 16 hours of flight time as a pilot of free balloons including at least eight launches and ascents of which one must be solo.

(d) the applicant shall have gained, under appropriate supervision, operational experiencein free balloons in at least the following areas:

(i) pre-flight operations, including balloon assembly, rigging, inflation, mooring andinspection;

(ii) techniques and procedures for the launching and ascent, including appropriatelimitations, emergency procedures and signals used;

(iii) collision avoidance precautions;

(iv) control of the free balloon by external visual reference;

(v) recognition of, and recovery from, rapid descents;

(vi) cross-country flying using visual reference and dead reckoning;

(vii) approaches and landings, including ground handling; and

(viii) emergency procedures;

(e) Where the privileges of the Free Balloon Pilot License are to be exercised atnight, the applicant shall have gained, under appropriate supervision, operationalexperience in free balloons in night flying;

(f) Where passengers are to be carried for remuneration or hire, the holder of the FreeBalloon Pilot License holder shall have completed not less than 35 hours of flight timeincluding 20 hours as a pilot of a free balloon;

(g) The applicant shall have demonstrated the ability to perform as pilot in command of a free balloon, the procedures and manoeuvres described in paragraph (d) with a degreeof competency appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder of a free balloon pilotlicense, and to -

(i) recognize and manage threats and errors;



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(ii) operate the free balloon within its limitations;

(iii) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

(iv) exercise good judgement and airmanship;

(v) apply aeronautical knowledge; and

(vi) maintain control of the free balloon at all times in a manner such that thesuccessful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is assured; and

(h) the applicant must hold a current Second Class (2) Medical Assessment.

2. (a) The privileges of the holder of a free balloon pilot license shall be to act as pilotin command of any free balloon provided that the license holder has operationalexperience in hot air or gas balloons as appropriate.

(b) Before exercising the privileges at night, the license holder shall have complied with

the requirements specified in paragraph 1(e).

3 (a) The flight instruction and skill test for the private pilot license - balloon categoryshall include at least the following areas of operation with CRM competencies applied andevident inall tasks:

(1) Preflight preparation, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performanceof the following tasks —

(i) Certificates and documents.

(ii) Weather information.

(iii) Flight planning.

(iv) National airspace system.

(v) Performance and limitations.

(vi) Operation of systems.

(vii) Aeromedical factors.

(2) Preflight procedures, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Launch site selection.

(ii) Crew briefing and preparation.

(iii) Layout and assembly.

(iv) Preflight inspection.

(v) Inflation.

(vi) Basket/gondola management.

(vii) Pre-launch check.



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(3) Aerodrome operations, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of

the following tasks— (i) Radio communications and ATC light signals.

(4) Launches and landing, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Normal launch.

(ii) Launch over obstacle.

(iii) Approach to landing.

(iv) Normal landing.

(v) High-wind landing.

(5) Performance manoeuvres, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performanceof the following tasks—

(i) Ascents.

(ii) Altitude control (level flight).

(iii) Descents.

(iv) Contour flying.

(v) Obstacle clearance.

(vi) Tethering.

(vii) Winter flying.(viii) Mountain flying.

(6) Navigation, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Navigation.

(7) Emer gency operations, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Systems and equipment malfunctions.

(ii) Emergency equipment and survival gear.

(iii) Water landing.

(iv) Thermal flight.

(8) Post-flight procedures, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Recovery.

(ii) Deflation and packing.



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(iii) Refueling.

Standard NO: 1.6 - PRIVATE PILOT LICENSE REQUIREMENTS

Standard NO:1.6.1BCAR APL 3.8.2Aeronautical knowledge requirements for a private pilot license

1 An applicant for a private pilot license shall demonstrate aeronautical knowledge in atleast the following subjects appropriate to the privileges of the license being sought andappropriate to the category of aircraft intended to be included in the license:

Air law

(a) Rules and regulations relevant to the holder of a private pilot license, rules of the air,

altimeter setting procedures and appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures; Aircraft general knowledge for aeroplane, helicopter, powered-lift and airship

(b) Principles of operation and function of powerplants, systems and instruments;

(c) Operating limitations of the relevant category of aircraft and power-plants,relevant operational information from the flight manual or other appropriate documents;

(d) for helicopter and powered-lift, transmission or power-trains, as applicable;

(e) for airship, physical properties practical application of gases;


(f) effects of loading and mass distribution on flight characteristics, mass and

balance calculations;(g) use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data;

(h) pre-flight and en route flight planning appropriate to private operations under VisualFlight Rules (VFR), preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans, appropriateair traffic services procedures, position reporting procedures, altimeter settingprocedures, operation in areas of high-density traffic;

Human performance(i) human performance including principles of threat and error management;

Meteorology

(j) application of elementary aeronautical meteorology, use of and procedures for obtaining meteorological information, altimetry, hazardous weather conditions;

Navigation(k) practical aspects of air navigation and dead reckoning techniques; use of aeronauticalcharts;

Operational Procedures(l) application of threat and error management principles to operational performance;(m) altimeter setting procedures;



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(n) use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical chartand abbreviations;

(o) appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures, including action to be taken toavoid hazardous weather, wake turbulence and other operating hazards;

(p) in the case of helicopter, and where applicable, powered-lift, settling with power,ground resonance, retreating blade stall, dynamic roll-over and other operationhazards, safety procedures associated with flight in Visual Meteorological Conditions;

(q) principles of flight; and

Radiotelephony

(r) communication procedures and phraseology as applied to Visual Flight Rulesoperations, action to be taken in case of communication failure..

Private pilot license requirements to operate radiotelephone on board anaircraft

2. Where the applicant has met the requirements pertinent to the operation of theradiotelephone on board an aircraft, the Director may endorse the pilot license for the operation of such radiotelephone.

Standard NO: 1.6.2BCAR APL 3.10PPL Flight instruction and skill test— aeroplane category

The flight instruction and skill test for the single-engine and multi-engine private pilot license -aeroplane shall include at least the following areas of operation with CRM competencies

applied and evident in all tasks:

Note 1: When (SE) is indicated the item or paragraph is only for single-engine, when (ME) isindicated the item or paragraph is only for multi-engine. When nothing is indicated the item or paragraph is for single-engine and multi-engine.

Note 2: When (S) is indicated, the item is only for seaplanes, when (L) is indicated, the item isonly for landplanes. When nothing is indicated the item is for land and seaplanes.

(1) Preflight preparation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the followingtasks—

(i) Licenses and documents.

(ii) Airworthiness requirements

(iii) Weather information.

(iv) Cross-country flight planning.

(v) National airspace system.

(vi) Performance and limitations.

(vii) Operation of system.

(viii) Principles of flight.



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(ix) Water and Seaplane Characteristics (S).

(x) Seaplane bases, maritime rules and aids to marine navigation (S).(xi) Aeromedical factors.

(2) Preflight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks —

(i) Preflight inspection.

(ii) Cockpit management.

(iii) Engine Starting.

(iv) Taxiing (L).

(v) Taxiing and Sailing (S).

(vi) Before takeoff check.

(3) Aerodrome and seaplane operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks—

(i) Radio communications and ATC light signals.

(ii) Traffic patterns.

(iii) Aerodrome/Seaplane Base, runway and taxiway signs, markings andlighting.

(4) Takeoffs, landings and go-arounds; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks —

(i) Normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.

(ii) Normal and crosswind approach and landing.

(iii) Soft-field takeoff and climb (SE) (L).

(iv) Soft-field approach and landing (SE) (L).

(v) Short-field (Confined area (S)) takeoff and maximum performance climb.

(vi) Short-field approach (Confined area (S)) and landing.

(vii) Glassy Water takeoff and climb (S).

(viii) Glassy water approach and landing (S).

(ix) Rough water takeoff and climb (S).

(x) Rough water approach and landing (S).

(xi) Forward slip to a landing (SE).

(xii) Go-around /rejected landing.



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(5) Performance manoeuvr e; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the

following tasks — (i) Steep turns.

(6) Ground reference manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Rectangular course.(ii) S-turns.

(iii) Turns around a point.

(7) Navigation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Pilotage and dead reckoning.

(ii) Navigation systems and radar services.

(iii) Diversion.

(iv) Lost procedures.

(8) Slow flight and stalls; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks —

(i) Manoeuvring during slow flight.

(ii) Power-off stalls.

(iii) Power-on stalls

(iv) Spin awareness

(9) Basic instrument manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Straight-and-level flight.

(ii) Constant airspeed climbs.

(iii) Constant airspeed descents.

(iv) Turns to headings.

(v) Recovery from unusual flight.

(vi) Radio Communications, navigation systems/facilities and radar services;

(10) Emergency operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Emergency approach and landing.

(ii) Emergency descent (ME).

(iii) Engine failure during takeoff before minimum controllable airspeed (VMC)(simulated) (ME).

(iv) Engine failure after lift-off (simulated) (ME).



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(v) Approach and landing with an inoperative engine (simulated) (ME).

(vi) Systems and equipment malfunctions.

(vii) Emergency equipment and survival gear.

(11) Multi-engine operations (ME); including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Manoeuvring with one engine inoperative.

(ii) VMC demonstration.

(iii) Engine failure during flight (by reference to instruments).

(iv) Instrument approach - one engine inoperative (by reference toinstruments).

(12) Night operation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and per formance of the followingtasks —

(i) Night preparation.

(13) Post-flight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) After landing, parking and securing.

(ii) Anchoring (S).

(iii) Docking and mooring (S).

(iv) Ramping/Beaching (S).

Standard NO:1.6.3BCAR APL 3.10 PPL Flight instruction And skill test— helicopter category

The flight instruction and skill test for the private pilot license - helicopter shall include at leastthe following areas of operation with CRM competencies applied and evident in all tasks:

(1) Preflight preparation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the followingtasks —


(ii) Weather information.(iii) Cross-country flight planning.

(iv) National airspace system.


(vi) Operation of system.

(vii) Minimum equipment list.

(viii) Aeromedical factors.



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(2) Preflight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—

(i) Preflight inspection.(ii) Cockpit management.

(iii) Engine Starting and rotor engagement.

(iv) Before takeoff check.

(3) Aerodrome and heliport operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performanceof the following tasks —



(iii) Aerodrome and heliport markings and lighting.(4) Hovering manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the

following tasks—

(i) Vertical takeoff and landing.

(ii) Slope operations.

(iii) Surface taxi.

(iv) Hover taxi.

(v) Air taxi.

(5) Takeoffs, landings and go-arounds; including the applicant‘s knowledge and

performance of the following tasks— (i) Normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.

(ii) Normal and crosswind approach.

(iii) Maximum performance takeoff and climb.

(iv) Steep approach.

(v) Rolling takeoff.

(vi) Shallow approach and running/roll-on landing.

(vii) Go-around.

(6) Performance manoeuvre; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—

(i) Rapid deceleration.

(ii) Straight in autorotation.



(ii) Radio navigation and radar services.



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(iii) Diversion.


(8) Emergency operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Power failure at a hover.

(ii) Power failure at altitude.

(iii) Systems and equipment malfunctions.

(iv) Settling-with-power.

(v) Low rotor RPM recovery.

(vi) Dynamic rollover.

(vii) Ground resonance.

(viii) Low G conditions.

(ix) Emergency equipment and survival gear.

(9) Night operation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the followingTasks —

(i) Physiological aspects of night flying.

(ii) Lighting and equipment for night flying.

(10) Post-flight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks —

(i) After landing and securing.

Standard NO:

1.6.4 RESERVED

PPL Flight instruction and skill test— airship category

Standard NO: 1.6.5 BCAR APL 3.10 Skill test performance requirements for private pilot license

The applicant shall have demonstrated the ability to perform as pilot-in-command of anaircraft within the appropriate category of aircraft, the required procedures andmanoeuvres with a degree of competency appropriate to the privileges granted to the

holder of a private pilot license, and to:

a) recognize and manage threats and errors;

b) operate the aircraft within its limitations;

c) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

d) exercise good judgement and airmanship;

e) apply aeronautical knowledge; and



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f) maintain control of the aircraft at all times in a manner such that the successful

outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is assured.

Standard NO:1.6.6BCAR APL 3.11.4Required aeronautical experience for the issue of a private pilot license

The aeronautical experience required for the issue of a Private Pilot License shall includethe following for the category and class of aircraft for each category and class ratingsought, as applicable:

Aeroplanes

1. Specific experience requirements for the issue of the aeroplane category rating. The

applicant shall have completed -(a) not less than 40 hours of flight time, or 35 hours if completed during a course of approved training, as an aeroplane pilot appropriate to the class rating sought. Credit shallbe limited to a maximum of 5 hours for experience as a pilot under instruction in a flightsimulation training device as part of the total flight time of 40 hours or 35 hours, as thecase may be;

(b) in aeroplanes, not less than 10 hours of solo flight time appropriate to the class ratingsought under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor, including 5 hours of solocross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight, totalling not less than150NM (270 km) in the course of which full stop landings at two different aerodromes shallbe made.

Helicopters

2. Specific experience requirements for the issue of the helicopter category rating. Theapplicant shall have completed -

(a) not less than 40 hours of flight time, or 35 hours if completed during a course of approved training, as a helicopter pilot. Credit shall be limited to a maximum of 5 hours for experience as a pilot under instruction in a flight simulation training device as part of thetotal flight time of 40 hours or 35 hours, as the case may be;

(b) In helicopters, not less than 10 hours of solo flight time under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor, including 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with atleast one cross-country flight totalling not less than 100 NM (180 km) in the course of which landings at two different points shall be made.



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Standard NO.1.7-

COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE REQUIREMENTS

BCAR APL 2.3.16.1, BCAR APL 2.3.18.2 and BCAR APL 2.3.19

Standard NO.1.7.1BCAR APL 3.16.1, 3.18.2,CPL Flight instruction and skill test— aeroplane category

Flight instruction

1. The applicant shall have received dual instruction in aeroplanes appropriate to the classand/or type rating, sought from an authorized flight instructor. The instructor shall ensure that

the applicant has operational experience in at least the following areas to the level of performance required for the commercial pilot:


b) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination, aeroplaneinspection and servicing;

c) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautionsand procedures;

d) control of the aeroplane by external visual reference;

e) flight at critically slow airspeeds; spin avoidance; recognition of, andrecovery from, incipient and full stalls;

f) flight with asymmetrical power for multi-engine class or type ratings;

g) flight at critically high airspeeds; recognition of, and recovery from, spiral ;dives

h) normal and crosswind take-offs and landings;

i) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs; short-field landings;

j) basic flight manoeuvres and recovery from unusual attitudes by referencesolely to basic flight instruments;

k) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radio

navigation aids; diversion procedures;l) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres including simulated

aeroplane equipment malfunctions;

m) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance withair traffic services procedures; and

n) communication procedures and phraseology.



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2. The flight instruction and skill test for the single-engine and multi-engine commercial pilot

license - aeroplane shall include at least the following areas of operation with CRMcompetencies applied and evident in all tasks:

Note 1: When (SE) is indicated the item or paragraph is only for single-engine, when (ME) isindicated the item or paragraph is only for multi-engine. When nothing is indicated the itemor paragraph is for single-engine and multi-engine.

Note 2: When (S) is indicated, the item is only for seaplanes, when (L) is indicated, the item isonly for landplanes. When nothing is indicated the item is for land and seaplanes.


(i) Licenses and documents.(ii) Airworthiness requirements.

(iii) Weather information.

(iv) Cross-country flight planning.

(v) National airspace system.

(vi) Performance and limitations.

(vii) Operation of system.

(viii) Principles of flight (ME).

(ix) Water and Seaplane characteristics (S).

(x) Seaplane bases, maritime rules and aids to marine navigation (S).

(xi) Aeromedical factors.

(2) Preflight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks —



(iii) Engine Starting.

(iv) Taxiing (L).

(v) Taxiing and sailing (S).

(vi) Before takeoff check.

(3) Aerodrome and seaplane base operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—



(iii) Aerodrome/Seaplane base, runway and taxiway signs, markings and



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lighting

(4) Takeoffs, landings and go-arounds; including the applicant‘s knowledge and

performance of the following tasks— (i) Normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.


(iii) Soft-field takeoff and climb (SE).

(iv) Soft-field approach and landing (SE).

(v) Short-field (Confined area (S)) takeoff and maximum performance climb.

(vi) Short-field (Confined area (S)) approach and landing.

(vii) Glassy water takeoff and climb (S).

(viii) Glassy water approach and landing (S).

(ix) Rough water takeoff and climb (S).

(x) Rough water approach and landing (S).

(xi) Power-off 180 degrees accuracy approach and landing (SE).

(xii) Go-around /rejected landing.

(5) Performance manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Steep turns.

(ii) Steep spiral (SE).

(iii) Chandelles (SE).

(iv) Lazy eights (SE).

(6) Ground reference manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Eights on pylons (SE).



(ii) Navigation systems and radar services.

(iii) Diversion.

(iv) Lost procedures

(8) Slow flight and stalls; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—

(i) Manoeuvring during slow flight.

(ii) Power-off stalls.

(iii) Power-on stalls.



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(iv) Spin awareness.

(9) Emergency operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Emergency approach and landing.

(ii) Emergency descent (ME).

f) ground manoeuvring and run-ups; hovering; take-offs and landings — normal, out of wind and sloping ground; steep approaches;

g) take-offs and landings with minimum necessary power; maximumperformance take-off and landing techniques; restricted site operations;quick stops;

h) hovering out of ground effect; operations with external load, if applicable;flight at high altitude;

i) basic flight manoeuvres and recovery from unusual attitudes by referencesolely to basic flight instruments;

j) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radionavigation aids; diversion procedures;

k) abnormal and emergency procedures, including simulated helicopter equipment malfunctions, autorotative approach and landing;

l) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance withair traffic services procedures; and

m) communication procedures and phraseology.

2. The flight instruction and skill test for the commercial pilot license - helicopter shall includeat least the following areas of operation with CRM competencies applied and evident in all

tasks:




(iii) Cross-country flight planning.

(iv) National airpsace system.


(vi) Operation of system.

(vii) Minimum equipment list.

(viii) Aeromedical factors.



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(ix) Physiological aspects of night flying.

(x) Lighting and equipment for night flying.




(iii) Engine Starting and rotor engagement.


(3) Aerodrome and heliport operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performanceof the following tasks—

(i) Radio communications and ATC light signals.(ii) Traffic patterns.

(iii) Aerodrome and heliport markings and lighting.

(4) Hovering manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and perf ormance of thefollowing tasks—


(ii) Slope operations.

(iii) Surface taxi.

(iv) Hover taxi.

(v) Air taxi.

(5) Takeoffs, landings and go-arounds; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks—



(iii) Maximum performance takeoff and climb.

(iv) Steep approach.

(v) Rolling takeoff.

(vi) Shallow approach and running/roll-on landing.(vii) Go-around.

(6) Performance manoeuvre; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —


(ii) 180 Degrees autorotation.



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(ii) Radio navigation and radar services.

(iii) Diversion.





(iii) Systems and equipment malfunctions.

(iv) Settling-with-power.

(v) Low rotor RPM recovery.



(viii) Low G conditions.

(ix) Emergency equipment and survival gear.

(9) Special operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Confined area operation.

(ii) Pinnacle/platform operations.

(10) Post-flight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) After landing, parking and securing.

Standard NO.1.7.3

CPL Flight Instruction And Skill Test—Airship CategoryRESERVED

Standard NO.1.7.4BCAR APL 3.16.1 (i), BCAR APL 3.19Procedure for the conduct of skill test commercial pilot license

The applicant shall have demonstrated the skills required for fulfilling all the competencyunits as pilot flying and pilot not flying, to the level required to perform as a co-pilot of turbine powered aeroplanes certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least twopilots under VFR and IFR, and to:



Section 2 BCAR APL

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b) smoothly and accurately, manually control the aeroplane within its limitations at alltimes, such that the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is assured;

c) operate the aeroplane in the mode of automation appropriate to the phase of flight andto maintain awareness of the active mode of automation;

d) perform, in an accurate manner, normal, abnormal and emergency procedures in allphases of flight; and

e) communicate effectively with other flight crew members and demonstrate the ability toeffectively perform procedures for crew incapacitation, crew coordination, includingallocation of pilot tasks, crew cooperation, adherence to standard operating procedures(SOPs) and use of checklists.

Progress in acquiring the required skills specified in these standards shall becontinuously assessed.

Standard:

NO:1.7.5BCAR APL 3.17.1Aeronautical knowledge requirements for a commercial pilot license

1. The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the privilegesgranted to the holder of a commercial pilot license and appropriate to the category of aircraftintended to be included in the license, in at least the following subjects:

Aircraft general knowledge for aeroplanes, airships, helicopters and powered-lifts

Air law

a) rules and regulations relevant to the holder of a commercial pilot license; rules of the air;appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures;

b) principles of operation and functioning of powerplants, systems and instruments;

c) operating limitations of the relevant category of aircraft and powerplants; relevantoperational information from the flight manual or other appropriate document;

d) use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate aircraft;

e) maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and powerplants of appropriate aircraft;

f) for helicopters and powered-lifts, transmission (power trains) where applicable;

g) for airships, physical properties and practical application of gases;


h) effects of loading and mass distribution on aircraft handling, flight characteristics andperformance; mass and balance calculations;

i) use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data;

j) pre-flight and en-route flight planning appropriate to commercial operations under VFR;



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preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans; appropriate air traffic servicesprocedures; altimeter setting procedures;

k) in the case of airships, helicopters and powered-lifts, effects of external loading onhandling;

Human performance

l) human performance including principles of threat and error management; Meteorology

m) interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports, charts andforecasts;use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information, pre-flight and in-flight; altimetry;

n) aeronautical meteorology; climatology of relevant areas in respect of the elements havingan effect upon aviation; the movement of pressure systems, the structure of fronts, and theorigin and characteristics of significant weather phenomena which affect take-off, en-routeand landing conditions;

o) causes, recognition and effects of icing; frontal zone penetration procedures; hazardousweather avoidance;

Navigation

p) air navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts, instruments and navigation aids;an understanding of the principles and characteristics of appropriate navigation systems;operation of airborne equipment;

q) in the case of airships:

i) use, limitation and serviceability of avionics and instruments necessary for control andnavigation;

ii) use, accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, en-route,approach and landing phases of flight, identification of radio navigation aids;

iii) principles and characteristics of self-contained and external referenced navigationsystems, operation of airborne equipment;


r) application of threat and error management to operational performance;

s) use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes andabbreviations;

t) altimeter setting procedures;

u) appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures;v) operational procedures for carriage of freight; potential hazards associated withdangerous goods;



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w) requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be

observed when embarking and disembarking from aircraft;x) in the case of helicopters, and if applicable, poweredlifts, settling with power; groundresonance; retreating blade stall; dynamic rollover and other operating hazards; safetyprocedures, associated with flight in VMC;


y) principles of flight

Radiotelephony

z) communication procedures and phraseology as applied to VFR operations; action to betaken in case of communication failure.

Commercial pilot requirements to operate radiotelephone on board an aircraft

2. Where the applicant has met the requirements pertinent to the operation of theradiotelephone on board an aircraft, the Director may endorse the pilot license for theoperation of such radiotelephone.

Standard

NO:1.7.6BCAR APL 3.20.1

Commercial pilot aeronautical experience requirements

An applicant for a commercial pilot license shall log at least the following hours of aeronautical experience as a pilot in each category and class applied for, including at leastthe following:

Aeroplanes

The applicant shall have completed not less than 200 hours of flight time, or 150hours if completed during a course of approved training, as a pilot of aeroplanes. TheDirector may approve a credit of a maximum of 10 hours for experience as a pilot under instruction in a flight simulation training device as part of the total flight time of 200 hoursor 150 hours, as the case may be.

The applicant shall have completed in aeroplanes not less than:

a) 100 hours as pilot-in-command or, in the case of a course of approved training, 70hours as pilot-in-command;

b) 20 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command including a cross-countryflight totalling not less than 300 NM (540 km) in the course of which full-stop landings at twodifferent aerodromes shall be made;

c) 10 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 5 hours may beinstrument ground time; and



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d) if the privileges of the license are to be exercised at night, 5 hours of night flight

time including 5 take-offs and 5 landings as pilot-in-command.

When the applicant has flight time as a pilot of aircraft in other categories, the

Director shall determine whether such experience is acceptable and, if so, the extent towhich the flight time requirements for aeroplanes can be reduced.

Helicopters

The applicant shall have completed not less than 150 hours of flight time, or 100hours if completed during a course of approved training, as a pilot of helicopters. TheDirector may approve a credit of a maximum of 10 hours for experience as a pilot under instruction in a flight simulation training device as acceptable as part of the total flight time

of 150 hours or 100 hours, as the case may be.The applicant shall have completed in helicopters not less than:

a) 35 hours as pilot-in-command;

b) 10 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command including a cross-country flightin the course of which landings at two different points shall be made;

c) 10 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 5 hours may beinstrument ground time; and

d) if the privileges of the license are to be exercised at night, 5 hours of night flighttime including 5 take-offs and 5 landing patterns as pilot-in-command.

When the applicant has flight time as a pilot of aircraft in other categories, the Director

shall determine whether such experience is acceptable and, if so, the extent to which theflight time requirements for helicopters can be reduced.

Airships

The applicant shall have completed not less than 200 hours of flight time as a pilot. Theapplicant shall have completed not less than:

a) 50 hours as a pilot of airships;

b) 30 hours in airships as pilot-in-command or pilot-in-command under supervision, toinclude not less than:

—10 hours of cross country flight time and

— 10 hours of night flight;

c) 40 hours of instrument time, of which 20 hours shall be in flight and 10 hours in flightin airships; and

d) 20 hours of flight training in airships in the required areas of operation.



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Standard:

NO.1.8 - REQUIREMENTS FOR AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENSE:

BCAR-APL 3.33

Standard NO.1.8.1

Aeronautical knowledge areas for an Airline Transport Pilot Licence

1. The following are the required aeronautical knowledge areas for an Airline TransportPilot Licence:

The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the privileges

granted to the holder of an airline transport pilot licence and appropriate to the category of aircraft intended to be included in the licence, in at least the following subjects:

Air law

a) rules and regulations relevant to the holder of an airline transport pilot licence; rules of the air; appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures;

Aircraft general knowledge for aeroplanes, helicopters and powered-lifts

b) general characteristics and limitations of electrical, hydraulic, pressurization and other aircraft systems; flight control systems, including autopilot and stability augmentation;

c) principles of operation, handling procedures and operating limitations of aircraftpowerplants; effects of atmospheric conditions on engine performance; relevantoperational information from the flight manual or other appropriate document;d) operating procedures and limitations of the relevant category of aircraft; effects of atmospheric conditions on aircraft performance in accordance with the relevant

operational information from the flight manual;e) use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate aircraft;f) flight instruments; compasses, turning and acceleration errors; gyroscopic instruments,operational limits and precession effects; practices and procedures in the event of

malfunctions of various flight instruments and electronic display units;g) maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and powerplants of appropriate aircraft;h) for helicopters and powered-lifts, transmission (power trains) where applicable;


i) effects of loading and mass distribution on aircraft handling, flight characteristics andperformance; mass and balance calculations;

j) use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data, includingprocedures for cruise control;



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k) pre-flight and en-route operational flight planning; preparation and filing of air trafficservices flight plans; appropriate air traffic services procedures; altimeter setting

procedures;l) in the case of helicopters and powered-lifts, effects of external loading on handling;

Human performance

m) human performance including principles of threat and error management;

Meteorology

n) interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports, charts andforecasts; codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorologicalinformation, preflight and in-flight; altimetry;

o) aeronautical meteorology; climatology of relevant areas in respect of the elementshaving an effect upon aviation; the movement of pressure systems; the structureof fronts, and the origin and characteristics of significant weather phenomena which affect

takeoff, en-route and landing conditions;p) causes, recognition and effects of icing; frontal zone penetration procedures; hazardous

weather avoidance;q) in the case of aeroplanes and powered-lifts, practical high altitude meteorology,including interpretation and use of weather reports, charts and forecasts; jetstreams;

Navigation

r) air navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts, radio navigation aids and area

navigation systems; specific navigation requirements for long-range flights;s) use, limitation and serviceability of avionics and instruments necessary for the controland navigation of aircraft;t) use, accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, en-route,approach and landing phases of flight; identification of radio navigation aids;u) principles and characteristics of self-contained and external-referenced navigationsystems; operation of airborne equipment;


v) application of threat and error management to operational performance;w) interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM,

aeronautical codes and abbreviations;x) precautionary and emergency procedures; safety practices;y) operational procedures for carriage of freight and dangerous goods;z) requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions tobe observed when embarking and disembarking from aircraft;aa) in the case of helicopters, and if applicable, poweredlifts, settling with power; groundresonance; retreating blade stall; dynamic rollover and other operating hazards; safetyprocedures, associated with flight in VMC;



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bb) principles of flight;

Radiotelephony

cc) communication procedures and phraseology; action to be taken in case of communication failure.

In addition to the above subjects, the applicant for an airline transport pilot licenceapplicable to the aeroplane or powered-lift category shall have met the knowledgerequirements for the instrument rating.

Airline Transport Pilot Requirements to Operate Radiotelephone on Board an

Aircraft

2. Where the applicant has met the requirements pertinent to the operation of theradiotelephone on board an aircraft, the Director may recommend the Director endorse thepilot licence for the operation of such radiotelephone.

Standard NO.1.8.2

BCAR-APL 3.35

ATP Skill Test Performance Requirements

The applicant shall have demonstrated the ability to perform, as pilot-in-command of anaircraft within the appropriate category required to be operated with a copilot,the following procedures and manoeuvres:a) pre-flight procedures, including the preparation of the operational flight plan and filing of the air traffic services flight plan;b) normal flight procedures and manoeuvres during all phases of flight;c) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres related to failures andmalfunctions of equipment, such as powerplant, systems and airframe;d) procedures for crew incapacitation and crew coordination, including allocation of pilottasks, crew cooperation and use of checklists; ande) in the case of aeroplanes and powered-lifts, procedures and manoeuvres for instrumentflight including simulated engine failure.

In the case of an aeroplane, the applicant shall have demonstrated the ability toperform these procedures and manoeuvres as pilot-in-command of a multi-enginedaeroplane.

The applicant shall have demonstrated the ability to:a) recognize and manage threats and errors;b) smoothly and accurately, manually control the aircraft within its limitations at all times,such that the successful outcome of a procedure or manoeuvre is assured;



Section 2 BCAR APL

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c) operate the aircraft in the mode of automation appropriate to the phase of flight and tomaintain awareness of the active mode of automation;

d) perform, in an accurate manner, normal, abnormal and emergency procedures in all

phases of flight;e) exercise good judgement and airmanship, to include structured decision making and the

maintenance of situational awareness; andf) communicate effectively with other flight crew members and demonstrate the ability to

effectively perform procedures for crew incapacitation, crew coordination, includingallocation of pilot tasks, crew cooperation, adherence to standard operating procedures(SOPs) and use of checklists.

Standard NO.1.8.3

BCAR-APL 3.40

ATP and Aircraft Type Rating Flight Instruction And Skill Test—Aeroplane Category

The flight instruction and skill test for the airline transport pilot licence - aeroplanes shallinclude at least the following areas of operation with CRM competencies applied andevident in all tasks:

(1) Preflight preparation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks — (i) Equipment examination.(ii) Performance and limitations.

(2) Preflight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the

following tasks — (i) Preflight inspection.(ii) Powerplant start.(iii) Taxiing.(iv) Before takeoff checks.

(3) Takeoffs and departure phase; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks— (i) Normal takeoffs with different flap settings, including expedited takeoff.(ii) Instrument takeoff.(iii) Powerplant failure during takeoff.(iv) Rejected takeoff.

(v) Departure procedures.

(4) In-flight manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks — (i) Steep turns.(ii) Approach to stalls.(iii) Powerplant failure.(iv) Specific flight characteristics.



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(v) Recovery from unusual altitudes.

(5) Instrument procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks— (i) Standard terminal arrival/flight management system procedures.(ii) Holding procedures.(iii) Precision instrument approaches.(iv) Non-precision instrument approaches.(v) Circling approach.(vi) Missed approach.

(6) Landings and approaches to landings; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks— (i) Normal and crosswind approaches and landings.

(ii) Landing from a precision approach.(iii) Approach and landing with (simulated) powerplant failure.(iv) Landing from a circling approach.(v) Rejected landing.(vi) Landing from a no-flap or a non-standard flap approach.

(7) Normal and abnormal procedures.

(8) Emergency procedures.

(9) Post-flight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) After landing procedures.(ii) Parking and securing.

Standard NO.1.8.4

BCAR-APL 3.40

ATP And Aircraft Type Rating Flight Instruction And Skill Test—Helicopter Category

The flight instruction and skill test for the airline transport pilot licence for helicopters shallinclude at least the following areas of operation with CRM competencies applied andevident in all tasks:

(1) Preflight preparations and checks; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks— (i) Equipment examination.(ii) Performance and limitations.

(2) Preflight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks— (i) Preflight inspection.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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(ii) Powerplant start.(iii) Taxiing.

(iv) Pre-takeoff checks.

(3) Takeoff and departure phase; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks— (i) Normal and crosswind takeoff.(ii) Instrument takeoff.(iii) Powerplant failure during takeoff.(iv) Rejected takeoff.(v) Instrument departure.

(4) In-flight manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Steep turns.(ii) Powerplant failure-multi-engine helicopter.(iii) Powerplant failure-single-engine helicopter.(iv) Recovery from unusual altitudes.(v) Settling with power.

(5) Instrument procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks— (i) Instrument arrival.(ii) Holding.(iii) Precision instrument approaches.(iv) Non-precision instrument approaches.

(v) Missed approach.

(6) Landings and approaches to landings; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks— (i) Normal and crosswind approaches and landings.(ii) Approach and landing with simulated powerplant failure-multiengine helicopter.(iii) Rejected landing.

(7) Normal and abnormal procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the tasks.

(8) Emergency procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance.

(9) Postflight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks— (i) After landing procedures.(ii) Parking and securing.



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Standard: NO.1.9- INSTRUMENT RATING REQUIREMENTS

BCAR APL 3.44

Standard NO.1.9.1

Aeronautical knowledge areas for instrument rating

BCAR APL 3.44.1 (d)(iii)

The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the privilegesgranted to the holder of an instrument rating, in at least the following subjects:

Air law

a) rules and regulations relevant to flight under IFR; related air traffic services practices andprocedures;

Aircraft general knowledge for the aircraft category being sought

b) use, limitation and serviceability of avionics, electronic devices and instrumentsnecessary for the control and navigation of aircraft under IFR and in instrument

meteorological conditions; use and limitations of autopilot;

c) compasses, turning and acceleration errors; gyroscopic instruments, operational limitsand precession effects; practices and procedures in the event of malfunctions of variousflight instruments;

Flight performance and planning for the aircraft category being sought

d) pre-flight preparations and checks appropriate to flight under IFR;e) operational flight planning; preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans

under IFR; altimeter setting procedures;

Human performance for the aircraft category being sought

f) human performance relevant to instrument flight in aircraft including principles

of threat and error management;

Meteorology for the aircraft category being sought

g) application of aeronautical meteorology; interpretation and use of reports, charts andforecasts; codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorologicalinformation; altimetry;h) causes, recognition and effects of icing; frontal zone penetration procedures;

hazardous weather avoidance;i) in the case of helicopters and powered-lifts, effects of rotor icing;



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Navigation for the aircraft category being sought

j) practical air navigation using radio navigation aids;k) use, accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, en-route,

approach and landing phases of flight; identification of radio navigation aids;

Operational procedures for the aircraft category being soughtl) application of threat and error management to operational performance;

m) interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM,aeronautical codes and abbreviations, and instrument procedure charts for departure, en-route, descent and approach;n) precautionary and emergency procedures; safety practices associated with flight

under IFR; obstacle clearance criteria;

Radiotelephonyo) communication procedures and phraseology as applied to aircraft operations under IFR;action to be taken in case of communication failure.

Standard: NO.1.9.2

Flight instruction operational experience, skill test and proficiency checkBCAR APL 3.44.1(d)(iv), BCAR APL 4.11.1(b) (iii)

1. The applicant shall have gained not less than 10 hours of the instrument flight timewhile receiving dual instrument flight instruction in the aircraft category being sought,from an authorized flight instructor.

The instructor shall ensure that the applicant has operational experience in at least thefollowing areas to the level of performance required for the holder of an instrument rating:

a) pre-flight procedures, including the use of the flight manual or equivalent document,and appropriate air traffic services documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan;

b) pre-flight inspection, use of checklists, taxiing and pretake-off checks;

c) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal andemergency conditions covering at least:

— transition to instrument flight on take-off; — standard instrument departures andarrivals;

— en- route IFR procedures;— holding procedures;

— instrument approaches to specified minima; — missed approach procedures;

— landings from instrument approaches;

d) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics.



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2. If the privileges of the instrument rating are to be exercised on multi-engine aircraft,

the applicant shall have received dual instrument flight instruction in a multi-engine aircraftwithin the appropriate category from an authorized flight instructor.The instructor shall ensurethat the applicant has operational experience in the operation of the aircraft within theappropriate category by reference solely to instruments with one engine inoperative or simulated inoperative.

3. The skill test and proficiency check for the instrument rating shall include at leastthe following areas of operation with CRM competencies applied and evident in all tasksappropriate to the category of aircraft:

Note: When (SE) is indicated the item or paragraph is only for single-engine, when(ME) is indicated the item or paragraphs is only for multi-engine. When nothing is

indicated the item or paragraph is for single-engine and multi-engine.(a) Preflight preparation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performanceof the following tasks—

(i) Weather information.

(ii) Cross-country flight planning.

(b) Preflight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Aircraft systems related to IFR operations.

(ii) Aircraft flight instruments and navigation equipment.

(iii) Instrument cockpit check.(c) Air traffic control clearances and procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge

and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Air traffic control clearances.

(ii) Compliance with departure, en route and arrival procedures

and clearances.

(iii) Holding procedures.

(d) Flight by reference to instruments; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks—


(ii) Change of airspeed.

(iii) Constant airspeed climbs and descents.

(iv) Rate climbs and descents.

(v) Timed turns to magnetic compass headings.

(vi) Steep turns.



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(vii) Recovery from unusual flight attitudes.

(e) Navigation systems; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of

the following tasks— (i) Intercepting and tracking navigational systems and DME Arcs.

(f) Instrument approach procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks—

(i) Non-precision instrument approach.

(ii) Precision ILS instrument approach.(iii) Missed approach.

(iv) Circling approach.

(v) Landing from a straight-in or circling approach.

(g) Emergency operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Loss of communications.

(ii) One engine inoperative during straight-and-level flight and turns (ME).

(iii) One engine inoperative - instrument approach (ME).

(iv) Loss of gyro attitude and/or heading indicators.

(h) Post-flight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Checking instruments and equipment.

Standard: NO.1.9.3BCAR APL 3.44.1(d) and BCAR APL 4.12.1(b)Procedures for the conduct of Instrument rating, skill test and proficiency check

1. An applicant for a skill test for the Instrument Rating shall have received instruction onthe same class or type of aircraft to be used for the skill test. The aircraft used for the skilltest shall meet the requirements for training aircraft as set out in the Belize Civil AviationRegulations (BCARs). The instrument rating course shall be provided by an approvedorganization or authorized instructor approved to conduct such courses.

2. The administrative arrangements for confirming the applicant‘s suitability to take thetest, including disclosure of the applicant‘s training record to the examiner will be determinedby the Director which approved the applicant‘s training.

3. Further training may be required following any failed test. Failure to achieve a pass inall paragraphs of the test in two attempts shall require further training as determined by theDirector. There is no limit to the number of skill tests that may be attempted.



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Conduct of the Test

4. The test is intended to simulate a practical flight. The route to be flown shall be chosen by

the examiner. An essential element is the ability of the applicant to plan and conduct theflight from routine briefing material. The applicant shall undertake the flight planning andshall ensure that all equipment and documentation for the execution of the flight are onboard. The duration of the flight shall be at least one hour.

5. The Director will provide the examiner with safety advice to be observed in the conduct of the test.

6. Should the applicant choose to terminate a skill test for reasons considered inadequate bythe examiner, the applicant shall retake the entire skill test. If the test is terminated for reasons considered adequate by the examiner, only those paragraphs not completed shallbe tested in a further flight.

7. At the discretion of the examiner, any manoeuvre or procedure of the test may berepeated once by the applicant. The examiner may stop the test at any stage if it isconsidered that the applicant‘s demonstration of flying skill requires a complete re -test.

8. An applicant shall normally be required to fly the aircraft from a position where the pilotin command functions can be performed and to carry out the test as if there is noother crew member. The examiner shall take no part in the operation of theaircraft, except when intervention is necessary in the interests of safety or to avoidunacceptable delay to other traffic. Whenever the examiner or another pilot functions as aco-pilot during the test, the privileges of the instrument rating will be restricted to multi-pilotoperations.

This restriction may be removed by the applicant carrying out another initial instrumentrating skill test acting as if there was no other crew member on a single-pilot aircraft.Responsibility for the flight shall be allocated in accordance with national regulations.

9. Decision heights, altitude, minimum descent heights/altitudes and missed approachpoint shall be determined by the applicant and agreed by the examiner.

10. An applicant for Instrument Rating shall indicate to the examiner the checks andduties carried out, including the identification of radio facilities. Checks shall be completedin accordance with the authorized check list for the aircraft on which the test is being taken.During pre-flight preparation for the test the applicant is required to determine power settings and speeds. Performance data for take-off, approach and landing shall becalculated by the applicant in compliance with the operations manual or flight manual for theaircraft used.

Note: During the proficiency check for revalidation or renewal of the Instrument Rating,the license holder has to demonstrate the same as above to the examiner involved.

Performance Requirements

11. The applicant shall have demonstrated in an aircraft of the category for which theinstrument rating is being sought the ability to perform the required procedures andmanoeuvres with a degree of competency appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder of an instrument rating, and to:



Section 2 BCAR APL

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b) operate the aircraft for the category being sought, within its limitations;

c) complete all manoeuvres with smoothness and accuracy;

d) exercise good judgement and airmanship;

e) apply aeronautical knowledge; and

f) maintain control of the aircraft at all times in a manner such that the successful outcome of aprocedure or manoeuvre is assured.

The applicant shall have demonstrated the ability to operate multi-engine aircraft within theappropriate category by reference solely to instruments with one engine inoperative, or simulated inoperative, if the privileges of the instrument rating are to be exercised on suchaircraft.

Std. No. 1.9.4

Flight experience and Instrument cross country requirements

a. 50 hr. of cross-country flight time as pilot in command, of which at least 10 hr. must be inairplanes:

1. The 50 hr. includes solo cross-country time as a student pilot, which is logged aspilot-in-command time.

2. Each cross-country must have a landing at an airport that was at least a straight-line distance of more than 50 NM from the original departure point.

b. A total of 40 hr. of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of operation listed in7. below, including:

1. 15 hr. of instrument flight training from a CFII (CFII is an instructor who isauthorized to give instrument instruction) days preceding the practical test

2. Cross-country flight procedures that include at least one cross-country flight in anairplane that is performed under IFR and consists of:

a. A distance of at least 250 NM along airways or ATC-directed routing

b. An instrument approach at each airport

c. Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems



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Category II and III Pilot Authorizations Requirements BCAR-APL 3.51 Standard:

NO.1.10.1Skill TestRESERVED

Standard:NO.1.10.2The Skill Test for Category II and III Pilot AuthorizationsRESERVED

Standard:NO.1.10.3Oral Increment of the Skill Test

RESERVED

Standard:

NO.1.10.4Flight Increment of the Skill Test BCAR APL 3.53.8 (b)RESERVED

Standard

NO.1.10.5 Knowledge Requirements for Category III Authorization

RESERVED

Standard:

NO: 1.10.6Flight Skill Requirements for Category III Authorization RESERVED



Section 2 BCAR APL

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Standard:

NO.1.11 - FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR: FLIGHT INSTRUCTION, SKILL TEST ANDPROFICIENCY CHECKBCAR APL 4.5.2

Standard: NO.1.11.1BCAR APL 4.5.2Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check - aeroplane category.

The flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check for the flight instructor rating -aeroplane shall include at least the following areas of operation with CRMcompetencies applied and evident in all tasks appropriate to the category and classof aircraft:

Notes:

(1) When (SE) is indicated the item or paragraph is only for single-engine, when(ME) is indicated the item or paragraphs is only for multi-engine. When nothing isindicated the item or paragraph is for single-engine and multi-engine.

(2) When (S) is indicated, the item is only for seaplanes, when (L) is indicated, the item isonly for landplanes. When nothing is indicated the item is for land and seaplanes.

(1) Fundamentals of instruction; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) The learning process.

(ii) The teaching process.

(iii) Teaching methods.

(iv) Evaluation.

(v) Flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities.

(vi) Human factors.

(vii) Planning instructional activity.

(2) Technical subject areas; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Aeromedical factors.

(ii) Visual Scanning and collision avoidance.

(iii) Principles of flight.

(iv) Aeroplane flight controls.

(v) Aeroplane weight and balance.

(vi) Navigation and flight planning.

(vii) Night operations.

(viii) High altitude operations.



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(ix) Regulations and publications.

(x) Use of minimum equipment list.

(xi) National airspace system.

(xii) Navigation aids and radar services.

(xiii) Logbook entries and license endorsements.(xiv) Water and seaplane characteristics (S).

(xv) Seaplane bases, rules and aids to marine navigation (S).

(3) Preflight preparation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks —



(iii) Operation of systems (SE).(iv) Performance and limitations (SE).

(v) Airworthiness requirements.

(4) Preflight lesson on a manoeuvre to be performed in flight; including theapplicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following task—

(i) Manoeuvre lesson




(iii) Engine starting.

(iv) Taxiing (L).

(v) Taxiing (S).

(vi) Sailing (S).

(vii) Before takeoff check.

(6) Aerodrome and seaplane base operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—



(iii) Aerodrome and runway markings and lighting.



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(7) Takeoffs, landings and go-arounds; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks—

(i) Normal and crosswind takeoff and climb.(ii) Short field (Confined area (S)) takeoff and maximum

performance climb.

(iii) Soft field takeoff and climb (SE).

(iv) Glossy water takeoff and climb (S).

(v) Rough water takeoff and climb (S).

(vi) Normal and crosswind approach and landing.

(vii) Slip to a landing (SE).

(viii) Go-around/rejected landing.

(ix) Short field (Confined area (S)) approach and landing.

(x) Soft field approach and landing (SEL).

(xi) Power-off 180 degrees accuracy approach and landing (SEL).

(xii) Glassy water approach and landing (S).

(xiii) Rough water approach and landing (S).

(8) Fundamentals of flight; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—


(ii) Level turns.

(iii) Straight climbs and climbing turns.

(iv) Straight descents and descending turns.

(9) Performance manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and per formance of thefollowing tasks—

(i) Steep turns.

(ii) Steep spirals (SE).

(iii) Chandelles (SE).

(iv) Lazy eights (SE).

(10) Ground reference manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performanceof the following tasks—

(i) Rectangular course.

(ii) S-turns across a road.

(iii) Turns around a point.

(iv) Eights on pylons (SE).



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(11) Slow flight, stalls and spins; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of

the following tasks— (i) Manoeuvring during slow flight.

(ii) Power-on stalls (proficiency).

(iii) Power-off stalls (proficiency).


(i) Post-flight procedures.

(ii) Anchoring (S).

(iii) Docking and mooring (S).(iv) Beaching (S).

(v) Ramping (S).

Standard: NO.1.11.2

BCAR APL 4.5.2

Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check - helicopter category.

The flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check for the flight instructor rating - helicopter shall include at least the following areas of operation with CRM competencies applied

and evident in all tasks appropriate to the category, and if applicable, class or type, of aircraft::

(1) Fundamentals of instruction; including the applicant‘s knowledge and perfor mance of thefollowing tasks—




(iv) Evaluation.

(v) Flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities.

(vi) Human factors.





(iii) Use of distractions during flight training.



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(iv) Principles of flight.

(v) Helicopter flight controls.

(vi) Helicopter weight and balance.

(vii) Navigation and flight planning.

(viii) Night operations.

(ix) Regulations and publications.

(x) Use of minimum equipment list.(xi) National airspace system.

(xii) Logbook entries and license endorsements.

(3) Preflight preparation including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—



(iii) Operation of systems.

(iv) Performance and limitations.

(v) Airworthiness requirements.

(4) Preflight lesson on a manoeuvre to be performed in flight. including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following task —

(i) Manoeuvre lesson.

(5) Preflight procedures, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—



(iii) Engine starting and rotor engagement.


(6) Aerodrome operations and Heliport operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—



(iii) Aerodrome and Heliport Markings and lighting.

(7) Hovering Manoeuvres. including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —


(ii) Surface taxi.

(iii) Hover taxi.



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(iv) Air taxi.

(v) Slope operation.

(8) Takeoffs, landings and go-arounds, including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks—


(ii) Maximum performance takeoff and climb.

(iii) Rolling takeoff.

(iv) Normal and crosswind approach.

(v) Steep approach.

(vi) Shallow approach and running/roll-on landing.

(vii) Go-around.

(9) Fundamentals of flight; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—


(ii) Level turns.

(iii) Straight climbs and climbing turns.

(iv) Straight descents and descending turns.

(10) Performance manoeuvres; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—


(ii) Straight-in autorotation.

(iii) 180 degrees autorotation.




(iii) Settling-with-power.

(iv) Low rotor RPM recovery.

(v) Antitorque system failure.



(viii) Low ―G‖ conditions.

(ix) Systems and equipment malfunctions.



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(x) Emergency equipment and survival gear.

(12) Special operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the

following tasks— (i) Confined area operation.

(ii) Pinnacle/platform operation.


(i) After-landing and securing.

Standard

NO.1.11.3 Flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check – airship category

RESERVED

Standard: NO.1.11.4BCAR APL 4.5.2

Flight Instruction, Skill Test And Proficiency Check-Balloons

The flight instruction, skill test and proficiency check for the flight instructor license with ballooninstructor rating shall include at least the following areas of operation with CRMcompetencies applied and evident in all tasks appropriate to the category and class of aircraft:

Note: When (BH) is indicated, the item is for hot air balloons only. When (BG) is indicated,the item is for gas balloons.

(1) Fundamentals of instruction; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—




(iv) Evaluation.

(v) Flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities.(vi) Human factors.





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(iii) Use of distractions during flight training.

(iv) Principles of flight.

(v) Regulations and publications.

(vi) National airspace system.

(vii) Logbook entries and license endorsement.

(3) Preflight preparation, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—



(iii) Cross-country flight planning.

(iv) Performance and limitations.

(v) Operations of systems.

(4) Preflight lesson on a manoeuvre to be performed in flight, including the applicant‘s and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Manoeuvre lesson.

(5) Preflight procedures, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Launch site selection.(ii) Crew briefing and preparation.

(iii) Layout and assembly.

(iv) Preflight inspection.

(v) Inflation.

(vi) Basket/gondola management.

(vii) Pre-launch check.

(6) Aerodrome operations, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Radio communications.

(7) Launches and landings, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Normal launch.

(ii) Launch over obstacle.

(iii) Approach to landing.(iv) Steep approach to landing.



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(v) Normal landing.

(vi) High-wind landing.

(8) Performance manoeuvres, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—

(i) Ascents.

(ii) Altitude control (level flight).

(iii) Descents.

(iv) Rapid ascent and descent.

(v) Contour flying (BH).

(vi) High altitude flight (BG).

(vii) Obstacle avoidance (BH).

(viii) Tethering (BH).

(ix) Winter flying.

(x) Mountain flying.

(9) Navigation, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks:

(i) Navigation.

(10) Emergency operations, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Systems and equipment malfunctions.

(ii) Emergency equipment and survival gear.

(iii) Water landing.

(iv) Thermal flight.

(11) Post-flight procedures, including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—

(i) Recovery.

(ii) Deflation and pack-up.

(iii) Refueling (BH).

Standard

NO.1.11.5

Flight Instruction, Skill Test and Proficiency Check-Gliders

RESERVED.



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Standard: NO.1.11.6

Flight Instruction, Skill Test And Proficiency Check-Flight Instructor for Instrument Ratings (Aeroplane, helicopter, and Power Lift).

BCAR APL 4.5.2

The flight instruction, skill test and proficiency for the flight instructor for instrument ratings -aeroplane, helicopter and powered-lift shall include at least the following areas of operationwith CRM competencies applied and evident in all tasks appropriate to the category, and if applicable class, of aircraft:

Note: When (SE) is indicated the item or paragraph is only for single-engine, when (ME) isindicated the item or paragraphs is only for multi-engine. When nothing is indicated the itemand paragraph are for single-engine and multi-engine.

Note: When (A) is indicated the item or paragraph is only for Aeroplane. When (H) isindicated the item or paragraph is only for Helicopter. When nothing is indicated the itemand the paragraph are for all categories.

(1) Fundamentals of instructing; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks—


(ii) Human behaviour and effective communication.

(iii) The teaching process.

(iv) Teaching methods.

(v) Critique and evaluation.

(vi) Flight instructor characteristics and responsibilities.


(2)Technical subject areas; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of thefollowing tasks—

(i) Aircraft flight instruments and navigation equipment.

(ii) Aeromedical factors.

(iii) Regulations and publications related to IFR operations.

(iv) Logbook entries related to instrument instruction.

(3) Preflight preparation; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Weather information.

(ii) Cross-country flight planning.

(iii) Instrument cockpit check.



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(4) Preflight lesson on a manoeuvre to be performed in flight; including the applicant‘s

knowledge and performance of the following task — (i) Manoeuvre lesson.

(5) Air traffic control clearances and procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks —

(i) Air traffic control clearances.

(ii) Compliance with departure, en-route and arrival procedures andclearances.

(6) Flight by reference to instruments; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks—


(ii) Turns.

(iv) Change of airspeed in straight-and-level and turning flight.

(iv) Constant airspeed climbs and descents.

(v) Constant rate climbs and descents.

(vi) Timed turns to magnetic compass headings.

(vii) Steep turns.

(viii) Recovery from unusual flight altitudes.

(7) Navigation systems; including the applicant‘s knowledge and performance of the following tasks —

(i) Intercepting and tracking navigational systems and DME arcs.

(ii) Holding procedures.

(8) Instrument approach procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks —

(i) Non-precision instrument approach.

(ii) Precision instrument approach.

(iii) Missed approach.

(iv) Circling approach (A).

(v) Landing from a straight-in approach.

(9) Emergency operations; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following tasks —

(i) Loss of communications.

(ii) Loss of gyro attitude and heading indicators.



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(iii) Engine failure during straight-and-level flight and turns.

(iv) Instrument approach - one engine inoperative.

(10) Post-flight procedures; including the applicant‘s knowledge andperformance of the following task —

(i) Checking instruments and equipment.

Standard:

NO 1.12: – FLIGHT ENGINEER LICENSE KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS

RESERVED

Standard

NO: 1.12.1 - FLIGHT INSTRUCTION, SKILL TEST AND PROFICIENCY CHECK FOR

FLIGHT ENGINEER LICENSERESERVED

Standard:NO: 1.13: TRAINING AND TESTING REQUIRMENTS FOR LICENSES.BCAR APL 6.

Standard NO: 1.13.1BCAR APL 6.2. – 6.4

Procedures for Minimum Training and Skill Test Standards for an AirmanLicense.

The following procedures meet the minimum training and skill test standards for an airmanlicense:(a) except as provided in paragraph (b), to be eligible for a skill test for a license or ratingissued under these regulations, an applicant shall —

(i) pass the required knowledge test within the twelve calendar-month period preceding themonth the applicant completes the skill test, if a knowledge test is required;

(ii) present the knowledge test report at the time of application for the skill test, if a knowledgetest is required;

(iii) have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the aeronautical

experience prescribed by these Regulations for the license or rating sought;

(iv) meet the prescribed age requirement of this subpart for the issuance of the license or rating sought; and

(v) have an endorsement in his or her logbook or training record that has been signed by anauthorized instructor who certifies that the applicant —

(A) has received and logged training time within sixty days preceding the date of application inpreparation for the skill test;



Section 2 BCAR APL

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(B) is prepared for the required skill test; and

(C) has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of the subject areas in which the applicant wasdeficient on the airman knowledge test;

(b) an applicant for an Airline transport pilot license or an additional rating to an airlinetransport license may take the Skill test for that license or rating with an expired knowledgetest report, provided that the applicant is employed as a —

(i) is employed as a flight crew member by a certificate holder under the Belize Civil Aviation(Air Operator Certification and Administration) Regulations 2007 at the time of the Skill testand has satisfactorily accomplished that operator‘s approved —

(A) pilot in command aircraft qualification training program that is appropriate to the licenseand rating sought; and

(B) Qualification training requirements appropriate to the license and rating sought; or

(c) is employed as a flight crew member in scheduled military air transport operations of Belize at the time of the Skill test, and has accomplished the pilot in command aircraftqualification-training program that is appropriate to the license and rating sought.

Standard: NO: 1.13.2

Required Aircraft Simulation and Equipment

BCAR APL 6.8 – 6.10

Except as provided in subparagraph (ii), or when permitted to accomplish the entireflight increment of the Skill test in an approved flight simulator or an approved flight trainingdevice, an applicant for a license or rating shall furnish—

(i) an aircraft of Belizean registry for each required test that —

(A) is of the category, class, and type, if applicable, applicable to the license or rating sought;and

(B) has a current standard, limited, or primary airworthiness certificate;

(ii) at the discretion of the Flight Test Examiner who administers the Skill test, the applicantmay furnish —

(A) an aircraft that has a current airworthiness certificate other than standard,limited, or primary but that otherwise meets the requirement of paragraph (i);

(B) an aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, of foreign registry that is properly certified by the country of registry; or

(C) a military aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, for which theapplicant is applying for a license or rating.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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Standard: NO: 1.13.3Required Equipment-Excluding ControlsBCAR APL 6.5

Each applicant for a skill test shall use an aircraft that has—

(i) the equipment for each area of operation required for the Skill test;

(ii) no prescribed operating limitations that prohibit its use in any of the areas of operation required for the skill test;

(iii) except as provided in PART F, at least two pilot stations with adequate visibility for eachperson to operate the aircraft safely; and

(iv) cockpit and outside visibility adequate to evaluate the performance of the applicantwhen an additional jump seat is provided for the Flight Test Examiner or technical

designated examiner.

Standard: NO: 1.13.4Required controlsBCAR-APL 6.5

Each applicant for a skill test shall use an aircraft (other than a lighter-than-air aircraft) thathas engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and operable in aconventional manner by both pilots, unless the Flight Test Examiner determines that theskill test can be conducted safely in the aircraft without the controls being easilyreached.

Standard: NO: 1.13.5Simulated instrument flight equipmentBCAR APL 6.8 – 6.10

An applicant for a skill test that involves manoeuvring an aircraft solely by referenceto instruments shall furnish:

(i) equipment on board the aircraft that permits the applicant to pass the areas of operation that apply to the rating sought; and

(ii) a device that prevents the applicant from having visual reference outside the aircraft, butdoes not prevent the Flight Test Examiner from having visual reference outside theaircraft, and is otherwise acceptable to the Director.



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Standard: NO: 1.13.6Aircraft with single controls

BCAR APL 6.8 – 6.10

An applicant may complete a skill test in an aircraft having a single set of controls, providedthe —

(i) examiner agrees to conduct the test;

(ii) test does not involve a demonstration of instrument skills; and

(iii) proficiency of the applicant can be observed by an Flight Test Examiner who is in aposition to observe the applicant.


Language Proficiency

BCAR-APL 3.59

1. General

(a) An applicant for any license must meet the language proficiency requirementscontained in this standard. An applicant for a license or a license holder shalldemonstrate, in a manner acceptable to the DCA, compliance with the holistic descriptorsin paragraph 2 below and with the Operational Level (Level 4) of the LanguageProficiency Rating Scale as mentioned in paragraph 3 below.

2. Holistic descriptors: Proficient speakers shall:

(i) Communicate effectively in voice-only (telephone/radiotelephone) and in face- to- facesituations;

(ii) Communicate on common, concrete and work-related topics with accuracy and clarity;

(iii) Use appropriate communicative strategies to exchange messages and to recognizeand resolve misunderstandings (e.g. to check, confirm, or clarify information) in a generalor work-related context;

(iv) Handle successfully and with relative ease the linguistic challenges presented by acomplication or unexpected turn of events that occurs within the context of a routine worksituation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and

(v) Use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community.

3. Rating scale:

(a) Pre-elementary Level (Level 1):

(i) Pronunciation: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level.

(ii) Structure: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level.

(iii) Vocabulary: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level.

(iv) Fluency: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level.



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(v) Comprehension: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level.

(vi) Interactions: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level.

(b) Elementary Level (Level 2):

(i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation are heavily influenced bythe first language or regional variation and usually interfere with ease of understanding.

(ii) Structure: Shows only limited control of a few simple memorized grammaticalstructures and sentence patterns.

(iii) Vocabulary: Limited vocabulary range consisting only of isolated words andmemorized phrases.

(iv) Fluency: Can produce very short, isolated, memorized utterances with frequentpausing and a distracting use of fillers to search for expressions and to articulate lessfamiliar words.

(v) Comprehension: Comprehension is limited to isolated, memorized phrases when theyare carefully and slowly articulated.

(vi) Interactions: Response time is slow and often inappropriate. Interaction is limited tosimple routine exchanges.

(c) Pre-operational Level (Level 3):

(i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation are influenced by thefirst language or regional variation and frequently interfere with ease of understanding.

(ii) Structure: Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns associated withpredictable situations are not always well controlled. Errors frequently interfere withmeaning.

(iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are often sufficient to communicate oncommon, concrete, or work-related topics, but range is limited and the word choice ofteninappropriate. Is often unable to paraphrase successfully when lacking vocabulary.

(ii) Fluency: Produces stretches of language, but phrasing and pausing areoften inappropriate. Hesitations or slowness in language processing may prevent effectivecommunication. Fillers are sometimes distracting.

(v) Comprehension: Comprehension is often accurate on common, concrete, and work-related topics when the accent or variety used is sufficiently intelligible for an international

community of users. May fail to understand a linguistic or situational complication or an unexpected turn of events.

(vi) Interaction: Responses are sometimes immediate, appropriate, and informative. Caninitiate and maintain exchanges with reasonable ease on familiar topics and in predictablesituations. Generally inadequate when dealing with an unexpected turn of events.

(d) Operational Level (Level 4):

(i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm and intonation are influenced by the firstlanguage or regional variation but only sometimes interfere with understanding.



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(ii) Structure: Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns are used creatively and

are usually well controlled. Errors may occur, particularly in unusual or unexpectedcircumstances, but rarely interfere with meaning.

(iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are usually sufficient toCommunicate effectively on common, concrete, and work related topics. CanOften paraphrase successfully when lacking vocabulary in unusual or unexpected

circumstances.

(iv) Fluency: Produces stretches of language at an appropriate tempo. There may beoccasional loss of fluency on transition from rehearsed or formulaic speech tospontaneous interaction, but this does not prevent effective communication. Can makelimited use of discourse markers or connectors. Fillers are not distracting.

(v) Comprehension: Comprehension is mostly accurate on common, concrete, and work

related topics when the accent or variety used is sufficiently intelligible for an internationalcommunity of users. When the speaker is confronted with a linguistic or situationalcomplication or an unexpected turn of events, comprehension may be slower or require clarification strategies.

(vi) Interactions: Responses are usually immediate, appropriate and informative.Initiates and maintains exchanges even when dealing with an unexpected turn of events.Deals adequately with apparent misunderstandings by checking confirming or clarifying.

(e) Extended Level (Level 5):

(i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation, though influenced by the

first language or regional variation, rarely interfere with ease of understanding.(ii) Structure: Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns are consistently wellcontrolled. Complex structures are attempted but with errors which sometimes interferewith meaning.

(iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are sufficient to communicate effectivelyon common, concrete, and work related topics. Paraphrases consistently andsuccessfully. Vocabulary is sometimes idiomatic.

(iv) Fluency: Able to speak at length with relative ease on familiar topics, but may notvary speech flow as a stylistic device. Can make use of appropriate discourse markers or connectors.

(v) Comprehension: Comprehension is accurate on common, concrete, and work

related topics and mostly accurate when the speaker is confronted with a linguistic or situational complication or an unexpected turn of events. Is able to comprehenda range of speech varieties (dialect and/or accent) or registers.

(vi) Interactions: Responses are immediate, appropriate, and informative. Manages thespeaker/listener relationship effectively.

(f) Expert Level (Level 6):



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(i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation, thought possiblyinfluenced by the first language or regional variation, almost never interfere withease of understanding.

(ii) Structure: Both basic and complex grammatical structures and sentence patterns areconsistently well controlled.

(iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are sufficient to communicateeffectively on a wide variety of familiar and unfamiliar topics. Vocabulary is idiomatic,nuanced, and sensitive to register.

(iv) Fluency: Able to speak at length with a natural, effortless flow. Varies speech flow for stylistic effect, e.g. to emphasize a point. Uses appropriate discourse markers andconnectors spontaneously.

(v) Comprehension: Comprehension is consistently accurate in nearly all contexts andincludes comprehension of linguistic and cultural subtleties.

(vi) Interactions: Interacts with ease in nearly all situations. Is sensitive to verbal and non-verbal cues, and responds to them appropriately.

Standard:

NO: 1.14 - RECORDING AND RETENTION OF FLIGHT TRAINING ANDAERONAUTICAL EXPERIENCE RECORDSBCAR APL 6.7

The following are the minimum standards for the recording and retention of flight trainingand aeronautical experience records:

(a) for the purposes of meeting the requirements of BCAR APL 6.7, each person shall enter the following information for each flight or lesson logged — (i) General:

(A) date.(B) total flight time.(C) location where the aircraft departed and arrived, or for lessons in an approved flightsimulator or an approved flight training device, the location where the lesson occurred.(D) type and identification of aircraft, approved flight simulator, or approved flight trainingdevice, as appropriate.

(E) the name of a safety pilot, if required by the Act or regulations made thereunder.

(ii) Type of pilot experience or training -

(A) solo.

(B) Pilot in command

(C) co-pilot.(D) flight and ground training received from an authorized instructor.(E) training received in an approved flight simulator or approved flight training device from an



Section 2 BCAR APL

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authorized instructor.

(iii) conditions of flight —

(A) day or night.(B) actual instrument.(C) simulated instrument conditions in flight, an approved flight simulator, or an approved flighttraining device.

(b) Logging of pilot time:The pilot time described in this subparagraph may be used to — (i) apply for a license or rating issued under these regulations; or

(ii) satisfy the recent flight experience requirements of the Act or Regulations madethereunder.

(c) Logging of solo flight time.

Except for a student pilot acting as pilot in command of an airship requiring more than oneflight crewmember, a pilot may log as solo flight time only that flight time when the pilot isthe sole occupant of the aircraft.

(d) Logging pilot in command flight time.

(i) a private or commercial pilot may log pilot in command time only for that flight time duringwhich that person is —

(A) the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated;(B) acting as pilot in command of an aircraft on which more than one pilot is requiredunder the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is

conducted; or (C) a sole occupant.

(ii) an airline transport pilot may log as pilot in command time all of the flight time whileacting as pilot in command of an operation requiring an Airline Transport Pilot License.

(iii) an authorized instructor may log as pilot in command time all flight time while acting asan authorized instructor.

(iv) a student pilot may log pilot in command time when the student pilot —

(A) is the sole occupant of the aircraft or is performing functions of the pilot incommand of an airship requiring more than one flight crewmember.(B) has a current solo flight endorsement as required under these regulations; or (C) is undergoing training for a pilot license or rating.

(e) Logging co-pilot flight time. A person may log co-pilot flight time only for that flight time during which that person— (A) is qualified in accordance with the co-pilot requirements of the Act or regulations madethereunder, and occupies a crewmember station in an aircraft that requires more than onepilot by the aircraft‘s type certificate; or (B) holds the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if an instrument rating isrequired for the flight) for the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required under



Section 2 BCAR APL

62

the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is beingconducted.

(f) Logging instrument flight time.

(A) a person may log instrument flight time only for that flight time when the person operatesthe aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flightconditions; and

(B) an authorized instructor may log instrument flight time when conductinginstrument flight instruction in actual instrument flight conditions;(C) for the purposes of logging instrument flight time to meet the recent instrumentexperience requirements of these Regulations, the following information shall be recorded in aperson‘s logbook:

(I) the location and type of each instrument approach accomplished; and(II) the name of the safety pilot, if required;

(D) an approved flight simulator or approved flight training device may be used by aperson to log instrument flight time, provided an authorized instructor is present during thesimulated flight.

(g) Logging training time.(i) a person may log training time when that person receives training from anauthorized instructor in an aircraft, approved flight simulator, or approved flight trainingdevice.(ii) the training time shall be logged in a logbook and shall— (A) be endorsed in a legible manner by the authorized instructor; and

(B) include a description of the training given, the length of the training lesson, and theinstructor‘s signature, license number, and license expiration date.

Standard:

NO: 1.15 –

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER LICENSE REQUIREMENTS

BCAR APL 7


BCAR APL 7.4.1.1

Aeronautical Knowledge Requirements for an Air traffic controller License

The following aeronautical knowledge areas are required for an applicant for an Air Traffic Controller license and initial validation:

(a) rules and regulations of air law relevant to the Air Traffic Controller including theflight rules prescribed by the Director;

(b) principles, use and limitations of equipment used in air traffic control;



Section 2 BCAR APL

63

(c) general aircraft knowledge including— (i) principles of flight;(ii) principles of operations and functioning of aircraft, powerplants and systems; and

(iii) aircraft performances relevant to air traffic control operations;

(d) human performance and limitations relevant to air traffic control;

(e) meteorology including— (i) aeronautical meteorology;(ii) use and appreciation of meteorological documentation and information;

(iii) origin and characteristics of weather phenomena affecting flight operations and safety;and(iv) altimetry;

(f) navigation, including the— (i) principles of air navigation; and(ii) principle, limitation and accuracy of navigational systems and visual aids; and

(g) operational procedures including— (i) air traffic control, communication, radiotelephony and routine, nonroutine and emergencyphraseology procedures;

(ii) use of the relevant meteorological documentation; and (iii) safety practices associated withflight.

Standard:

NO:1.15.2Aeronautical Knowledge Requirements For Air Traffic Controller Ratings

BCAR APL 7.4.1.1

The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate to the privilegesgranted, in at least the following subjects in so far as they affect the area of responsibility:

a) aerodrome control rating:

1) aerodrome layout; physical characteristics and visual aids;

2) airspace structure;

3) applicable rules, procedures and source of information;

4) air navigation facilities;

5) air traffic control equipment and its use;

6) terrain and prominent landmarks;

7) characteristics of air traffic;

8) weather phenomena; and

9) emergency and search and rescue plans;



Section 2 BCAR APL

64

b) approach control procedural and area control procedural ratings:

1) airspace structure;

2) applicable rules, procedures and source of information;

3) air navigation facilities;

4) air traffic control equipment and its use;

5) terrain and prominent landmarks;

6) characteristics of air traffic and traffic flow;

7) weather phenomena; and

8) emergency and search and rescue plans; and

c) approach control surveillance, approach precision radar control and area control

surveillance ratings:The applicant shall meet the requirements specified in b) in so far as they affect thearea of responsibility, and shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate tothe privileges granted, in at least the following additional subjects:

1) principles, use and limitations of applicable ATS surveillance systems and associatedequipment; and

2) procedures for the provision of ATS surveillance service, as appropriate, includingprocedures to ensure appropriate terrain clearance.

Standard:

NO:1.15.3Skills Test for an Air Traffic Trainee License

RESERVED

Standard:

NO:1.15.4Training Course Requirements for an Air Traffic Controller License

BCAR APL 7.6.1 (a)

An applicant for an Air Traffic Controller License and initial validation under theseregulations shall satisfactorily complete a training course in the following areas, inrespect of the rating sought:

(a) aerodrome Control Ratings in—aerodrome layout, physical characteristics and visualaids, airspace structure, applicable rules, procedures and source of information, air navigation facilities, air traffic control equipment and use, terrain and prominentlandmarks, characteristics of air traffic, weather phenomena, emergency and search andrescue plan;



Section 2 BCAR APL

65

(b) approach Control Ratings in—airspace structure, applicable rules, procedures and

source of information, air navigation facilities, air traffic control equipment and use,terrain and prominent landmarks, characteristics of air traffic and traffic flow, weather phenomena, emergency and search and rescue plan;

(c) approach Control Radar Rating which in addition to the training in approach controlrating shall include training in-principles, use and limitations of radar, other surveillancesystems and associated equipment, procedures for the provision of approach radar controlservice including procedures to ensure appropriate terrain clearances;

(d) area Control Ratings in—airspace structure, applicable rules, procedures and source of information, air navigation facilities, air traffic control equipment and use, terrain andprominent landmarks, characteristics of air traffic and traffic flow, weather phenomenaincluding high altitude weather, emergency and search and rescue plan; and

(e) area Control Rating which in addition to the training in area control rating shallinclude training in—principles, uses and limitation of radar, other surveillance systemsand associated equipment, procedures for the provision of area control radar service.

Standard:

NO: 1.15.5Experience Requirements for an Air Traffic Control LicenseBCAR APL 7.6.1(b)

An applicant for an Air Traffic Controller License and initial validation under theseregulations shall have met the following experience requirements in respect of the specificrating sought:

(a) aerodrome Control Rating—an aerodrome control service for at least ninety hours or onemonth whichever is the greater, providing the service at the aerodrome for which the rating issought;

(b) approach Control, Approach Control Radar, Area Control, Area Control Radar Ratings—the control service for which the rating is sought, for at least one hundred andeighty hours or three months whichever is the greater, providing the service at the unit for which the rating is sought; or

(c) concurrent Aerodrome and Approach Control Rating—the combined service for which the ratings are sought, for at least one hundred and eighty hours or three monthswhichever is the greater, providing the combined service at the same operating position at theunit for which the rating is sought.

Standard NO. 1.16 -FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER AUTHORISATIONREQUIREMENTS

RESERVED



Section 2 BCAR APL

66

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK



Section 2 BCAR APL

67

Standard NO: -1.17- MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS BCAR APL 9.11.1

Medical Class 1 Medical Class 2 Medical Class 3

This class appliesto the issue or revalidation of:

Airline TransportPilot License,Commercial PilotLicense , FlightEngineer License.

This class applies to theissue or revalidation of :Private Pilot LicenseStudent Pilot LicenseBalloon Pilot LicenseGlider Pilot License

This class applies to theissue or revalidation of:

Air Traffic Controllers

NOTE: The holder of Medical Class 1 shall be considered fit for any license for its respective durationof validity unless otherwise specified.

Medical Class 1.

The medicalexamination and

assessment shall bebased upon thefollowing requirementsof physical and mentalfitness.

Medical Class 2.

The medical examinationand assessment shall be

based upon the followingrequirements of physicaland mental fitness.

Medical Class 3.

The medicalexamination and

assessment shall bebased upon thefollowing requirementsof requirements of physical and mentalfitness.

.



Section 2 BCAR APL

68

ABNORMALITIES

Medical Class 1

1.1 The applicant shall befree from:(a) any abnormality,congenital or acquired; or (b) any active, latent, acuteor chronic disability;(c) any wound, injury or sequelae from operation; or

(d) any effect or side effectof any prescribed or non-prescribed therapeuticdiagnostic or preventativemedication taken such aswould entail a degree of functional incapacity whichaccredited medicalconclusion indicates wouldinterfere with the safeoperation of anaircraft or with the safe

performance of dutiesduring the period of validityof the license applied.

Medical Class 2

2.1 The applicant shall befree from (a) anyabnormality, congenital or acquired; (b) any active,latent, acute or chronicdisability; (c) any wound,injury or sequelae fromoperation; or (d) any effector side effect of any

prescribed or non-prescribed therapeuticmedication taken such aswould entail a degree of functional incapacity whichaccredited medicalconclusion indicates wouldinterfere with the safeoperation of an aircraftduring the period of validityof the license.

Medical Class 3

3.1 The applicant shall befree from(a) any abnormality,congenital or acquired;(b) any active, latent, acuteor chronic disability;(c) any wound, injury or sequelae from operation;or

(d) any effect or side effectof any prescribed or non-prescribed therapeuticmedication taken such aswould entail a degree of functional incapacity whichaccredited medicalconclusion indicates wouldinterfere with reliableperformance of dutieswithin the period of validityof the license.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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DISEASE ORDISABILITY

Medical Class 1

1.2 The applicant shallnot suffer from anydisease or disability or any effect or side effect of any

prescribed or non-prescribed therapeuticmedication taken whichmay render the applicantliable to become unableto operate an aircraftsafely or to performassigned duties safely.

Medical Class 2

2.2 The applicant shall notsuffer from any disease or disability or any effect or side effect of any prescribedor non-prescribed

therapeutic medicationtaken which may render theapplicant liable to becomeunable to operate an aircraftsafely or to safely performassigned duties.

Medical Class 3

3.2 The applicant shall notsuffer from any disease or disability which may render the applicant liable to asudden or insidious

degradation of performance within theperiod of validity of thelicense.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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Mental Health


1.3 The applicant shall have no

established medical history or

clinical diagnosis which,

according to accredited medical

conclusion, would render theapplicant unable to exercise

safely the privileges of the

permit, license or rating applied

for or held, as follows:

(a) An organic mental disorder;

(b) A mental or behavioural

disorder due to the use of

psychoactive substance

which includes dependence

syndrome induced by alcohol or

other psychoactive substances;

(c) Schizophrenia or a

schizotypal or delusional

disorder;

(d) A mood (affective) disorder;

(e) a neurotic, stress-related or

somatoform disorder;

(f) a behavioural syndrome

associated with physiological

disturbances or physical factors;

(g) a disorder of adultpersonality or behaviour,

particularly if manifested by

repeated overt acts;

(h) mental retardation;

(i) a disorder or psychological

development;

(j) a behavioral or emotional

disorder, with onset in childhood

or adolescence ;or

(k) a mental disorder not

otherwise specified.

2.3 The applicant shall have

no established medical history

or clinical diagnosis which,

according to accredited

medical conclusion, wouldrender the applicant unable to

exercise safely the privileges

of the permit, license or rating

applied for or held, as follows:

(a) An organic mental

disorder;



psychoactive substance which

includes dependence

syndrome induced by

alcohol or other psychoactive

substances;



disorder;

(d) A mood (affective)

disorder;

(e) a neurotic, stress-related or

somatoform disorder;

(f) a behavioural syndromeassociated with physiological

disturbances or physical

factors;

(g) a disorder of adult

personality or behaviour,




(i) a disorder or

psychological development;

(j) a behavoural or emotional

disorder, with onset in

childhood or adolescence;

or



3.3 The applicant shall

have no established

medical history or clinical

diagnosis which, according

to accredited medicalconclusion, would render

the applicant unable to

exercise safely the

privileges of the license or

rating applied for or held,

as follows:

(a) An organic mental

disorder;



psychoactive substance

which includes dependence

syndrome induced by

alcohol or other

psychoactive substances;



disorder;

(d) A mood (affective)

disorder; (e) a neurotic,

stress-related or somatoform disorder;

(f) a behavioural syndrome

associated with

physiological disturbances

or physical factors;

(g) a disorder of adult

personality or behaviour,




(i) a disorder or

psychological

development;

(j) a behavoural or

emotional disorder, with

onset in childhood or

adolescence; or





Section 2 BCAR APL

71

Nervous System


(a) a progressive or non-progressive disease of thenervous system, the effectsof which are likely tointerfere with the safeoperation of an aircraft;(b) a convulsive disorder such as epilepsy;(c) any disturbance of consciousness.

Without satisfactory medicalexplanation of cause; or (d) any history of serioushead injury the effects of which, are likely to interferewith the safe operation of anaircraft.

2.4 The applicant shall notsuffer from any disease or disability which couldrender him likely to becomesuddenly unable either tooperate an aircraft safelyor to perform assignedduties safely.The applicant shall have no

established medical historyor clinical diagnosis of any of the following:a) a progressive or nonprogressive disease of thenervous system, theeffects of which are likelyto interfere with the safeoperation of an aircraft;b) a convulsive disorder such as epilepsy;

c) any disturbance of

consciousness.Without satisfactorymedical explanation of cause; or (d) any history of serioushead injury the effects of which, are likely tointerfere with the safeoperation of an aircraft.

3.4 The applicant shall notsuffer from any disease or disability which could render him likely to becomesuddenly unable either tooperate an aircraft safely or to perform assigned dutiessafely. The applicant shallhave no established medical

history or clinical diagnosisof any of the following:

a) a progressive or non-progressive disease of thenervous system, theeffects of which are likely tointerfere with the safeoperation of an aircraft;(b) a convulsive disorder such as epilepsy;

(c) any disturbance of consciousness without

satisfactory medicalexplanation of cause; or (d) any history of serioushead injury the effects of which, are likely to interferewith the safe operation of anaircraft.

1.4 The applicant shall notsuffer from any disease or disability which could render him likely to becomesuddenly unable either tooperate an aircraft safely or to perform assigned dutiessafely.The applicant shall have noestablished medical history

or clinical diagnosis of any of the following:



Section 2 BCAR APL

72

Cardio-vascular System

Medical Class 1

1.5 The applicant shall notpossess any abnormality of theheart, congenital or acquired,which is likely to interfere withthe safe exercise of theapplicant‘s license and rating privileges.

Medical Class 2

2.5 The applicant shall notpossess any abnormality of the heart, congenital or acquired, which is likely tointerfere with the safeexercise of the applicant‘slicense and rating privileges.

Medical Class 1

3.5 The applicant shall notpossess any abnormalityof the heart, congenital or acquired, which is likelyto interfere with the safeexercise of the applicant‘slicense and ratingprivileges.

Medical Class 1

1.6.1 An applicant who hasundergone coronary bypassgrafting or angioplasty (with or without stenting) or other cardiacintervention or who has a historyof myocardial infarction or whosuffers from any other potentiallyincapacitating cardiac conditionshall be assessed as unfit unlessthe applicant‘s cardiac conditionhas been investigated andevaluated in accordance withbest medical practice and isassessed not likely to interferewith the safe exercise of theapplicant‘s license or ratingprivileges.1.6.2 An applicant with anabnormal cardiac rhythm shall beassessed as unfitunless the cardiac arrhythmiahas been investigated andevaluated in accordancewith best medical practice and isassessed not likely to interferewith the safe exercise of theapplicant‘s license or ratingprivileges.

Medical Class 2

2.6 1 An applicant who hasundergone Coronary bypassgrafting or angioplasty (with or without stenting) or other cardiacintervention or who has a history of myocardial infarction or who suffersfrom any other potentiallyincapacitating cardiac conditionshall be assessed as unfit unlessthe applicant‘s cardiac conditionhas been investigated andevaluated in accordance with bestmedical practice and is assessednot likely to interfere with the safeexercise of the applicant‘s license or rating privileges.

2.6.2 An applicant with an abnormalcardiac rhythm shall be assessedas unfit unless the cardiacarrhythmia has been investigatedand evaluated in accordance withbest medical practice and isassessed not likely to interfere withthe safe exercise of the applicant‘slicense or rating privileges.

Medical Class 3

3.6 An applicant who hasundergone coronarybypass grafting or angioplasty (with or without stenting) or other cardiac intervention or who has a history of myocardial infarction or

who suffers from anyother potentiallyincapacitating cardiaccondition shall beassessed as unfit unlessthe applicant‘s cardiaccondition has beeninvestigated andevaluated in accordancewith best medical practiceand is assessed not likelyto interfere with the safe

exercise of the applicant‘slicense or rating privileges.



Section 2 BCAR APL

73

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

Medical Class 1

1.7 Routineelectrocardiography shall:(a) form part of the heartexamination of anapplicant for the first issueof a Medical Assesment;

(b) be included in re-examinations of applicantsbetween the ages 30years and 50 years, noless frequently than everytwo years and(c) thereafter no lessfrequently than annually.

Medical Class 2

2.7 Routineelectrocardiography shallform part of the heartexamination of an applicantfor the first issue of a MedicalCertificate and at the first re-examination after the age 50and subsequently no lessfrequently than every twoyears, and in re-examinations in all doubtfulcases.

Medical Class 3

3.7 Routineelectrocardiography shallform part of the heartexamination of an applicantfor the first issue of aMedical Certificate and at

the first re-examination after the age 50 year andsubsequently no lessfrequently than every twoyears, and in re-examinations in all doubtfulcases.



Section 2 BCAR APL

74

Blood Pressure


1.8 The systolic and diastolicblood pressure shall bewithin normal limits. NOTE:(1) The use of drugs for control of high blood pressureis disqualifying except for those drugs, the use of whichaccording to accredited

medical conclusion, can beadequately tolerated by theapplicant, are compatible withthe safe performance of duties and can be closelymonitored by the aviationmedical examiner or aphysician in communicationwith the Belize Department of Civil Aviation Licensing Staff.

(2) When initiating a new

treatment for hypertension,the applicant shall notexercise the privileges of the licenseuntil the new medication iswell tolerated.

2.8 The systolic anddiastolic blood pressureshall be within normallimits. NOTE: (1) The use of drugs for control of highblood pressure isdisqualifying except for those drugs, the use of

which according toaccredited medicalconclusion, can beadequately tolerated by theapplicant, are compatiblewith the safe performanceof duties and can be closelymonitored by the aviationmedical examiner or aphysician in communicationwith the Belize Departmentof Civil Aviation Licensing

Staff.

2) When initiating a newtreatment for hypertension,the applicant shall notexercise the privileges of the license until the newmedication is well tolerated.

3.8 The systolic and diastolicblood pressure shall be withinnormal limits.NOTE: (1) The use of drugsfor control of high bloodpressure is disqualifyingexcept for those drugs, theuse of which, according to

accredited medicalconclusion, can beadequately tolerated by theapplicant and are comparablewith the safe performance of duties and can be closelymonitored by the aviationmedical examiner or aphysician in communicationwith the Belize Department of Civil Aviation Licensing Staff.

(2) When initiating a newtreatment for hypertension,the applicant shallnot exercise the privileges of the license until the newmedication is well tolerated.



Section 2 BCAR APL

75

CirculatorySystem

Medical class 1

1.9 There shall be nofunctional or structuralabnormality of thecirculatory tree. Thepresence of varicositiesdoes not necessarily entailunfitness.

Medical class 2

2.9 There shall be nofunctional or structuralabnormality of thecirculatory tree. Thepresence of varicositiesdoes not necessarily entailunfitness.

Medical class 3

3.9 There shall beno functional or structuralabnormality of thecirculatory tree. Thepresence of varicosities does notnecessarily entailunfitness.

Respiratory System

Medical Class 1

1.10 There shall be noacute disability or progressive disease of thelungs, nor any activedisease of the structures of the lungs, pleurae or mediastinum likely to resultin incapacitating symptomsduring normal andemergency operations.Chest radiography shallform a part of the initialmedical examination.Note — Periodic chestradiography is usually notnecessary but may be anecessity in situationswhere symptomaticpulmonary disease can beexpected.

Medical Class 2

2.10 There shall be no acutedisability or progressivedisease of the lungs, nor anyactive disease of thestructures of the lungs,pleurae or mediastinum likely

to result in incapacitatingsymptoms during normal andemergency operations.Chest radiography shall forma part of the initial medicalexamination.Note — Periodic chestradiography is usually notnecessary but may be anecessity in situations wheresymptomatic pulmonarydisease can be expected.

Medical Class 3

3.10 There shall be nosignificant disability or progressive disease of thelungs, pleura or mediastinumlikely to result inincapacitating

symptoms.

Note. - Chest radiography isusually not necessary butmay be a necessity insituations wheresymptomatic pulmonarydisease can be expected.



Section 2 BCAR APL

76

Pulmonary

Medical Class 1

1.11 Applicants withchronic obstructivepulmonary diseaseshall be assessed asunfit unless theapplicant‘s conditionhas been investigatedand evaluated in

accordance with bestmedical practice and isassessed not likely tointerfere with the safeexercise of theapplicant‘s license or rating privileges.

Medical Class 2

2.11 Applicants with chronicobstructive pulmonarydisease shall be assessed asunfit unless the applicant‘scondition has beeninvestigated and evaluated inaccordance with best

medical practice and isassessed not likely tointerfere with the safeexercise of the applicant‘slicense or rating privileges.

Medical Class 3

3.11 Applicants withchronic obstructivepulmonary disease shallbe assessed as unfitunless the applicant‘scondition has beeninvestigated andevaluated in accordance

with best medicalpractice and is assessednot likely to interfere withthe safe exercise of theapplicant‘s license or rating privileges.

Other MedicalConditions


1.17 Cases of

metabolic, nutritional or endocrine disorders likelyto interfere with the safeoperation of an aircraftshall be assessed as unfit.

Medical Class 2

2.17 Cases of metabolic,nutritional and or endocrinedisorders likely to interferewith the safe operation of anaircraft duties shall beassessed as unfit.

Medical Class 3

3.17 Cases of metabolic, nutritionalendocrine disorder likely to interfere withreliable performance of shall be assessed asunfit.

1.18 Applicants with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus shallbe assessed as unfit.1.18.1. Applicants with non-insulin-treated diabetesmellitus shall be assessed as

unfit unless the condition isshown to be satisfactorilycontrolled by diet alone or bydiet combined with oral anti-diabetic medication, the use of which is compatible with thesafe exercise of the applicant‘slicense and rating.

2.18 Applicants withinsulin-treateddiabetes mellitus shallbe assessed as unfit.

3.18 Applicants with insulin-treated diabetes mellitusshall be assessed as unfit.3.18.1. Applicants with non-insulin- treated diabetesmellitus shall be assessed

as unfit unless the conditionis shown to be satisfactorilycontrolled by diet alone or by diet combined with oralanti-diabetic medication, theuse of which is compatiblewith the safe exercise of theapplicant‘s license andrating.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

1.19 Not allocated 2.19 Not allocated 3.19 Not allocated

1.20.1 Applicants withdiseases of the bloodand/or the lymphaticsystem shall beassessed as unfit unlessadequately investigatedand their condition foundunlikely to interfere withthe safe exercise of their license and ratingprivileges.

Note.— Sickle cell traitand other haemoglobinopathictraits are usuallycompatible with fitassessment.

1.20.2 Applicants withrenal or genito-urinarydisease shall beassessed as unfit,unless adequatelyinvestigated and their condition found unlikelyto interfere with the safeexercise of their licenseand rating privileges.

1.20.3 Urineexamination shall formpart of the medicalexamination andabnormalities shall beadequately investigated.

2.20.1 1 Applicants withdiseases of the blood and/or the lymphatic system shall beassessed as unfit unlessadequately investigated andtheir condition found unlikelyto interfere with the safeexercise of their license andrating privileges.Note.— Sickle cell trait andother haemoglobinopathictraits are usually compatiblewith fit assessment.

2.20.2 Applicants with renalor genito-urinary diseaseshall be assessed as unfit,unless adequatelyinvestigated and their condition found unlikely tointerfere with the safeexercise of their license andrating privileges.

2.20.3 Urine examinationshall form part of the medicalexamination andabnormalities shall beadequately investigated.

3.20.1 Applicants withdiseases of the blood and/or the lymphatic system shallbe assessed as unfit unlessadequately investigated andtheir condition found unlikelyto interfere with the safeexercise of their license andrating privileges.

Note.— Sickle cell trait andother haemoglobinopathictraits are usually compatiblewith fit assessment.

3.20.2 Applicants with renalor genito-urinary diseaseshall be assessed as unfit,unless adequatelyinvestigated and their condition found unlikely tointerfere with the safeexercise of their license andrating privileges.

3.20.3 Urine examinationshall form part of themedical examination andabnormalities shall beadequately investigated.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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Genito-urinary

System


1.21 Applicants withacquired Immunodeficiencysyndrome (AIDS) shall beassessed as unfit.

1.21.1 Applicants who areseropositive for human

immunodeficiency virus(HIV) shall be assessed asunfit unless full investigationprovides no evidence of clinical disease.

Medical Class 1

1.22 Applicants withsequelae of disease of or surgical procedures on the

kidneys or the genito-urinarytract, in particular obstructions due to strictureor compression, shall beassessed as unfit unless theapplicant‘s condition hasbeen investigated andevaluated in accordancewith best medical practiceand is assessed not likely tointerfere with the safeexercise of the applicant‘s

license or rating privileges.

1.22.1 An Applicant whohas undergonenephrectomy shall beassessed as unfitunless the condition is wellcompensated.

Medical Class 2

2.21 Applicants withacquired Immunodeficiencysyndrome (AIDS) shall beassessed as unfit.

2.21.1 Applicants who areseropositive for humanimmunodeficiency virus(HIV) shall be assessed asunfit unless fullinvestigation provides noevidence of clinicaldisease.

Medical Class 2


kidneys or the genito-urinarytract, in particular obstructions due to strictureor compression, shall beassessed as unfit unless theapplicant‘s condition hasbeen investigated andevaluated in accordancewith best medical practiceand is assessed not likely tointerfere with the safeexercise of the applicant‘slicense or rating privileges.

2.22.1 An Applicant whohas under gonenephrectomy shall beassessed as unfit unless thecondition is wellcompensated.

Medical Class 3

3.21 Applicants withacquiredImmunodeficiencysyndrome (AIDS) shallbe assessed as unfit.

3.21.1 Applicants who

are seropositive for human immunodeficiencyvirus (HIV) shall beassessed as unfit unlessfull investigation providesno evidence of clinicaldisease.

Medical Class 3


kidneys or the genito-urinary tract, in particular obstructions due tostructure or compression,shall be assessed as unfitunless the applicant‘scondition has beeninvestigated and evaluatedin accordance with bestmedical practice and isassessed not likely tointerfere with the safe

exercise of the applicant‘slicense or rating privileges.

3.22.1 An Applicant whohas undergonenephrectomy shall beassessed as unfit unlessthe condition is wellcompensated.



Section 2 BCAR APL

79

Reproductive System

Medical Class 1

1.23 An applicant withgynecological disorders thatare likely to interfere with thesafe exercise of his licenseand rating privileges shall beassessed as unfit.

1.24.1 An applicant who ispregnant shall be assessedas unfit unless obstetricalevaluation and continued

medical supervision indicate alow risk uncomplicatedpregnancy.1.24.2 An applicant with low-risk uncomplicated pregnancydetermined by an obstetricalevaluation and continuedmedical supervision, the fitassessment shall be limited tothe period from the endof the 12th week until the endof the 26th week of gestation.

Medical Class 2

2.24.1 An applicant who ispregnant shall be assessed asunfit unless obstetricalevaluation and continuedmedical supervision indicate alow risk uncomplicatedpregnancy.

2.24.2 An applicant with low-riskuncomplicated pregnancydetermined by an obstetricalevaluation and continuedmedical supervision, the fitassessment shall be limited tothe period from the end of the12th week until the end of the26th week of gestation.

Medical Class 3

3.24.1 An applicant who ispregnant shall be assessedas unfit unless obstetricalevaluation and continuedmedical supervision indicatelow-risk uncomplicatedpregnancy.

3.24.2 An applicant with alow-risk uncomplicatedpregnancy determined byan obstetrical evaluationand continued medicalsupervision, the fitassessment shall be limitedto the period from the end of the 34th week.

1.24.3 Following confinementor termination of thepregnancy, an applicantshall not be permitted toexercise the privileges of her license until she hasundergone re-evaluation inaccordance with bestmedical practice and it hasbeen determined that she is

2.24.3 Following confinement or termination of the pregnancy, anapplicant shall not be permittedto exercise the privileges of her license until she has undergonere-evaluation in accordance withbest medical practice and it hasbeen determined that she is ablesafely exercise the privileges of her license and ratings.

3.24.3 During thegestational period,precaution should be takenfor the in the event or earlyonset of labour or other complications.

able to safely exercise theprivileges of her license andratings

3.24.4 Following confinementor termination of pregnancy,an applicant shall not bepermitted to exercise theprivileges of her license untilshe has undergonereevaluation in accordancewith best medical practice andit has been determined thatshe is able to safely exercisethe privileges of her licenseand ratings.



Section 2 BCAR APL

80

Musculoskeletal System

Medical Class 1

1.25 An applicant shall notpossess any abnormalityof the bones, joints,muscles, tendons or related structures which islikely to interfere with thesafe exercise of theapplicant‘s license and

rating privileges.Note.— Any sequelaeafter lesions affecting thebones, joints, muscles or tendons, and certainanatomical defects willnormally requirefunctional assessment todetermine fitness.

Medical Class 2

2.25 An applicant shall notpossess any abnormality of the bones, joints, muscles,tendons or related structureswhich is likely to interfere withthe safe exercise of theapplicant‘s license and ratingprivileges.

Note.— Any sequelae after lesions affecting the bones,

joints, muscles or tendons,and certain anatomicaldefects will normally requirefunctional assessment todetermine fitness.

Medical Class 3

3.25 An applicant shall notpossess any abnormality of the bones, joints, muscles,tendons or related structureswhich is likely to interferewith the safe exercise of theapplicant‘s license and ratingprivileges.

Note.— Any sequelae after lesions affecting the bones,

joints, muscles or tendons,and certain anatomicaldefects will normally requirefunctional assessment todetermine fitness.



Section 2 BCAR APL

81

Ear, Nose and Throat Conditions

Class 1

1.26 An applicant shall notpossess any abnormality or disease of the ear or relatedstructures which is likely tointerfere with the safeexercise of the applicant‘slicense and rating privileges.

1.26.1 There shall be:

a) no disturbance of vestibular function;b) no significant dysfunctionof the Eustachian tubes; andc) no unhealed perforation of the tympanic membranes.

1.26.2 A single dryperforation of the tympanicmembrane need not render the applicant unfit.

.

Class 2


2.26.1 There shall be:

a) no disturbance of vestibular function;b) no significant dysfunctionof the Eustachian tubes;andc) no unhealed perforation of the tympanic membranes.

2.26.2 A single dryperforation of the tympanicmembrane need not render the applicant unfit.

Class 3


.



Section 2 BCAR APL

82

Malformation


1.27 There shall be:

a) no nasal obstruction;and

b) no malformation nor any disease of the buccalcavity or upper

respiratory tract which islikely to interfere with thesafe exercise of theapplicant‘s license and rating privileges.

2.27 There shall be:

a) no nasal obstruction;andb) no malformation nor anydisease of the buccal cavityor upper respiratory tractwhich is likely to interferewith the safe exercise of

the applicant‘s license andrating privileges.

3.27 There shall be nomalformation nor anydisease of the nose,buccal cavity or upper respiratory tract which islikely to interfere with thesafe exercise of theapplicant‘s license and

rating privileges.



Section 2 BCAR APL

83

Speech Defects

Medical Class 1

1.28 Cases of speechdefects and stutteringthat causecommunicationdifficulties shall beconsidered unfit.

Medical Class 2

2.28 Cases of speechdefects and stuttering thatcause communicationdifficulties shall beconsidered unfit.

Medical Class 3

3.28 Cases of speechdefects and stuttering thatcause communicationdifficulties shall beconsidered unfit.

Hearing Requirement

Medical Class 1

1.29 The applicant shallbe required to be freefrom any hearing defectwhich could interfere withthe safe performance of the applicant‘s duties inexercising the privilegesof the license.

Medical Class 2

2.29 The applicant shallbe free from any hearingdefect which couldinterfere with the safeperformance of theapplicants‘ duties inexercising the privileges of the license.

Medical Class 3

3.29 The applicant shallbe required to be freefrom any hearing defectwhich could interfere withthe safe performance of the applicants‘ dutiesin exercising theprivileges of the license.



Section 2 BCAR APL

84

Hearing Requirement

Medical Class 1

1.30 The applicant shall betested on a pure toneaudiometer at the initialexamination for a MedicalClass I, not less than onceevery five years up to age of 40 years, and thereafter notless than once every twoyears, and shall not show ahearing loss, in either ear separately, of more than 35dB at any of the frequencies500, 1000, 2000 Hz or morethan 50 dB at 3000 Hz.However, an applicant with ahearing loss greater thanthe above may be declaredfit provided that:(a) The applicant has ahearing performance in eachear separately equivalent tothat of a normal person,against a background noisethat will simulate the maskingproperties of flight deck noiseupon speech and beaconsignals; and

(b) (the applicant has theability to hear an averageconversational voice in aquiet room, using both ears,at a distance of 2 metersfrom the examiner, with theback turned to the examiner.

Medical Class 2

2.30 An applicant shall betested by pure-tone audiometryat first issue of the assessment; and not lesthan once every two yearsabove the age of 50years and shall not have ahearing loss, in either ear separately, of more than

35dB at any of the frequencies,500Hz, 1000Hz or 2000Hz, or more than 50 dB at 3000Hz.an applicant with ahearing loss greater than thatspecified may be declared fir provided that:(a) the applicant has normalhearing performance against abackground noise thatreproduces or simulates themasking properties of flight deck

noise upon speech and beaconsignals; and

(b) the applicant has the abilityto hear an averageconversational voice in a quietroom, using both ears, at adistance of 2 meters from theexaminer, with the back turnedto the examiner.

.

Medical Class 3

3.30 The applicant shall betested on a pure toneaudiometer at the initialexamination for a Medical Class1, not less than once every fiveyears upto age of 40 years, andthereafter not less than onceevery three years, and shall notshow a hearing loss, in either ear separately, of more than 35dB at any of the frequencies500,1000,2000 Hz or more than50 dB at 3000 Hz. However, anapplicant with a hearing lossgreater than the above may bedeclared fit provided that:(a) the applicant has a hearingperformance in each ear separately equivalent to that of a normal person, against abackground noise that willsimulate the masking propertiesof flight deck noise upon speechandbeacon signals; and(b) the applicant has the abilityto hear an averageconversational voice in a quietroom, using both ears, at adistance of 2 meters from theexaminer, with the back turnedto the examiner.



Section 2 BCAR APL

85

Hearing Requirement

Medical Class 1 Medica

1.31 At each examinationthe applicant shalldemonstrate, in a quietroom, the ability to hear asoft-whispered voice ineach ear separately at adistance of six feet (twometres) from the Civil

Aviation Medical Examiner. Applicants experiencingsome difficulty with routinewhisper shall be tested bypure tone audiometry.

Medical Class 2

2.31 At each examination theapplicant shall demonstrate,in a quiet room, the ability tohear a soft-whispered voicein each ear at a distance of six feet (two metres) from theCivil Aviation MedicalExaminer and an averageconversational voice withboth ears at nine feet (threemetres) with the back turnedto the Aviation MedicalExaminer. Applicantsexperiencing difficulty withroutine whisper or conversational voice testsshall be tested by pure toneaudiometry.

Medical 3

3.31 At each examination theapplicant shall demonstrate, ina quiet room the ability to hear a soft-whispered voice in eachear at a distance of six feet(two metres) from the Civil

Aviation Medical Examiner. Applicants experiencing somedifficulty with routine whisper shall be tested by pure toneaudiometry.



Section 2 BCAR APL

86

Medical Class 1 Medical Class 2 Medical class 3

1.32 Alternatively,other methodsprovidingequivalent resultsto those specified in

1.30 shall be used.

2.32 Alternatively, other methods providingequivalent results to thosespecified in 2.30 shall beused.

3.32 Alternatively, other methods providingequivalent results tothose specified in 3.30shall be used.

Visual Requirement

1.33 The function of theeyes and their adnexaeshall be normal. Thereshall be no activepathological or artificiallyinduced condition, acute or chronic, of either eye or

adnexae which is likely tointerfere with its proper function to an extent thatwould jeopardize safety inflight or the safeperformance of duties.

2.33 The function of theeyes and their adnexaeshall be normal. Thereshall be no activepathological or artificiallyinduced condition, acuteor chronic, of either eye

or adnexae which islikely to interfere with itsproper function to anextent that would

jeopardize safety inflight, or safeperformance of duties.

3.33 There shall be no activepathological or artificiallyinduced condition, acute or chronic, of either eye or adnexae which islikely to interfere with itsproper function to an extent

that would jeopardize safetyin the safe performance of duties.

1.34 The applicant shall berequired to have normalfields of vision.

2.34 The applicant shallbe required to havenormal fields of vision.

3.34 The applicant shallbe required to havenormal fields of vision



Section 2 BCAR APL

87

1.35.1 The applicant shall berequired to have a distantvisual acuity of not less than6/9 in each eye separately,and binocular visual acuityshall be 6/6 or better. Nolimits apply to uncorrectedvisual acuity. Where thisstandard of visual acuity canbe obtained only withcorrecting lenses the applicantshall be assessed as fitprovided that:(a) such correcting lenses areworn when exercising theprivileges of the license or rating applied for or held;(b) the applicant has a sparepair of suitable correctingglasses available for immediate use whenexercising the privileges of thelicense.

NOTE: (1) "Correcting lenses"

shall be interpreted to meanspectacles or contact

lenses. Contact lenses shallnot be approved prior to sixmonths trial wear

2.35.1 The applicant shall berequired to have a distantvisual acuity of not less than6/12 in each eye separately,and binocular visual acuityshall be 6/9 or better.. Nolimits apply to uncorrectedvisual acuity. Where thisstandard of visual acuity canbe obtained only withcorrecting lenses the applicantshall be assessed as fitprovided that:(a) such correcting lenses areworn when exercising theprivileges of the license or rating applied for or held;(b) the applicant has a sparepair of suitable correctingglasses available for immediate use whenexercising the privileges of thelicense.


shall be interpreted to meanspectacles or contact lenses.Contact lenses shall not beapproved prior to six monthstrial wear. .

3.35 The applicant shall be

required to have a distantvisual acuity of notless than 6/9 in each eyeseparately, and binocular visual acuity shall be6/6 or better. No limits applyto uncorrected visual acuity.Where this standard of visualacuity can be obtained onlywith correcting lenses theapplicant shall be assessedas fit provided that:

(a) such correcting lenses areworn when exercising theprivileges of the license or rating applied for or held;(b) the applicant has a sparepair of suitable correctingglasses available for immediate use whenexercising the privileges of thelicense.


shall be interpreted to meanspectacles or contact lens.

Contact lenses shallnot be approved prior to sixmonths trial wear.



Section 2 BCAR APL

88

Medical Class 1 (Cont..)

NOTE :(2) An applicant acceptedas meeting the provisions of paragraph1.35.1 (c) is deemed to continueto do so unless there is reason tosuspect otherwise, in which caserefraction is repeated as required.The uncorrected visual acuity is

measured and recorded at eachre-examination. Conditions whichindicate a need to re-determinethe refractive error include, butare not limited by: a refractivestate close to the limit of acceptability, a substantialdecrease in the uncorrectedvisual acuity and the occurrenceof eye disease, eye injury or eyesurgery.

1.35.2 Applicant whoseuncorrected distant visual acuityin either eye is worse than 6/60shall be provide a full ophthalmicreport prior to the initial Medical

Assessment and every five yearsafter;

1.35.3 Applicants with a largerefractive error shall use contactlenses or high-index spectaclelenses.

NOTE: 1 If spectacles are used,high-index lenses are needed tominimize peripheral fielddistortion.

Medical Class 2 (Cont.)

NOTE :(2) An applicantaccepted as meeting theprovisions of paragraph2.35.1 (c) is deemed tocontinue to do so unless thereis reason to suspectotherwise, in which caserefraction is repeated asrequired. The uncorrectedvisual acuity is measured andrecorded at each re-examination. Conditionswhich indicate a need to re-determine the refractive error include, but are notlimited by: a refractive stateclose to the limit of acceptability, a substantialdecrease in the uncorrectedvisual acuity and theoccurrence of eye disease,

eye injury or eye surgery.

2.35.2 Applicant whoseuncorrected distant visualacuity in either eye is worsethan 6/60 shall be provide afull ophthalmic report prior tothe initial Medical Assessmentand every five years after;

2.35.3 Applicants with a largerefractive error shall use

contact lenses or high-index spectacle lensesNOTE: 1 If spectacles areused, high-index lenses areneeded to minimize peripheralfield distortion.

Medical Class 3

NOTE :(2) An applicant acceptedas meeting the provisions of paragraph 3.35.1 (c) is deemedto continue to do so unless thereis reason to suspect otherwise,in which case refraction isrepeated as required. Theuncorrected visual acuity ismeasured and recorded at each

re-examination. Conditions whichindicate a need to re-determinethe refractive error include, butare not limited by: a refractivestate close to the limit of acceptability, a substantialdecrease in the uncorrectedvisual acuity and the occurrenceof eye disease, eye injury or eyesurgery.

3.35.2 Applicant whose

uncorrected distant visual acuityin either eye isworse than 6/60 shall be providea full ophthalmic report prior tothe initial Medical Assessmentand every five years after;

3.35.3 Applicants with a largerefractive error shall use contactlenses or high-index spectaclelenses NOTE: 1 If spectaclesare used, high-index lenses are

needed to minimize peripheralfield distortion.



Section 2 BCAR APL

89

Medical Class 1

1.36.1 The applicant shall berequired to have the ability toread the N5 Chart or its equivalent at a distance of 30 to 50 centimetres (12 to 20inches) and the ability to readthe N14 chart or itsequivalent at a distance of 100 cm (40inches). If the

requirement is met onlyby the use of correctinglenses,the applicant shall beassessed as fit provided thisnear correction is added tothe spectacles correctionalready prescribed inaccordance with 1.35; if nosuch correction is prescribeda pair of near correctinglenses are available for immediate use when

exercising the privileges of thelicense. When near correctionis required, the applicant shalldemonstrate that one pair of spectacles is sufficient tomeet both distant and near visual requirements.

Medical Class 2

2.36.1 The applicant shall berequired to have the ability toread the N5 Chart or itsequivalent at a distance of 30to 50 centimetres (12 to 20inches). If this requirement ismet only by the use of correcting lenses, theapplicant shall be assessedas fit provided this near correction is added to thespectacles correction alreadyprescribed in accordancewith 1.35; if no suchcorrection is prescribed apair of near correcting lensesare available for immediateuse when exercising theprivileges of the license.When near correction isrequired, the applicant shalldemonstrate that one pair of spectacles is sufficient tomeet both distant and near visual requirements.

Medical Class 3

3.36.1 The applicant shallbe required to have theability to read the N5Chart or its equivalent at adistance of 30 to 50centimetres (12 to 20inches) and the ability toread the N14 chartor its equivalent at adistance of 100cm (40 inches). If therequirement is met only bythe use of correctinglenses, the applicant shallbe assessed as fitprovided this near correction is added to thespectacles correctionalready prescribed inaccordance with1.35; if no such correction isprescribed a pair of near correcting lenses areavailable for immediateuse when exercising theprivileges of thelicense. When near correction is required, theapplicant shalldemonstrate that one pair of spectacles is sufficientto meet both distant andnear visual requirements.



Section 2 BCAR APL

90

Medical Class 1

NOTE: (1) N5 and N14 refer tothe Faculty of Ophthalmologist'sReadingType.

NOTE: (2) An applicant whoneeds correction to meet thisrequirement will require "look-over", bifocal or trifocal

lenses to enable him to readthe instruments and a chart or manual held in the hand, andalso make use of distantvision through the windscreenwithout removing his lenses.Single-vision near correction(full lenses of one power only,appropriate to reading)significantly reduces distantvisual acuity and is therefore notacceptableNOTE: (3). Whenever there isa requirement to obtain or renew correcting lenses, anapplicant shall advise therefractionist of readingdistances for the visual flightdeck tasks relevant to the typeof aircraft in whichhe is likely to function or toother aviation tasks.

136.2 When near correction isrequired in accordance with thisparagraph, asecond pair of near-correctionspectacles shall be keptavailable for immediate use.

Medical Class 2

NOTE: (1) N5 refers to theFaculty of Ophthalmologist'sReading Type.

NOTE: (2) An applicant whoneeds correction to meet thisrequirement willrequire "look-over", bifocal or trifocal lenses to enable him toread the instruments and achart or manual held in thehand, and also make use of distant vision through thewindscreen without removinghis lenses. Single-vision near correction (full lenses of onepower only, appropriate toreading) significantly reducesdistant visual acuity and istherefore not acceptableNOTE: (3). Whenever there isa requirement to obtain or renew correcting lenses, anapplicant shall advise therefractionist of readingdistances for the visual flightdeck tasks relevant to the typeof aircraft in which he is likelyto function or to other aviationtasks.

2.36.2 When near correction isrequired in accordance withthis paragraph, a second pair

of near-correction spectaclesshall be kept available for immediate use.

Medical Class 3

NOTE: (1) N5 and N14 refer tothe Faculty of Ophthalmologist's ReadingType.

NOTE: (2) An applicant whoneeds correction to meet thisrequirement will require "look-over", bifocal or trifocal lenses

to enable him to read theinstruments and a chart or manual held in the hand, andalso make use of distant visionthrough the windscreen withoutremoving his lenses. Single-vision near correction (fulllenses of one power only,appropriate to reading)significantly reduces distantvisual acuity and is thereforenot acceptable

NOTE: (3) Whenever there is arequirement to obtain or renewcorrecting lenses, an applicantshall advise the refractionist of the reading distances for thevisual Air Traffic Control tasksrelevant to the normal workenvironment.

3.36.2 When near correction isrequired in accordance withthis paragraph, a second pair

of near-correction spectaclesshall be kept available for immediate use.



Section 2 BCAR APL

91

Medical Class 1

1.37 (a)Contact lensesshall be monofocal and non-tinted;(b) The lenses must be welltolerated by the applicant;and(c)All contact lens wearersshall have replacementspectacles available for immediate use in the eventthe contact lens(es) becomedislodged or are required tobe removed in flight;Hard contact lens wearersshall be required to have twopairs of spectacles availableto overcome the frequentphenomenon of spectacleblur. In such cases, one pair of spectacles shall correctthe vision immediatelyfollowing removal of thelens(es), the second pair shall correct the vision after the eye is stabilized.

NOTE: (1) When anapplicant is licensed with thelimitation "Valid only whenwearing required contactlenses" further evaluationshall be required should theapplicant, in the future, wishto wear spectacles only on acontinuing basis while flying.

NOTE: (2) Prescription sunlenses shall not be deemedto meet these requirementsfor flight at night.

Medical Class 2

2.37 (a)Contact lenses shall bemonofocal and non-tinted;(b) The lenses must be welltolerated by the applicant; and(c) All contact lens wearers shallhave replacement spectaclesavailable for immediate use in the event thecontact lens(es) becomedislodged or are required to beremoved in flight;Hard contact lens wearers shallbe required to have two pairs of spectaclesavailable to overcome thefrequent phenomenon of spectacle blur. In suchcases, one pair of spectaclesshall correct the visionimmediately. Following removalof the lens(es), the second pair shall correct the vision after theeye is stabilized.

NOTE: (1) When an applicant islicensed with the limitation "Validonly when wearing requiredcontact lenses" further evaluationshall be required should theapplicant, in the future, wish towear spectacles only on acontinuing basis while flying.

(2) Prescription sun lenses shallnot be deemed to meet theserequirements for flight at night.

Medical Class 3

3.37 (a)Contact lenses shallbe monofocal and non-tinted;(b) The lenses must be welltolerated by the applicant; and(c) All contact lens wearersshall have replacementspectacles available for immediate use in the event thecontact lens(es) becomedislodged or are required to beremoved in flight; Hard contactlens wearers shall be requiredto have two pairs of spectaclesavailable to overcome thefrequent phenomenon of spectacle blur. In such cases,one pair of spectacles shallcorrect the vision immediatelyfollowing removal of thelens(es), the second pair shallcorrect the vision after the eyeis stabilized.NOTE: (1) When an applicantis licensed with the limitation"Valid only when wearingrequired contact lenses" further evaluation shall be requiredshould the applicant, in thefuture, wish to wear spectaclesonly on a continuing basiswhile exercising the privilegesof the applicant's license.(2) Prescription sun lensesshall not be deemed to meetthese requirements for nightduties.



Section 2 BCAR APL

92

Ocular Muscle Balance


1.38 The applicant shallbe assessed with theCover-Uncover Test, or anappropriate technique tomeasure the amount of exophoria, esophoria andhyperphoria present inprism diopters. Theacceptable limits shall be6 diopters for exophoriaand esophoria, and 1diopter for hyperphoria.

NOTE: Applicants foundto have ocular muscleimbalance greater thanthe above noted shall bereferred to an eyespecialist for evaluation.Such cases shall belicensed under thestandards provided thatthere is no danger of developing diplopia duringthe course of a prolongedor difficult flight.

2.38 The applicant shall beassessed with the Cover-Uncover Test, or anappropriate technique tomeasure the amount of exophoria, esophoria andhyperphoria present in prismdiopters.The acceptable limitsshall be 6 diopters for exophoria and esophoria, and1diopter for hyperphoria.

NOTE: Applicants found tohave ocular muscle imbalancegreater than the above notedshall be referred to an eyespecialist for evaluation. Suchcases shall be assessed fit if this assessment is validaccording to accreditedmedical conclusion.

3.38 The applicant shall beassessed with the Cover-Uncover Test, or anappropriate technique tomeasure the amount of exophoria, esophoria andhyperphoria present in prismdiopters. The acceptable limitsshall be 6 diopters for exophoria and esophoria,and 1diopter for hyperphoria.

NOTE: Applicants found tohave ocular muscle imbalancegreater thanthe above noted shall bereferred to an eye specialist for evaluation. Such cases shallbe assessed fit if thisassessment is valid accordingto accredited medicalconclusion.



Section 2 BCAR APL

93

Colour Perception Requirement

Medical Class 1

1.39 The candidate shall berequired to demonstrate his abilityto perceive readily those coloursthe perception of which isnecessary for the safeperformance of his duties.

1.40 If an applicant does notqualify under paragraph. 1.39, the

applicants colour vision shall beassessed fit under this requirementif he passes a Civil Aeronauticscolour perception lantern test or aFarnsworth D-15 test.

1.41 An applicant who does notqualify under paragraphs. 1.39 or 1.40 shall be assessed as fit for arestricted Commercial PilotLicense provided the license isissued with the followingrestriction: "Valid daylight only, 2-

way radio required at controlledairports"..

Medical Class 2

2.39 The candidate shall be requiredto demonstrate his ability to perceivereadily those colours the perceptionof which is necessary for the safeperformance of his duties.

2.40 If an applicant does not qualifyunder paragraph 2.39, the applicantscolour vision shall be assessed fit

under this requirement if he passes aCivil Aeronautics colour perceptionlantern test or a Farnsworth D-15test.

2.41 Applicants who do not meet theRequirements of paras. 2.39 and2.40 may be considered fit with thefollowing restriction: "Valid daylightonly, 2-way radio required atcontrolled airports". NOTE: Thecolour perception practical test is nolonger acceptable.

Medical Class 3

3.39 The candidate shall berequired to demonstrate hisability to perceive readilythose colours the perceptionof which is necessary for thesafe performance of hisduties

3.40 If an applicant does notqualify under para. 3.39, theapplicants colour vision shall be assessed fitunder this requirement if hepasses a Farnsworth D-15test.

3.41 Not allocated.



Section 2 BCAR APL

94

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Section 2 BCAR APL

95

Standard NO: 1.18 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEERLICENSE REQUIREMENTS

Acceptable Means of Compliance 1.18

Standard NO:

1.18.1

Belize Aircraft Maintenance Engineer License requirements

AMC 1.18.1

BCAR APL 10.2 (a) & (b)



Section 2 BCAR APL

96

Categories License without type rating sub-divisions

‗A‘ - Aeroplanes

Aeroplanes 1*1

‗B‘ - Aeroplanes1

-Rotorcraft1

Granted concurrently with a Category ‗B‘

Type Rating onlyand requires a relevant

‗C‘ -Engines1

Piston Engines – Aeroplanes

Turbine Engines - Aeroplanes

‗A‘ & ‗C‘ -Rotorcraft1

Piston-engined Rotorcraft

Turbine-engined Rotorcraft

‗A‘ & ‗C‘ - Airships

Piston-engined Airships

Turbine-engined Airships

‗D‘ - PistonEngines

(Granted concurrently with a Type Rating only)

‗X‘ -Electrical1

Electrical

‗X‘ -Instruments1

Instruments

‗X‘ - AutomaticPilots1

Automatic Pilots – Aeroplanes

Automatic Pilots -Rotorcraft



Section 2 BCAR APL

97

Table 1

* Aeroplanes 1: Unpressurised types of any weight or pressurisedtypes not exceeding 5700 kg

Aeroplanes 2:1 Available only for aircraft below 5700 kg MTOM.

AMC 1.18.1BCAR APL 10.3 (a), (b) & (c)

Table 2

Categor y

Paragraph of AMC1.18.5

Types/Systems Covered

‗ A‘ -

Aer oplanes

1

5.0 CompositeMaterial

Aeroplanes(see NOTEbelow)

5.1 Wooden andCombinedWood andMetal

Aeroplanes

5.5.1 Metal Aeroplanesnotexceeding2730 kgMTWA

5.5

PressurisedMetal

Aeroplanesnotexceeding5700 kgMTWA andallUnpressurise



Section 2 BCAR APL

98

d Metal Aeroplanes

5.7Unpressurised Metalaeroplanesnotexceeding5700 kgMTWA

5.7.1 Unpressurised Metalaeroplanesnotexceeding2730 kgMTWA

5.8 Unpressurised Metalaeroplanesexceeding5700 kgMTWA

5.9 PressurisedMetalaeroplanesnotexceeding5700 kgMTWA

5.9.1 PressurisedMetalaeroplanesnotexceeding2730 kgMTWA

‗B‘ -

Aer o

5.1 Wooden andCombinedWood andMetal

Aeroplanes.

5.5.1 Unpressurised Metal

Aeroplanesnotexceeding



Section 2 BCAR APL

99

planes

2730 kgMTWA.

5.5 Unpressurised Metal

Aeroplanesnotexceeding5700 kgMTWA.

5.7 Unpressurised Metalaeroplanesnotexceeding5700 kgMTWA

5.7.1 Unpressurised Metalaeroplanesnotexceeding2730 kgMTWA

A‘ -

Aer oplanes

2

5.6 Pressurised Aeroplanesexceeding5700kgMTWA.

‗C‘ -

6.0 DieselEngines in

Aeroplanes.



Section 2 BCAR APL

100

Engines

6.3 PistonEngines in

Aeroplanes,excludingDieselEngines

6.4 Jet-turbineengines notexceeding apower ratingof 22.25 kN(5000 lbf)inaeroplanesincluding,where soendorsed,theassociated

APU.

6.5 Propeller-turbineengines inaeroplanesincluding,where soendorsed,theassociated

APU.

6.6 Jet-turbineengines

exceeding apower ratingof 22.25 kN(5000 lbf)inaeroplanesincludingwhere so



Section 2 BCAR APL

101

endorsed,theassociated

APU.

AMC1.18.1 (Cont´d)BCAR APL 10.3 (a), (b) & (c)

Table 2 (cont’d)

Categor y

Paragraph of AMC1.18.5


D‘

– Engi

nes

6.0+ DieselEngines notexceeding500KW(670bhp) inaeroplanes/rotorcraft/airships

6.3+ Pistonengines,excludingDieselengines, notexceeding500KW(670bhp) inaeroplanes/r otorcraft/airships.

‗ A

‘ &‗C‘ -

7.1+ Piston-engined

rotorcraft.7.3+ Turbine-

enginedrotorcraft notexceeding2730 kgMTWA.

7.4*4 Turbine-



Section 2 BCAR APL

102

Rotor cr af t

enginedrotorcraftexceeding2730 kgMTWA.

‗B‘

- Rotor cr af t

7.1+ Piston-enginedrotorcraft..

7.3+ Turbine-enginedrotorcraft notexceeding2730 kgMTWA

‗X‘ - Instr

uments

8.1 Aircrafthavinginstalled:-Generalaircraftinstruments(excludingany aircraftwhich hasinstalled aFlight

Director)8.2 Smiths Flight

Systems.Sperry ZeroReader ZL1,ZL2 FlightDirector System.



Section 2 BCAR APL

103

8.3 FlightDirector Systemsemployingair-drivengyroscopes(attitude).

8.4 FlightDirector Systemsemployingelectrically-drivengyroscopes(attitude)

excludingthosesystemsdefined inparagraph8.2.

8.8 Compasscompensation andadjustment.

‗X

‘ - Electr ic

al

9.1 Aircraft inwhich the

maingenerationsystemoutput is d.c.(includingalternatorshaving a self-containedrectifier system) andin whichsecondary

alternatorshavingan individualpower ratingnotexceeding1.5 kVA maybe fitted



Section 2 BCAR APL

104

9.2 Aircraft inwhich themaingenerationsystemoutput is d.c.and whichhaveinstalled‗frequency wild‘alternatorswith anindividualpower rating

exceeding1.5 kVA for auxiliaryservices

9.3 Aircraft inwhich themaingenerationsystemoutput is‗frequencywild‘ a.c. and

d.c. power issuppliedfromtransformer rectifier units.

AMC1.18.1BCAR APL 10.3 (a), (b) & (c)

Table 2 (cont’d)

Ca

tegor y

Paragraph of AMC

1.18.5


‗9.4

Aircraft in



Section 2 BCAR APL

105

X‘ - Electr ical

which themaingenerationsystemoutput is‗constantfrequency‘a.c. fromalternatorsdriven byconstantspeed driveunits or variablespeed

constantfrequency(VSCF)generator/converter systems, andd.c. power issuppliedfromtransformer rectifier units

‗

X‘ Combined

Categor y

10.1.4

10.1.510.1.6

Includes all

the generalinstrumentation, flightdirector,automaticpilot, inertialnavigation,compasses(excludingcompensation) andground

proximitywarningsystemsinstalled inaircraft listedin therelevant sub-paragraph of



Section 2 BCAR APL

106

(Instr uments a

nd

Automatic

Pilots)

AMC 10.

‗R‘

- Radio

12.2 AirborneCommunication andNavigation

Systems.



Section 2 BCAR APL

107

12.2.1 AirborneCommunication systemsand AirborneNavigationsystemsinstalled inaircraft below5700 kgMTOM,excluding HFcommunications systems,Passenger entertainmen

t systems,Multiplexsystems,CVR andSatellitecommunication systems

12.3 AirborneRadar Systems.

12.3.1 Airborneradar

systemsinstalled inaircraft below5700 kgMTOM,excludingweather radar andTCAS

‗X‘

-

Automa

13.1

Aeroplaneshavinginstalled:

Non radio-coupled

AutomaticPilots.



Section 2 BCAR APL

108

tic Pilots

-

Ae

r oplanes

13.2 Radio-coupled

AutomaticPilots

excludingILS coupled(LOC andGS)

Automaticpilots.

13.3 ILS Coupled(LOC andGS)

AutomaticPilots.

-

Rotor cr

13.4

Rotorcraft

havinginstalled:

Non radio-coupled

AutomaticPilots.



Section 2 BCAR APL

109

af t

13.5 Radio-coupled

AutomaticPilots.

‗X‘ -CompassCompens

ation and

Ad

j

ustment

15 Compasscompensation andadjustment.



Section 2 BCAR APL

110

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13

Examination Syllabus

1detailed in this Appendix.

2noted that the modular arrangements recognize that major areas of the syllabus are common to more than one License Category and/or its Sub-Divisions. Thus, when an existing License is to be extended toinclude another Category or Sub-Division, those Modules which havebeen satisfied by previous examinations may be excluded. Each

module is numbered and contains a series of syllabus subjectheadings. Each subject is then further expanded in more detailagainst ‗level numbers‘ corresponding to License Without Type Rating(LWTR) and Type Rating (TR). This expansion of detail provides anindication of the degree/level of knowledge, experience, competenceand skill in aeronautical engineering required by the BDCA.

3

Level 1: General appreciation of principles and familiarization of thesubject.

Level 2: Comprehension of principles and salient features with apractical ability to assess operational condition.

Level 3: Detailed knowledge of all aspects of the subject.

3.1

a)

b)

c)

d)



Section 2 BCAR APL

111

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APLAPL 10.12 & 10.13 LicenseWithout Type Rating & Type Rating

C

ategor y

Mod

ule

―

‖ -

ngines

―X‖ ―R‖ - Radio

t

ti



Section 2 BCAR APL

112

il

t

- SUBJECT MODULE NUMBERS -

Re

gulation

Bas



Section 2 BCAR APL

113

ic Eng

ineer ing Pr actic

es

Air cr af



Section 2 BCAR APL

114

tCommo

n

Aer oplanes 1

P

iston Engin



Section 2 BCAR APL

115

es

Pr op

eller s

Tur bine Engines

Rotor c



Section 2 BCAR APL

116

r af t

Ai

r ships

―B‖ LicenseEngine Ove



Section 2 BCAR APL

117

r haul

H

uman Per f or mance

Electr ica



Section 2 BCAR APL

118

l Equi

pment

& Systems

Instr umen



Section 2 BCAR APL

119

tsBasi

c

Electr onics

Gyr oscope



Section 2 BCAR APL

120

Ser

vo mechanism

Ae

r oplanes

A



Section 2 BCAR APL

121

utomat

ic

Pilot Common

Rotor cr a



Section 2 BCAR APL

122

f t

Cmpa

ss Compensation

Communicati



Section 2 BCAR APL

123

on

Ra

dio: & Navigatio

n

Radar



Section 2 BCAR APL

124

AMC1.18.2BCAR

APL10.12&10.13LicenseWithout

TypeRating

& TypeRatingModule

1Regulat

ions

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

MaintenanceEngineers‘ Licenses

BCARs requirement

Responsibilities: by

statutory law and by theneed to fly aircraft in asatisfactory condition,i.e.common/civil/constitutional law

Penalties - under statutory law andresulting from civil lawsuits

Categories – applicability

Area and extent of limitations andprivileges withinCategoriesOverlap of Categoryapplicability

Cer tifications

BCARs requirement

Certificates of: Releaseto Service; ; SpecialFlight Permits

Duplicate inspections

Contributory

certifications andreliance on other documentation andpersons

Certification – acceptanceinvestigation and

judgment procedures

Aircraft,

Engineand

BCARs requirement

BDCA Approval: Lightaircraft,

Worksheets; Technical

LogData to be entered inlog books

Condition reports - e.g.heavy landing checks,defect investigations,NDT and other inspections, mandatoryand non-mandatory

Maintenance checksand inspections

Cross-reference to

other files/recordsTec

BCARs requirement

-



Section 2 BCAR APL

125

AircraftDocumentationand

Requir ements

Type Certification

Weight scheduleExternal, and internalmarkings and signs,e.g. nationality andregistration no smokingand fasten seat belt,placards andrequirements, doorsand exits

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type RatingModule 1 Regulations

Level

Syllabus

Sub ject

Certificate of Airworthiness

Categories, purposes of flightCertificate of Registration

Air Operator‘s Certificate



Section 2 BCAR APL

126

Requirements for equipment

Radio station License andapproval

Change of ownership Aerial ApplicationCertificateGlider/banner towing

Approvals

Design Organisations

Inspection Organisations

Maintenance Schedules AOC interface

BLAMS - star inspections,

C of A recommendationStores: systems, releaseof parts

Def ectRepor ting

BCARs requirementsDefects which are to bereported

Reportable accidents

BDC

ARequir ements

BCAR APLAMEL

BCAR-145

BCAR-21BCAR-39BCAR-43

BCAR-45BCAR-OPS 1

BCAR-02

BCAR-03

BCAR-APL

BCAR-137



Section 2 BCAR APL

127

EngineeringDr awingsandTec

hnicalInf or mation

Drawing details - commonpractices: plan,elevations, isometric,sections, scale,dimensional and indicatingpresentation

Use, validity control,interpretation

Maintenance Manuals,Parts Catalogues,Overhaul Manuals

Service bulletin andmodification data

Maintenance schedules:approved and otherwise

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13

License Without Type Rating & Type Rating

Module 2 Basic Engineering Practices

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

EngineeringDr awi

Wiring diagrammanuals,Interconnection charts,Schematic diagrams,Symbols



Section 2 BCAR APL

128

ngsandTechnicalInf or mation(c

ont´d)

Mathematics

Simple calculations:measurements, angles,graphs, metric/imperial,volume, forces,moments, centre of gravityTransposition of formulae, Powers of numbers, Binary

notation, Simpleequations,Conversion of units

Resolution of forces

Science

Pressure/volume/temperature of gasesDensity, Specificgravity, PressureHydraulics: basicprinciples, liquids inflow and staticconditionsThe atmosphere -density/pressure/temperature/altitude/humidity

Basic principles of motion, acceleration,centrifugal, centripetalforces, friction



Section 2 BCAR APL

129

Basic electrical laws,Units, Power in circuits,Magnetism, circuitcalculations

CommonPr acticesand

ToolsHangar/Wor kshop

Lubrication methodsand application

Hand tools, simplemachine tools

Go/No Go gauges, fitsand clearances

Crimping tools, handand hydraulic

Soldering and crimping

Precision measuringinstruments,Electrical measuringinstruments, Circuittesting methods

Torque loading

Assessment of inservice condition of soldered, brazed andwelded joints

Inhibiting and corrosionprotection



Section 2 BCAR APL

130

Painting and paintstripping

Metal contamination

Fire protection andsafety in and around

theworkshop/hangar/aircraft

Storage and handling



Section 2 BCAR APL

131

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type Rating

Module 2 Basic Engineering Practices (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

C

ommonPar ts

Control cables and

fittingsFastening devices -threaded, riveted andswagedV-band clamps andcouplingsLocking: parts andmethodsWashers

Bearings

Pipes: rigid and flexible

Keys and key ways

Worm drive and other types of band clips

Gases and Compounds1

2 Air, nitrogen, carbondioxide, oxygen, helium

AcetyleneSafety aspects

Adhesives, oils,greases, sealingcompounds, solventBasic Electrics2--General principles andpractices

2--Simple circuits a.c. tod.c., d.c. to a.c., a.c. toa.c. conversion

12



Section 2 BCAR APL

132

Ground services ac anddc

Batteries, applicationand handling

Insulators andInsulation, Conductorsand conductivityCommon items used inaircraft applications,e.g. resistors,potentiometers,solenoidsTransformers, singlephase and auto Semi-conductors, capacitors,relays Micro switchesProximity detectors

Fuses, circuit breakers

Motors/actuators

Principles of frequencywild constant frequentac power 1--Circuit wiring,connectors, crimping,clipping, cable sizesand types, cable looms,harnesses, terminationsand disconnects

Bonding, earthing of aircraft

1--Static electricity;lightning; static charges;‗interference‘ effects onradio equipment,electrostatic damageprotection

Environmental Aspects12Effects of snow, ice,lightning and turbulence




Section 2 BCAR APL

133

Module 2 Basic Engineering Practices (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Gasesan

dCompounds

Air, nitrogen, carbondioxide, oxygen, helium

Acetylene

Safety aspects

Adhesives, oils,greases, sealingcompounds, solvent

BasicElectrics

General principles andpracticesSimple circuits a.c. tod.c., d.c. to a.c., a.c. toa.c. conversion

Ground services ac anddc

Batteries, applicationand handling

Insulators andInsulation, Conductorsand conductivity

Common items used inaircraft applications,e.g. resistors,potentiometers,solenoids

Transformers, singlephase and auto Semi-conductors, capacitors,relays Micro switchesProximity detectors

Fuses, circuit breakers

Motors/actuatorsPrinciples of frequencywild constant frequent



Section 2 BCAR APL

134

ac power

Circuit wiring,

connectors, crimping,clipping, cable sizesand types, cable looms,harnesses, terminationsand disconnects

Bonding, earthing of aircraft

Static electricity;lightning; static charges;‗interference‘ effects onradio equipment,electrostatic damage

protectionEnvironmental

Aspects

Effects of snow, ice,lightning and turbulence


Module 3 Category ‗A‘ Common - Aeroplanes, Rotorcraft and Airships

Level

Syllabus

Sub

jectBasic

Aer

Lift/thrust/drag/weight

Stalling of an AerofoilInduced and parasiticdragBoundary layer



Section 2 BCAR APL

135

of oilTheor y

Aerofoil shapes

Sub-Structur es

Folded metal, sheetmetal, extrusions,tubing

Effect of swaging,lightening holes

Use of different metalsCommonly usedfasteners and jointmethods

Protective treatmentsand precautions

Honeycomb

Reinforcedplastic/epoxy materials,applications

FloorsSeats - crew,passenger - ‗crash‘situation

Aerials, Pitot probes,

drain masts, air intakesand similar structuralfitments

Instrument panels andconsoles Radioequipment racks andstowages Light

Metals

Alloys, iron and steel

TitaniumBrass, bronze, copper,lead

Recognition andgeneral characteristicsof metal used

Application and use of metals

The purpose of heattreatments

Use of different heattreatments



Section 2 BCAR APL

136

Anodic treatments

Corrosion treatmentduring manufacture

Identification of corrosionCorrosion treatmentduring repair Fatigue

Other protectivetreatments/finishes

Non-destr uctivecondition-testing

Typical uses anddisplay of defects using:Xray/gamma ray,ultrasonic, eddy current,magnetic particlePenetrant leaching

Visual probes

Eyeglass equipmentusefulness;effectiveness of variousmagnifications

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type RatingModule 3Category ‗A‘ Common - Aeroplanes, Rotorcraft and Airships (cont‘d)

Level

Syllabus



Section 2 BCAR APL

137

Sub

jectMaterials

– nonmetal

reinf or cedplastic/epoxyco

mposites

Glass, fibre andfilament reinforcement

Material usedCold setting, hot settingsystems

Construction principlesused, aircraftapplication

Failure characteristicsHoneycomb, foamsandwich

Hydraulic

Simple systems, i.e.powered pump, reverseselection, pressurerelief, pressureregulation LP and HPfilters

Types of pump

Differing fluids –

mineral/fire resistantControl and indicationmethods

LandingGea

Wheels, tyres, shockabsorbers, castering,steering methods

Simple hydraulicbrakes, i.e. master cylinder to wheel-brake



Section 2 BCAR APL

138

r andBr akes

unit

Brake discs andcalipers

Landing and energybraking conversion

Electrical

Simpler type systems

Batteries, generators,relays, wiring, switchgear Voltage control

Current limiting, circuitprotection devices

Paralleling

a/c from invertersCrimping

Soldered jointsControl and indications,magnetic indicators andannuciators

Instr ument

(other thanengine)

Pitot/static systems andassociated instruments

Gyro instruments -vacuum/pressure/electricalPressure and

temperature indicationPosition indication

Compasses

Radio

VHF communicationsystems


Module 3Category ‗A‘ Common - Aeroplanes, Rotorcraft and Airships (cont‘d)



Section 2 BCAR APL

139

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Saf etyequi

pment

Fire extinguisher - hand

Life jackets

Life rafts

Seat belts/harnesses – passenger/crew, 3-point, 4-point, inertial,lapstraps

Mandatoryrequirements for upper torso restraints

Gr oundhandling

Jacking, trestling,slinging, towing, tiedown

―Servicing‖ activities

Storage

Painting – protectivefinish/external markings

Weighing and centre of gravity determinationweighing report

Gr oundhandling(con

BCARs

Scale position

Basic weightUnusable fuel

Oil and other consumable liquids -quantities

Role variations

Hold/seat



Section 2 BCAR APL

140

t‘d)

row/removableequipment

Station identification

C of G datum


Module 4Categor y ‗A‘ - Aeroplanes 1

Level

S

yllabusSub

jectTheor yof

FlightandContr ol

Stability and control

Equilibrium

Stalling of the aircraft

Flaps and slats

Aerodynamic balance

Mass balance Aileron/elevator/rudder control

Tabs – servo/antiservo/balance/antibalance/trim/springCanard/foreplanes

Aircra

ftstr uctures

Main structures – fuselage/wingStressed skin –

diaphragms andlongerons

Tubular structures

Skin, frames andstiffening

Wing: spar and ribstructure

Integral fuel tanks

Load paths



Section 2 BCAR APL

141

Empennage

Windows, doors andhatches

Material

– nonmetal:(1)Wood

Types. Application anduses

Diseases – environmental effects

Plywood

Glues – past andpresent

Storage and conditioncontrolDamage – failure

modesPainting/protectivefinishes

(2)Fabrics

Natural and man-madematerials – typesapplications and usesTechniques used duringcoveringRepairs

Paint finishes andprotective treatments



Section 2 BCAR APL

142

Butrate and nitratepaints

Ageing

Tautening, heatshrinking

Strength considerations

Drainage and apertures

Stitching, stringing,adhesives

Testing


Module 4Category ‗A‘ - Aeroplanes 1 (cont‘d)

LevelSyllabus

Sub

ject

Systems

Aileron, elevator, rudder

Operating systems andsurfaces – manuallyand electric



Section 2 BCAR APL

143

(1)Flightcontrols

Trim operating systemsand surfaces – manualand electricFlap systems – electrical, hydraulic andmanual

Flap systems -pneumatic

Simple asymmetricprotection

Slat systems – automatic and manual

Hydraulic

Tab systems – trim,balance, servo, antiservo, anti-balance,spring servo

Stall sensing andwarning – simplesystems, e.g. vane or reed types

Basic auto pilots – simple systems

Imputs into maincontrols – functiontesting attitude, headingand height sensing

(2)Iceandrainpr otection

Liquid, electric and bootsystems

Power source, controland indication

Windscreen wipers

Electrically-heatedwindscreens

Combustion heaters,exhaust heatexchangers



Section 2 BCAR APL

144

Ram air

Ventilation fans

Bottle storage,distribution, regulation

Mask

Safety features andrequirements

Simple systems – bleedair, turbo-charger bleed



Section 2 BCAR APL

145

Passenger environmentalrequirements for thecontrol of:Oxygen, heating,ventilation, rate of change, humidityMass flow control

Temperature control

Differential pressure – maximum, negative

Control and indication

Cabin structure,windows and doors for pressurized flights


Module 4Category ‗A‘ - Aeroplanes 1 (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

(3

)Heatingandventi

Combustion heaters,

exhaust heatexchangers

Ram air

Ventilation fans



Section 2 BCAR APL

146

lation(4)Oxygen

Bottle storage,distribution, regulationMask

Safety features andrequirements

(5)Pr essurization

Simple systems – bleedair, turbo-charger bleed

Passenger environmentalrequirements for thecontrol of:Oxygen, heating,ventilation, rate of change, humidity

Mass flow control

Temperature control

Differential pressure – maximum, negative


Cabin structure,windows and doors for pressurized flights

(6)Vacuum/pr essure

Dry and wet pumpsystems

Oil separation

Gyro supply

Relief valve

Filtering

Aerofoil anti-icing

(7)

Pneumatic

Landinggear/flaps/brakes

Operating systemsBasic theory andcommon practices




Section 2 BCAR APL

147

Module 6

Category ‗C‘ - Piston Engines in Aeroplanes, Rotorcraft and Airships

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Pr

inciples,ter minology,definitionsandlaws

Normally aspirated and

supercharged operationTwo and four strokecycles

Ignition timing, mixture,fuel grade detonation

Power

Overhaulperiods/continuation inservice beyondoverhaulrecommendation

Ground running –

principles and problemsEffect of altitude,humidity, temperatureand icing

Standard atmosphere,pressure altitudeFixed and variable pitchpropeller effectsVibration characteristicsand dampingType certification

C

onstr uctionar range

General arrangement -

internalGeneral arrangement -external

Crankcase breathing

Propeller shaft sealing

Materials

Propeller attachmentprovisionPower take-off provision



Section 2 BCAR APL

148

ments

cooling

Cylinders, piston andvalve gear Hydraulic tappets

Camshaft

Casings, mountings andaccessories

Vibration damping

(1)Car bure

tionandinductionSystems:

Air intake – normal/alternate -filtering

Manifolds

Anti-icing provision

Float type and injection

systemsEngine driven fuelpumps

Priming systems

Mixture/idle cut-off/throttle control

(2) Ignition1

2

Magnetos

Ignition harness

Spark plug – reachvariations, operatingtemperatures – long life

Switch control

Timing(internal/external)

Advancing andretarding mechanisms


Module 6Category ‗C‘ - Piston Engines in Aeroplanes, Rotorcraft and Airships (cont‘d)



Section 2 BCAR APL

149

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

(1)Car bure

tionandinductionSystem

s:

Advancing andretarding mechanisms

Screening

Starting aids – impulsecouplings and ignitionboosting

(3)Star ting

Starter motors – manual, bendix,solenoid, pre-engaged

– engagement methods

Non-engagementindication and effects

Starter relays

Earth straps

Cooling

Effects on battery

(4)Firepr otectionan

Extinguishant, bottles,cartridge, ―life control‖

Detection systems andwarnings

Two shot provision



Section 2 BCAR APL

150

dindication

(5)Lubrication

Wet and dry sumpsystems

System arrangement

Pressure control

Effect of hot and coldweather Filtering

Straight, detergent, ash

dispersant oils



Section 2 BCAR APL

151

Engine conditionassessment using oilsystem analysis

Oil coolers – temperature controlvalves

Hoses, rigid pipes,internal passages,splash – oil jetCooling functions of theoil system

char ging(6)Super char ging/turbo

Directly driven andexhaust drivensuperchargers

Manual and automaticcontrol

Lubrication andhydraulic power

Controls and indication

Automatic controlsystems

(7)

Aircraftfuel

Tanks, cells andintegral systems

Fuel tank heating andmonitoring

Venting

Fuel pumps - electrical

Fuel grades and quality

MOGAS

Water contamination -drains

Filtering

Controls and indication



Section 2 BCAR APL

152


Module 6Category ‗C‘ - Piston Engines in Aeroplanes, Rotorcraft and Airships (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

(8)Enginecontrols

Throttle

Electronic controls

Mixture

Propeller

Alternate air

Manual controls for turbocharger

SyllabusSubjectWTRTR

(9

)Engineinstr uments

Manifold pressure

Rotational speedPressure andtemperatureCylinder headtemperatureExhaust gastemperature

Electronic conditionmonitoring

(1

0)Diagnostictools

Equipment

Use and analysis



Section 2 BCAR APL

153

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13

License Without Type Rating & Type Rating

Module 7Category ‗C‘ - Fixed and variable pitch propellers

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Pr inciples,ter minology,definitionsandlaws

Constant speedingPitch variation

Ground and flightfunctioningcharacteristicsPower conversion

Blade forces:aerodynamic andcentrifugal

Aerofoil aerodynamic

principlesPitch coarse/fine,high/low, reverseFeathering

Vibration characteristics

Turbine engineinstallation propeller systems

Constr uctionalar

Pitch changemechanismsingle/double acting

CSUs/governorsSpinners

Balance controlMaterials

Diameters – minimum



Section 2 BCAR APL

154

rangement

and maximum

Pitch stops – fixed,centrifugal, manual andelectrical

Protective finishes – contour control

Damage acceptanceareas

Cropping Attachment andassembly methods

Oil transfer – governor/propeller/sump

Safety visibility

Automaticandmanualpitchcontrolsystems

Pilot control andgovernor sensingFeathering

Icepr otection

Liquid and electricalsystems

Tur bine

Auto-featheringSynchronizing/synchrophazingBraking



Section 2 BCAR APL

155

engineapplication

Automatic and manuallycontrolled pitch limitingsystemsBeta control

Permitted balancing


Module 8Category ‗C‘ - Turbine engines in aeroplanes rotorcraft and airships

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Pr inciples,ter minology

,definitionsandla

Gas flow path-temperature, velocityand pressure

Compression

Combustion

Effects of atmosphericvariations intemperature, density,pressure altitude onengine and onengine/aircraftcombination

Single shaft, two andthree shaft enginesCentrifugal and axialflow compressorsFan engines

By-pass enginesWater/water methanolinjectionPower turbines



Section 2 BCAR APL

156

ws

Surge/compressor stalling

Propeller turbines

Gas producers

APU applications

Thrust reversals

Power assessment

Constr uctionalar rangement

Casings, shafts,bearings, accessoriesdrive

Air intakes andcompressorsCombustion section

Turbines and exhaust

MaterialsModular construction

Engine inspectioncapability and conditionassessment provision

Principles of ―conditionmonitored‖ and ―oncondition‖ maintenanceprogrammes

Supersonic flight air intake geometry controlsystems

Pr ovisionsPr opeller andsh

aftpower

Gas producersReduction gearingPower and auxiliarydrive

Rotational speed andpower control, safetysystems

Principles of torque/power/rotationalspeed in power transmission by rotatingshafts




Section 2 BCAR APL

157

Module 8Category ‗C‘ - Turbine engines in aeroplanes,

rotorcraft and airships (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

S

ystems:(1)Thr ustreversing

General arrangements

Control/interlocksSafety features

Operating systems – hydraulic/pneumatic/mechanicalTurbine and fanapplications

(2)

APUs

General arrangementsIntake and exhaustsystems – door operation

Load controlElectrical output controland managementSpeed control

Fuel control

Safety features

Ground/flight/altitude-

limiting factorsMounting

Fire protection andindication

Bay coolingGround running

(3)Fue

Principles – parameters

Mechanical/electroniccontrol



Section 2 BCAR APL

158

lcontrol

Power speed – controland limiting

Temperature and power factors

Burners – primary andsecondary provision

Burners – shaftinjection, torch ignition

Governor speedsensing

(4)Fue

lsystems

Tank – cells andintegral systems

Refuelling/defuelling,cross feed, jettison,venting, transfer Scavenging – jet pumpsBoost pumps, backingpumpsLP/HP valves andcontrolsTank selection

Internal/external pipes,hoses, connectors



Section 2 BCAR APL

159

Fuel types

Static electricity – effects and control

Leak assessment andcontrolFuel quantity indication

– ―level sticks‖ Water contamination – effects and controlSG/density/volume/weight

Fuel systems inpressurized cabin areas


Module 8Category ‗C‘ - Turbine engines in aeroplanesrotorcraft and airships (cont‘d)

LevelSyllabusSub

ject

(5

)Water injection

Water/water methanol

applicationSensing, control, andsafety provision

Power effects

TankageReplenishing/dumping

Pumps

Effects on fuel control

Pipes and pipe lines



Section 2 BCAR APL

160

(6)Lubrication

Tanks, storage, venting,contents indication

Pressure/scavengepumps

Filters, screens andmagnetic plugs/chipdetectorsPressure/flow control

Heat exchangersoil/fuel, oil/air

Sealing – labyrinthseals, carbon seal, etc.

(6) Lubrication (cont‘d) 1

2

Overboard drains – drain systemsLubrication of mainbearings, accessoriesand gear trains

Supply to propeller systems

Contamination byhydraulic fluid/fuel

Types of oilInternal/external pipes,hoses and passagesEffects of heat

Use of oil for iceprotection – intake andfuel control

(7)Coo

ling,sealingandbleed

Internal cooling,external cooling, sealingair

Overboard dump –

temperature monitoringOff-takes for other services – air conditioning, anti-icing,equipment drive,pressurizing of hydraulic reservoirs,water systems, etc.



Section 2 BCAR APL

161

air services

air flowcontrol(8)Sur

gepr otectionand

Bleed valves – operating system

Variable inlet guidevanes – scheduling,operating systemsSurge sensing

―Surge margins‖

--2Supersonic flight air intake geometry control


Module 8

Category ‗C‘ - Turbine engines in aeroplanes rotorcraft and airships (cont‘d) Level

SyllabusSub

je



Section 2 BCAR APL

162

ct

(9)Icepr otection

Hot air systems – strutsand intakes

Electrical system – engine and intakesUse of oil and air bleeds

Pressure sensor heating


(10)Firepr otection

Fire detection

Overheat warningFire extinguishing

Bay and zone isolation

Fire walls, bulkheads,cladding

Fire wires, detector units

Single/dual detection

Extinguishants

First and second shotcapability

Warnings andindications – lights,aural warnings, fusetypes, squib test

―Bottle gone‖ indicators Operating systems

Over pressure

Cartridges – life control

Electric and electronicsystems

(11)Ignition

High energy ignitionsystems

Torch ignition

Glow plug systemsIgniter plugs and leads

Operation inside and

outside the startingcycle

(12)Star ting

Starting cycle

Initiation – HP valves,termination, bleedvalves, starter valves,power lever, self sustaining speeds

Starter motors –



Section 2 BCAR APL

163

electrical, pneumatic,starter/generators – HPair, impingement air Clutch provision,overspeed sensingManual operationstarter cooling/restingGround power electrical/pneumaticprovisions

(13)Contr ols

Power/throttle/thrustreverse

HP/LP valve controls – manual and electric

Condition controlsystems

Propeller control Auto control of throttle

Control runs


Module 8Category ‗C‘ - Turbine engines in aeroplanosrotorcraft and airships (cont‘d)

Level

Syll

abusSub

ject

(13)C

Electronic controlsystems



Section 2 BCAR APL

164

ontr ols(cont‘d)(14)Pods,pylo

ns,cowlingsandmounting

s

General arrangements

Services and controls – imput/exit

MaterialsVenting

Zone demarcation

MountingsPylon and podstructural featuresTorque, vibrationexpansion provisions

Bay venting

Cooling air intakes

(15)Electrical

a.c. generators – CSDs/IDGsStarter/generators

CSDs – principles of operation,disconnect/reconnect,lubrication/hydraulicoperation, filters,coolers

(16)Instr uments

Rotational speedindication, a.c.generator and pulseprobe systems

Temperature andpressure systems

Pressure ratio systems

Turbine temperaturesystems



Section 2 BCAR APL

165

Instrument systemamplifier

Fuel flow indication

Torque indication

Fuel contents/oilcontents – electricaland electronic

Vibration indication

(17)Gr oundha

ndling

Storage and inhibitingSpare engine carriage

Ground running – noisecontrol – power checking

Functional checks of

engine associatedservices


Module 9Category ―A‖/‖C‖ – Rotorcraft

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Theor yof flightan

Rotor disc: forcesacting, lift, drag,centrifugal force,weight, rotor usefulforce, phase lag,advance angle non-constant speed drive(Hookes joint) effect

Articulated/semi-



Section 2 BCAR APL

166

dcontrol

rigid/rigid rotors

Flapping/dragging/feathering

Climbing/losingheight/horizontal flightMain and anti-torquerotors – control imputs – cyclic and collective

Effects of aircraft speedon rotors

Directional control

Translationallift/inflow/ground effect

Vortex ring effect

Retreating blade stallsReverse flow

Auto-rotation, auto-rotative force/bladesection

Auto-rotation rev/minTwin rotors

Constr uc

tionalar rangement

Rotorcraft structures,load paths, vibrationeffects

Landing gear

configurations:skids/wheels/floats

Fuselages, tail cones,pylons, engine mounts

Gearbox andtransmission mountings

Door and windows

Sys

tems(1)Flyingco

Collective/cyclic/directional

HydraulicRotor heads – main andtail rotor

Articulated, rigid, semi-rigid, teetering

Swash plates/spider control imput methods

Blades: constructionand materials,



Section 2 BCAR APL

167

ntrols

balancing, static.Dynamic, span wise,chordwiseTracking: flag and in-flight methods

Tabs/trailing edgebending

Vibration-effects andanalysis

BIM indicators

Automaticpilots/autostabilizers – control interface



Section 2 BCAR APL

168

System components – component replacementand subsequent testingWindscreen wipers

Electrically heatedwindscreen

Exhaust heatexchangers



Section 2 BCAR APL

169

Ram air Ventilation fans

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type Rating

Module 9Category ―A‖/‖C‖ – Rotorcraft (cont‘d)

Level

S

yllabusSub

ject

Systems

(1)Flyingcontrols(c

Tracking: flag and in-flight methods

Tabs/trailing edgebending

Vibration-effects and

analysisBIM indicators Automaticpilots/autostabilizers – control interface

System components – component replacementand subsequent testing



Section 2 BCAR APL

170

ont‘d)(2)Iceandrainpr otectio

n

Windscreen wipers

Electrically heatedwindscreen

(3)Heatingandventilat

ion

Exhaust heatexchangers

Ram air Ventilation fans

Tr ansmissionsyste

ms

Engines to rotors:shafts, clutches, freewheel units, reduction,reduction gearboxes,maintransmission/gearboxes, combining gearboxesTail rotor drive: driveshafts, intermediategearboxes, tail rotor

gearboxesLubrication systems:oils, coolers, coolingfans, filters, magneticplugs, chip detectors,pumps, pressure control

Universal driveprovision

Splinned shafts, type of



Section 2 BCAR APL

171

gears – tooth pattern

Instrumentation

Rotor brake systems

Equipment

Hoist and winches

External load carrying

FlotationSurvival systems

Specialized roleequipments, aerialspraying, cameras

Instr um

ents

ADI, HSI

Flight recordersHUMs


Module 10Category ―A‖/‖C‖ – Airships (RESERVED)


Module 11Category ―B‖ – Aeroplanes/Rotorcraft

Level

SyllabusSub

jectRegulation

Issue of certificates of airworthiness – specialconditions, mandatoryrequirements for modifications/inspection



Section 2 BCAR APL

172

s s, markings, equipment

Flight manual – provision of manualsand documents

Prototypes, modifiedprototypes, seriesaircraft

Acceptability of foreigntype certification

AANs for type withinparticular C of Acategories

Modification standard – recording

Relevance of previousmaintenance records

Build standardTransport – operator‘sresponsibility

Loading

PerformanceGlider towing

Parachuting

Aerial applicationExits and break-inmarkings

Documents to becarriedRecords to be kept

Production andpreservation of records

Offences in relation todocuments and records

Ref ur bish

/‖over haul‖of air cr aft

Preparation of theaircraft – cleaning,access, dismantling,

jacking and trestling,furnishing removal

Preparation of inspection reports andestablishment of workrequired

Refurbish/‖overhaul‖ of aircraft (cont‘d)1 2Final inspection – preparation of final



Section 2 BCAR APL

173

reports andrecords/logbook entries

Mandatorymodifications,inspections, servicebulletins, airworthinessdirectives applicable tothe type rating sought


Module 11Category ―B‖ – Aeroplanes/Rotorcraft (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusSub

jectOverhaul/r epair of parts/components

Overhaul data-requirements,documentation,worksheets, inspectionstages, testing

Use and control of workshop inspectionaids including non-destructive testequipment

Factors and limitationsaffecting choice of equipment andmethods used

Overhaul and testingprocedures for component parts of pneumatic, hydraulic,air conditions, oxygen,anti-icing, de-icing, fireextinguishing and



Section 2 BCAR APL

174

rotorcraft transmissionsystems

Assembly proceduresand approved repair schemes applicable tomajor components

Engine mountingstructures

Inspections necessarybefore, during and after repair, includingchecking of alignmentand symmetry

Repair, inspection andtesting of tanks, heatexchangers, fuel and oilsystems, and all typesof control systemsrelevant to the specificlicense

Facilities

Preparation and layoutof workshops

Care, use and checkingfor accuracy of testequipment

Welding

Use and application

Approved welders – limitations, periodictesting

Support – pre-heating – pressure relief Cleaning andpreparationWelding (cont‘d) 1122Fluxes and filler/weldingrods

Gas and specialistwelding principles

Materials

Strength of welded joints

Inspection before,during and after welding

Pre and post treatments



Section 2 BCAR APL

175

Equipment


Module 11Category ―B‖ – Aeroplanes/Rotorcraft (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusS

ub ject

Br azing/hardsolderi

ng

Use and applicationSupport, pre-heating,pressure relief Cleaning andpreparationFluxes – fillers/spelter

MaterialEquipment

Material

– nonmetal

s(1)Wood

Types, applications anduses

Diseases – environmental effects

Plywoods

Glues – past andpresent

Storage and conditioncontrol

Damage – failure

modesPainting/protectivefinishes

(2)F

Natural and man-madematerials – types,applications and uses



Section 2 BCAR APL

176

abrics

Technique used duringcovering

Repairs

Paint finishes andprotective treatmentsButrate and nitratepaints

Ageing

Tautening, heatshrinking

Strength considerations

Draining and aperturesStitching, stringing,adhesives

Testing


Module 12Category ―B‖ – Engine Overhaul

Level

Syllab

usSub

jectCategor y―D‖

license:general

Overhaul as a conditioncontrol process – itsadvantages anddisadvantages

Familiarity with theoperating environmentof piston engines in

aircraftSudden stoppage – over-revving, over-boosting, over-heatingBogus parts

FatigueMandatory reporting

Fuels and oils - mogas

O Facilities: shop layout –



Section 2 BCAR APL

177

verhaulpr ocesscontrol

stores, workenvironment, equipmentfor cleaning, inspection,rework and testingControl of precisionmeasuring instrumentsand equipment

Work package controland processing

Acceptability of thirdpartywork/opinions/reports/recommendations e.g.manufacturer‘s andtheir agents/other agenciesUse of experts andexperts opinions

Use of unskilled labour

Constr uctionalar rangementandpistonenginegeneralconsid

Crankshaft, balanceweights, main bearings

Auxiliary drives, internallubrication provisions

Seals and sealingmaterials

Oil coolers andthermostatic valves

Oil pumps, filtering,pressure control

Fuel pumps – enginedriven

Ignition and valve timingprovision

Drive pulleys

Hardness testing, fitsand clearances dowelsand blind holes

Sequential torque

assembly – retorquingrequirementsConstructionalarrangement and pistonengine generalconsiderations12Tooth patterns andbacklash checks

Contact area checking



Section 2 BCAR APL

178

er ations

End float clearance,checking and setting

Bonding and mainearthing

AMC 1.18.2 10.12 & 10.13BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type Rating

Module 12Category ―B‖ – Engine Overhaul (cont‘d)

Level

S

yllabusSub

jectRepair san

drectification

Machining

Heat treatments

Anodic treatmentsPlating

Corrosion treatments

Protective treatmentsand finishes

Surfaces finishes

Fits and clearances

Thread forms

Overhau

lactivity

Cylinder and pitonassemblies

Cooling baffles – hottest cylinder

Main casingRear coversGear trains

Camshaft and valveoperating mechanism

Crankshaft, connectingrods – bearings

Lubrication systems – passages jets, pumps,



Section 2 BCAR APL

179

pressure relief valves,coolers, thermostaticvalves, filters andstrainersSealing, slinger rings,and mechanical flowcontrol

Crank cases, rear covers, sumps

Engine mountingprovisions

Governor driveprovision

Induction and exhaustmanifolds

Reduction gears,assemblies andhousings

Superchargers/turbochargersCarburetor/injectionsystemsHoses and pipes

Electrical wiring

Overhaul activity(cont‘d)12

Ignition harnessNon-destr uctivetesting

Eddycurrent/ultrasonic/x-ray/gammaray/magnetic particle

Techniques – statusand approval

Approved NDTorganizations

Interpretation resultsCertification of inspection

completion/acceptabilityof the condition found


Module 12Category ―B‖ – Engine Overhaul (cont‘d)



Section 2 BCAR APL

180

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Overhaulac

tivity(cont‘d)

Ignition harness

Welding/bra

zing

Preparation – fluxes,welding/brazing rods

Expansion/contractioneffects and control

Hollow parts – internalprotection

Welding methods:gas/arc/resistanceweldingBrazing/hard solderingmethods

Approval of welders

Inspection of welded/brazed joints

Testingafter over haul

Dynamometer testingFan testing

Endurance tests

Final testsTesting in aircraft

Run-in procedure

Oil consumption run

Turbocharger setting upafter overhaul

Relea

Logbooks: certification,reports, references,recording of parts,



Section 2 BCAR APL

181

se,pr eser vation,stor ageandtr

anspor tation

limits, concessions,modifications, alternateparts, mandatorymodifications andinspections

Service informationleaflets, etc.

Lifed parts, salvageschemes/oversize parts

Inhibiting: internal,external, injectors,carburetors,turbochargers


Module 13Human Factors

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Gener al

The need to takehuman factors intoaccount

Incidents attributable tohuman factors/humanerror ―Murphy‘s‖ law

Hu

Vision

Hearing



Section 2 BCAR APL

182

manperf or mancesandlimitatio

n

Information processing

Attention andperception

Memory

Claustrophobia andphysical access

Socialpsychology

Responsibility:individual and groupmotivation and de-motivation

Peer pressure―Culture‖ issues

Team working

Management,supervision andleadership

Factorsaff ectingperf or mance

Fitness/health

Stress: domestic andwork related

Time pressure anddeadlines

Workload: overload andunderload

Sleep and fatigue,shiftwork

Alcohol, medication,drug abuse

Physicalenvir

Noise and fumes

Illumination

Climate andtemperature

Motion and vibration

Working environment



Section 2 BCAR APL

183

onmentTasks

Physical work

Repetitive tasks

Visual inspection

Complex systems

Communication2

--

Within and betweenteams

Work logging andrecording

Keeping up to date,currency

Dissemination of information

Human error2--Error models andtheories

Types of errors inmaintenance tasks

Implications of errors(i.e. accidents)

Hazard in the workplace2--Recognizing andavoiding hazardsDealing withemergencies




Section 2 BCAR APL

184

Module 21Basic: Electrical Equipment and Systems Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Batteries

Principles of primaryand secondary cells

Lead-acid typesNi-cad types

Methods of chargingbatteries in aircraft

Capacity testing,storage

Directcurr entmachines

Basic laws andprinciples

Types andcharacteristics

Control

Directcurr entgeneration

Voltage regulation

Control

Load sharing

Paralleling

System layoutsInterlock circuits

Pow

Static and rotaryinverters

Transformers rectifier



Section 2 BCAR APL

185

er conver sionequipment

units

Firepr

otection

Detection systems

Fire and overheatwarning

Smoke detectors – principles andapplications

Oveheat sensors

Extinguishing system

Warnings

Flightcontrols

Motors and actuators – clutches and brakes

Limit switches, microswitches and proximitydetectorsPower control units

Flap motors protectionand control

Trim motorsFuelsystems

Boost pumps controland indicationJettison systems

Fuel systems (cont‘d)1

2

Refuel/defuel systems

Fuel heater

Crossfeed, supply andshut-off valves – normaland emergency

Hydra

Pump control andisolation

Pressure switches



Section 2 BCAR APL

186

ulicsystems


Module 21

Basic: Electrical Equipment and Systems (cont‘d) L

SyllabusSub

ject

Hyd

raulicsystems(cont‘d)

Overheat warnings

Electrically-operated

priority valvesFluid reservoir components

Low warning levels

Landinggear syste

Actuation motors – selection and control

Indication – proximitysensors micro switches

Air/ground sensor systems

Anti-skid systems – operation, control andoverride



Section 2 BCAR APL

187

msFirepr otection

Automatic brakingsystems – imputs,control and override

Lightingsyst

ems

External systems:landing, navigation,anti-collision andinspection, etc.

Internal systems:normal and emergency,fluorescent tubes,reading and passenger information systems,multiplex function

Pneumatics

Control – indication andprotection

Engineandpr opeller control

Fuel control valvesTemperature and speedlimiting systemsPropeller featheringcontrols

Electronic enginecontrol

St

ar tingandignition

System types

ControlPrinciples of operationof high energy ignitionunits

Aircraft and engineapplication relatedsystems, e.g. stallwarning



Section 2 BCAR APL

188

Alternatingcurr entmachines

Basic laws andprinciples

Types andcharacteristics

Control

Al

ternatingcurr entpower ge

neration

Constant and variable

frequencyParalleling

Load shedding

Generator control unit

Voltage regulation

Load controller

Differential protection

Fault and test panels

Voltage, frequency andexcitation control andprotection


Module 21Basic: Electrical Equipment and Systems (cont‘d)

LevSyllabusSub

ject



Section 2 BCAR APL

189

Alternatingcurr entpower distr ib

utionsystems

Bus-bar layout

Split and parallelsystems

Transfer relay interlocks

Emergency conditions

APU and GPUinterlocks

Warnings

Maintenance panels

Air cond

itioningsystems

ControlIndication

Protection

Icean

drainpr otectionsy

Windscreen heating:control, indication andfailure

Engine/propeller andairframe anti-iceprotection: thermal,electrical andpneumatic

Warnings andindications

Overhead indicationsand protection



Section 2 BCAR APL

190

stems

Ground operations

Windscreen wiper,washer and rainrepellant systems

SyllabusSubjectWTRTR

Ice and rain protectionsystems (cont‘d)1

2Sensor protection -angle of airflow, pitothead, static plate andtemperature probes

Waste water heaters – thermal anti-icingprotection

Aerial heaters

Auxiliar ypow

er units

Starting control,protection

Power generation

Fire protection

Gr oundpower supplie

s

Interlocks andprotection of aircraftsupplies

Control

Centr alizedwar ni

Imputs

Output warnings

Priority philosophy



Section 2 BCAR APL

191

ngandindicationsystems

Gall

ey/toiletservices

Power supply andprotection

Water heating

Equipment

AMC 1.18.2

BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type Rating

Module 22Basic: Instruments Category XLevel

SyllabusSub

jectPitot-staticsy

Atmosphere physics,temperature lapse rate,mach number computation

Airspeed indicator,altimeter, vertical speedindicator and



Section 2 BCAR APL

192

stemsandinstr uments

machmeter

Servo altimeter

Pitot probes, staticplates and heater

Pipelines and flexiblehoses

Drain taps, associatedequipment

Altitude and airspeedswitches

Rat

eof turnandslipindicatio

n

Rotor speed display

Vacuumsystems

Sources

Control and adjustment

Indication

Pr es

suremeasurement

Sensing elements,capsules, bellows,

bourdon tubes,transmitters

Displays



Section 2 BCAR APL

193

Temperaturemeasurement

Variable resistance

Thermocouples,compensation, limitsand values, servoindicators, controlsystem imputs

R

otationalspeedmeasurem

ent

Direct drive indicators,

tacho-generator andindicator systems, pulseprobe systems

Displays

Positionmeasuremen

t

d.c. and a.c. systems

Quantitymeasure

Direct reading

Electrical and electronicsystems

Compensation

Power supplies



Section 2 BCAR APL

194

mentFlowmeasurement

Indicators

Transmitters

Power supplies

Compasses

Direct reading compassinstallation, safedistanceFlux detectors andremote sensors, remotesystems componentsHeading referenceoutputs


Module 22Basic: Instruments Category X (cont‘d) Level

SyllabusSub

ject

Ai

r datacomputation

Sensors and imputs

Signal processors,mechanical, electricaland electronic

Signal output anddisplays

Indication



Section 2 BCAR APL

195

Reducedverticalseparationminima

Signal sources andinterface with other systems

Maintenance practices

Flightpathcomputation

Signal sources, radioimputs

Modes, computation

Displays

Electr onicdisplaysystemsFlowm

CRT, LED, LEDdisplays

Direct reading

EADI, EHSI, symbolgenerations

Control panels

Comparators andmonitors

Engine indicating andcrew alerting systems

Electronic centralizedaircraft monitors



Section 2 BCAR APL

196

easurement

Flightdatarecorder

s

Requirements

Sensors and imputs

Cockpit voice recorder imputs

Interface with aircraftsystems

Signal processingEntry panels

Computer principles

Data recording methods

Retrieval andverification

Flight data recorders(cont‘d)11 Readout12Failure monitors

Iner tia

lnavigationsystemsan

diner tialreference

Basic principles

Platform construction

Computation

1

2

Displays and interfacewith aircraft equipment

Mode selector and CDU

Failure/fault indicators

Power supplies andcooling



Section 2 BCAR APL

197

systems


Module 22Basic: Instruments Category X (cont‘d) Level

SyllabusSub

jectGr oundpr

oximitywar ningsystems

Modes

Warnings

Imputs and interfacewith other aircraft

systemsComputation

Monitors

Failure indications

Vibr ationmeasuremen

Types of pick-upSignal conditioning

Displays

Alarm levels andwarnings



Section 2 BCAR APL

198

t

Compasscompensation

Base survey techniques

Compass swingingareas

Aircraft magnetism

Terrestrial magnetism – variation

Methods and procedurefor swinging compasses

Deviation: calculationand effects on compass

Compensation andadjustment procedure


Module 23Basic: Basic Gyroscopes and Servomechanism Category ―X‖

Level

S

yllabusSub

ject

Gyr oscope

Basic principles

12Types and methods of operation – vacuum,electrical, or laser

21Handling care

Electr onics

Transistors

Biaising, simple circuitarrangements

12 Amplifiers

Signal amplifiers,feedback



Section 2 BCAR APL

199

Altitudesensing

Errors, connection

Remote gyros,interconnection andtransfer

Limits

Directionsensin

g

Errors, compensation


Ratesensing

Alignment

Rotor speeds

Acceler

ometer s

Basic principles

Synchros

CTs, differential, torquesynchros and resolvers

Ser

vomechanism

Rate and positionsensing and control

IntegratorsResponse and dampingPower requirements

Clutches

Override and lockoutprotectionNull and loop error sensingSynchronization



Section 2 BCAR APL

200

systems

Force rebalancesystems

Digitaltechniques

Logics – basic gatefunctions and truth tableMicroprocessors – block diagramDigital computingtechniquesParallel and seriesoperation

Volatile/non-volatiledata storage

Gyr oscope

Basic principles

12Types and methods of operation – vacuum,electrical, or laser

21Handling care

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type RatingModule 23

Basic: Basic Gyroscopes and ServomechanismCategory ―X‖ (cont‘d)

Level

SyllabusSub

jectEl

ectr onics

Transistors

Biasing, simple circuitarrangements

Amplifiers

Signal amplifiers,feedback

Altitude

Errors, connection




Section 2 BCAR APL

201

sensing

Limits

Directionsensing

Errors, compensation


Ratesensing

Alignment

Rotor speeds

Acceler ometer

s

Basic principles

Synchros

CTs, differential, torquesynchros and resolvers

Ser vomecha

nism

Rate and positionsensing and controlIntegrators

Response and damping

Power requirementsClutches

Override and lockoutprotection

Null and loop error sensing

Synchronizationsystems

Force rebalancesystems

Di Logics – basic gate



Section 2 BCAR APL

202

gitaltechniques

functions and truth table

Microprocessors – block diagram

Digital computingtechniquesParallel and seriesoperationVolatile/non-volatiledata storageDigital techniques(cont‘d)12 Multiplex systems

Highintensityradiatedfields

Effect on sensitivesystems, principles andmethods used tominimize HIFR effects

Flybywire

General principles

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type RatingModule 24

Automatic Pilots – Aeroplane Category ―X‖ Level

S

yllabusSub

ject

The

Forces of the aircraft

Stability – dihedral,



Section 2 BCAR APL

203

or yof flight(fixedwing)Highint

ensityradiatedfieldsFly

bywire

sweepback, tec.

Control axis

Primary controlsurfaces – operationand effect on theaircraft

Secondary controls

Forces during turnsFunctions of trim tabs,balance tabs and servotabs

High speed buffet andstall conditions

Auto-pilot control axis

Auto-stabilizers – winglevelersCo-ordinated turns,aileron/rudder crossfeed

Versine generation andapplication

Slideslip monitors – slipand skid in a turn

Turbulence penetrationand the effect onautopilot control

Yawdampers

Dutch roll phenomenon

Yaw sensing

Yaw signal processing

Synchronization

Series and parallelsystems

Cockpit indication Aileron/rudder controlinteraction in turnsRudder PCU, LRUs

Interlock with autopilotsystems

Pitchtrimsy

Longitudinal axisstability

High speed tuck

Mach No. imputs



Section 2 BCAR APL

204

stemsMachtrim

Mach trim actuatorsConnections withaircraft controlsWarnings

Alphatrim

Angle of attack sensingComputation

Interface with other aircraft systems e.g. N1computers – stallwarning systems

Flight detectors

AMC 1.18.2BCAR APL 10.12 & 10.13License Without Type Rating & Type Rating Module 24

Automatic Pilots – Aeroplane Category ―X‖ (cont‘d) Level

Syllab

usSub

ject

Auto

– stabili

zers

Trim actuators – controland safety interlocksSpeed change systemsfor trim actuatorsInterlocks

Elevator/stabilizer interaction

Cof Gtrimmer

Computation

Indication



Section 2 BCAR APL

205

Demandsignals

Control wheel steeringsystems

Touch wheel steeringsystems


Module 25

Automatic Pilots – Common - Category ―X‖Level

SyllabusSub

je



Section 2 BCAR APL

206

ct

Er ror signals

Rate system – errorsand control

Displacement system – errors and controlHeading and courseerror imputsRadio beam deviationimputs

Attitude imputs

CADC/autopilotinterface – e.g. q or %adaption

Slideslip sensors andmonitors

Signalpr ocessing

Typical channel signalflow path

Cof Gtrimmer

Buffer ampsImput signal modulation

Demandsignals

Summing points

Signal sensors andswitching functions

IntegratorsLimiters

Gain programmers

Dual channel monitors

Voter systems

Demandsignal

Mode selectors

Control display units

Turn collectors

Control columntransducers

Command overridesystems

Mode compatibility



Section 2 BCAR APL

207

s Mode annunciators

Failure and disconnectlights and auralwarnings

Interlocks – pre andpost engage

Pitch attitude trimRoll out/heading-hold,engageSynchronization

Trim monitors andindicators

Demandsignals(cont‘d)

Altitude hold imputs

Vertical speed control

Mach/IAS hold Altitude acquire or change systems


Module 25 Automatic Pilots – Common - Category ―X‖ (cont‘d)Level

Syll

abusSub

ject

Com

Power control units – line replaceable units

Solenoid valves



Section 2 BCAR APL

208

mandsignaloutputs

Transfer valves

Signalpr oc

essing

Position sensors

Cof Gtrimmer

Servomotors – construction,interconnection withcontrol runsClutches – torquesettingBrakes

Tachogenerators – feedback and damping

Position feedback – indication

Torque limiting

Hardover sensing – disconnection

Jam detection

Runaway conditions – disconnection

Pilot override -disconnection




Section 2 BCAR APL

209

Module 26 Automatic Pilots – Rotorcraft - Category ―X‖Level

SyllabusSub

jectTheor yof

flight(r otor cr aft)

Rotor disc: forces, lift,drag, centrifugal force,weight, phase lag

Articulated/semi-rigid/rigid rotorsflapping/dragging/feathering

Vertical andtranslational flightMain and anti-torquerotors, control imputscyclic, collective, rudder pedals

Directional control

AutorotationForward speed effects

Commandoutputs

Actuators

Indicators

Tr imsystems

Manual/automatic

Indication

Stability

ActuatorsIndicators

Computation



Section 2 BCAR APL

210

augmentationsystems

MODULES 27 TO 29 RESERVED



Section 2 BCAR APL

211


Module 30 Compass CompensationLevel

SyllabusSub

ject

Compasscompensation

Base survey/techniquesCompass swingingareas

Aircraft magnetism

Terrestrial magnetismMethods and procedurefor swinging compasses

Flux valve operations

Deviation: calculationsand effects on acompass

Compensation andadjustment procedure

Various compass types



Section 2 BCAR APL

212


Module 31Radio Communication and Navigation – Category ―R‖

Level

SyllabusSub

ject

RadioT

heor y

Propagation

PolarizationRadiation Patterns

Transmitters andreceiversRF amps, IF ampsOscillators, frequencysynthesizers

Frequency multipliers

Mixers, detectors, BFO AGC

Noise limiters, mutingcircuits, audio amplifiers

Modulators, RF power amplifiers matchingunitsFilters and tunedcircuits

Inter ference

Principles and methodsused to minimize theeffects of conductedand radiatedinterference

Methods used tominimize the effects of



Section 2 BCAR APL

213

lightning strikes andstatic on aerials

Aerialsandfeeder s

Diplexers, baluns andmatching stubs

Fixed and variablematching arrangements

Locations and types of aerials – communication andnavigation

Bandwidth and effectiveheight of an aerial

Communication

Calculation of standingwave radio

Control and monitoringcircuits

Audiosystems

Intercommunication

Audio mixing anddistribution systems

Headset andmicrophones


Module 31 Radio Communication and Navigation – Category ―R‖ (cont‘d)Level

Syllab

usSub

jectCockpit

Signal sources

Control circuitry, hotmicrophone

Requirements



Section 2 BCAR APL

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voicerecorder s

VHF/HFco

mmunications

Airborne installation

VOR/ILS

Ground station signals

Airborne installations

ControlMonitors

Indicators

Loading

AFCS and instrumentinterface

Mar ker

Ground installation

Airborne systems

Auto

maticdir ectionfinde

Receiver Loop and sense aerialsand feeders

Bearing errors andcorrection devicesLoop swings



Section 2 BCAR APL

215

r

Satellitecommunicationandna

vigation(GPS)systems

Airborne installation

Receiver, computer

Displays

Interface with other systems

Flightcompartmentel

ectr onicdisplaysy

EADI, EHSI, symbolgenerators

Control panels

Comparators andmonitors



Section 2 BCAR APL

216

stemsMicr owavelandingsy

stems(TRSB)

Receiver, computer Interface with other systems

RN

AV

Computer

Interface with other systems

Indication


Module 32 Radar Systems – Category ―R‖Level

Syllab

usSub

ject

Pulsete

Radar transmitter/receiver

Pulse modulation

Peak power, average



Section 2 BCAR APL

217

chniques

power

Duty cycle, pulseshape, pulse width

Pulse rise time andrepetition frequencyRange accuracy andresolutionReceiver bandwidth

Noise

Pr imar yR

adar

Weather radar

Control and monitoringcircuits

Indicators, displays

Scanners, waveguides

Doppler Aerial

IndicatorsInterface with other equipmentRadio altimeters

Pulse and FM, CWsystems

Seconda

ryradar

DME

IndicatorsControl and monitoringcircuits

Interface with other aircraft systems

ATC transponders

Instrument systeminterface

Control and monitor circuits

TCAS

Indicators

Control and monitor circuits

Interface with other aircraft systems



Section 2 BCAR APL

218

AMC 1.18.3

Appendix 2 Suggested Study Material

The following publications provide useful information for study in connection with the license, andmay be obtained direct from the publisher, or through bookstores. The BDCA cannot guarantee theavailability of any of the publications listed.

Understanding Aircraft Structures J Cutler Blackwell ScientificPublications

The Aeroplane Structure A C Kermode Longman GroupMechanics of Flight A C Kermode Publications

Light Aircraft Inspection J E Heywood T & A D Poyser Light Aircraft Maintenance J E Heywood Blackwell Scientific

Publications

Into Thin Air E W Still Normalair-Garrett

Aircraft Maintenance and Repair Bent & McKinley Mcgraw HillMaintenance of Aroplane Vehicles Northtrop institute Of Technology

A & P Mechanics General Handbook EA-AC A & P Mechanics Airframe EA-ACHandbook AviationMaintenance

Aviation Maintenance HandbookEA-AHS-1 Founand Standard Hardware Digest

Aircraft Weight and Balance EA-BA Aircraft Corrosion Control EA-C

Advanced Mathematics for the EA-MA

Aircraft TechnicianFoundation Inc USA Aircraft Air Conditioning Systems EA-AA

Aircraft Fabric Covering EA-A Aircraft Hydraulic Systems EA-A Aircraft Oxygen Systems EA-A Aircraft Painting and Finishing EA-AP-2 Aviation Maintenance Aircraft Tires and Tubes EA-A



Section 2 BCAR APL

219

Aircraft Wheels, Brakes and Anti- EA-AWSkid Systems

Aircraft Bonded Structure EA-N

AMC 1.18.3

Aircraft Sheet Metal Construction EA-SMFand Repair

The Anatomy of the aeroplane Darrol Stinton Blackwell Scientific Publications

The Helicopter - Its History and J Fay David and charlesHow It Flies

Helicopter Flight Theory for Pilots J R Montgomery Sikorsky

And mechanics

Dynamics of Helicopter Flight Saunders John Wiley & Sons

Fundamentals of Helicopter EA-HF-1 Aviation MaintenanceMaintenance Foundation Inc USA

Powerplants

The Jet Engine Rolls-Royce Aircraft Powerplants Bent & McKinley McGraw Hills

Powerplants for Aerospace Vehicles Northrop Institute McGraw Hillsof Technology

The Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Pratt & Whitney T & A D Poyser Light Aircraft Inspection J E Heywood

A & P Mechanics Handbook EA-AC65-12A Aircraft Propellers and Controls EA-APC Aircraft Reciprocating Engines EA-ARE AviationMaintenance

Aircraft Fuel and Metering Systems EA-FMS Foundation Inc USA Aircraft Ignition and Electrical Power EA-IGSSystems

Aircraft Gas Turbine Powerplants EA-TEP-1

Jet Aircraft Power Systems Cassamassa &Bert McGraw Hills

Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Irwin E Tregar Technology



Section 2 BCAR APL

220

AMC 1.18.3

Avionics

Aircraft Flight Instruments and E PallettIntegrated Systems Longman Group Publication

Aircraft Electrical Systems E Pallett Aircraft Radio Systems J Powell

Automatic Flight Control E Pallett Blackwell Scientific Publications

Electrical Technology E Hughes Longmans

Electronics II D C Green D C Green Longman Group PublicationsElectronics III

Microprocessors/Microcomputers:Givens/Roesser An IntroductionElements of Electronics Hickey/Villines McGraw Hill

Handbook for Electronic Engineering Kaufman/Siedman McGraw-Hill Technicians Aircraft Electricity and Electronics Eisman/Bent/McKinley

Electronic Computers Made Simple Jacobweitz W H Allen

Aircraft Batteries EA-AB-1Basic Electricity for A & P Mechanics EA-BE-1 AviationBasic Electronics and Radio Installation EA-BEM Maintenance

Aviation Electronics EA-AEG-1 Foundation IncD C Circuits EA-DCC (USA)

Manual of Avionics Brian Kendal PSP Professional

Books

Digital Avionic Systems GRS Spitzer Prentice HallModern Aviation Electronic A Helfrich

Avionic Fundamental IAP Inc TrainingManual



Section 2 BCAR APL

221

Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Personnel - Certification Responsibilities of TypeRated/Authorized Personnel

1.General

The purpose of this AMC is to describe the certification responsibilities of Belize Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Personnel. Such personnel may be the holder of an Aircraft MaintenanceEngineer's License issued under BCAR APLAPL Part X. The responsibilities apply when issuingcertifications as a Type Rated License holder. It also describes the privileges of the variousType Rated Licenses.

It should be noted that where the holder of a license is performing maintenance activities on anaircraft on which he or she is not appropriately licensed, i.e. acting as a non-certifying engineer,they are still expected to act responsibly and carry out such work in accordance with the

procedures and standards identified in the following paragraphs

A National license issued by the BDCA does not confer any certification privileges withrespect to aircraft which are not registered in the Belize unless the license holder is entitled tocertify for such activities by way of having the license validated by the relevant Airworthiness

Authority and/or is authorized by a maintenance organization approved by that Authority.

NOTE: (1) BCAR APLAPL 10.2 License Without Type Rating does not confer any certificationprivileges

NOTE: (2) In the context of this AMC, reference to an authorization means an authorizationissued by an BDCA Approved Maintenance Organization (under the requirements of BCARs

or Part 145 or Subpart-M) to allow the holder to issue certifications within the limitations shownon the authorization.

1.1The Certificate referred to in BCAR-145.50 is a Certificate of Release to Service to be issuedon completion of maintenance of aircraft and or components which are required to bemaintained under the provisions of BCAR-145.

1.2.In connection with the issue of Certificates of Release to Service, the following definitionsapply:

a)Maintenance: means any one or combination of overhaul, repair, inspection, replacement,modification or defect rectification of an aircraft/aircraft component.

b) Overhaul: means the restoration of an aircraft/aircraft component by inspection andreplacement in conformity with an approved standard to extend the operational life

c) Repair: means the restoration of an aircraft/aircraft component to a serviceable condition inconformity with an approved standard.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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d) Inspection: means the examination of an aircraft/aircraft component to establish conformitywith an approved specification.

e) Replacement: is any work operation which involves the removal and replacement of thesame part or the substitution of an approved alternative part.

f) Modification: means the alteration of an aircraft/aircraft component in conformity with anapproved standard.

NOTE: (1) Defect rectification normally consists of an element of inspection and troubleshootingfollowed by repair and replacement of the defective item.

NOTE: (2) Inspection includes:

I.Mandatory Inspection, an inspection made Mandatory by BDCA

II.Scheduled Maintenance Inspection, an inspection or maintenance including tests required bythe Approved Maintenance Schedule or Programme.

1.3.Although many terms in common usage describes the various aspects of aircraftengineering, the meanings assigned to such terms are not always the same. For the purpose of this AMC, in relation to airworthiness, the following definitions apply:

a) Condition: the physical state of an item.

b) Assembly: that items are fitted, assembled, attached, installed, connected, secured or adjusted in the approved manner.

c) Functioning: operation in the approved manner achieving such performance, range of movement and freedom of movement as may be specified.

The certifying engineer shall be responsible for the condition, assembly and functioning of theaircraft or its components for maintenance that has been certified under the privileges of a TypeRated License or an authorization.

AMC 1.18.4

1.4.The certifying engineer shall be responsible for ensuring that work is performed andrecorded in a satisfactory manner taking into account the following:

a) Whenever work is carried out on an aircraft, it is the duty of all persons to whom this AMCapplies to ensure that the work, for which they are responsible, progresses in a managed andcontrolled manner. Where they are supported by additional staff to carry out the work,consideration shall be given by them before starting the work to the manpower resourceavailable and the abilities of the staff concerned. This is to ensure that the certifying engineer determines and exercises an adequate degree of supervision over such staff.

b) In relation to work carried out on an aircraft, it is the duty of all persons to whom this AMCapplies to ensure that an adequate record of the work carried out is maintained. This is



Section 2 BCAR APL

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particularly important where such work carries on beyond a working period or shift, or is handedover from one person to another. The work accomplished, particularly if only disassembly or disturbance of components or aircraft systems, should be recorded as the work progresses

or prior to undertaking a disassociated task. In any event, records should be completed nolater than the end of the work period or shift of the individual undertaking the work. Such recordsshould include open entries to reflect the remaining actions necessary to restore the aircraft to aserviceable condition prior to release. In the case of complex tasks which are undertakenfrequently, consideration should be given to the use of pre-planned stage sheets to assist in thecontrol, management and recording of these tasks. Where such sheets are used, care must betaken to ensure that they accurately reflect the current requirements and recommendations of the manufacturer and that all key stages, inspections, or replacements are recorded.

c)It is also the duty of all persons to whom this AMC applies to consider the effect such workmay have, directly or indirectly, on items which are the responsibility of other such persons. Inall cases where an overlap of responsibility between license categories occurs, the person

primarily responsible for the item must involve all other trade disciplines affected. Every personto whom this AMC applies must therefore be conversant with all other relevant paragraphs of this AMC. Certificates of Release to Service for each relevant trade category must be issued byall persons concerned, each assuming responsibility of and certifying those aspects of the workfor which the license/authorization holder is entitled to assume responsibility.

1.5.A Certificate of Release to Service shall only be issued on completion of maintenance whenthe signatory is (signatories are) satisfied that the work has been properly carried out andaccurately recorded, having due regard to the use of:

a)Up-to-date instructions and maintenance data (including manuals, drawings, specifications, Airworthiness Directives and, where applicable, company procedures).

b) Recommended tooling and test equipment which is currently calibrated where applicable.

c) A working environment appropriate to the work being carried out. When issuing a Certificateof Release to Service for work performed by others, the certifying engineer assumesresponsibility. The certifying engineer must have inspected a sufficiently representative sampleof the work and the associated documentation, and be satisfied with the competence of thepersons who have performed the work. For complex tasks this may require progressiveinspections to be carried out as the work proceeds. In the case of an aircraft or componentwhere welding a metallic part is considered essential to airworthiness, it is the responsibility of

the certifying engineer to establish that the welder is approved in accordance with therequirements in BCARs for aircraft maintained under national requirements.

d) For aircraft maintained under BCAR-145 it is the responsibility of the organization to establishand control competencies in accordance with BCARs

NOTE: Licensed engineers certifying under the privileges of their License may not deviatefrom the manufacturer‘s maintenance instruction or maintenance data, nor use alternative parts,components or assemblies unless such deviation is supported by the written agreement of the



Section 2 BCAR APL

224

manufacturer, approved as a change or agreed by the BDCA. The BDCA Office should beconsulted in cases of difficulty. Authorized engineers shall comply with all company procedurescovering such issues.

1.6.a) When the work involves the assembly or any disturbance of a vital point or controlsystem, the duplicate inspection required must be completed and certified in accordance withRelevant BCAR APL before the relevant Certificate of Release to Service is issued.

b)The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‘A‘ and/or ‘C‘ may make certification onaircraft (or their engines, as appropriate) below 5700 kgc) MTOM for Duplicate Inspections of minor adjustments to control systems on other typeswithin the Category in which the License is type rated.

NOTE: A minor adjustment is considered to be a single point adjustment or reassembly of a control.

1.7.The holder of an appropriately Type Rated BCAR APLAPL Part X Aircraft MaintenanceEngineer‘s License in Categories ‗A‘, ‗B‘, ‘C‘ or ‗D‘, or the holder of an aircraft Type

Authorization equivalent to BCAR APL APL Part X Categories ‘A‘ and/or ‘C‘, may issue aCertificate of Release to Service to cover Non Destructive Inspections on aircraft or components, within the privileges of the License or authorization held, subject to the work beingcarried out as follows:

a)Inspection requiring the use of Field Kit for the Colour Contrast Dye Penetrant technique maybe carried out by persons with the appropriate Type Rated

b)Non Destructive Inspections requiring any other technique, including Fluorescent Penetrant

Dye, shall be carried out and signed for by persons appropriately qualified in accordance withBCAR-145.32 prior to the issue of the CRS by a licensed or authorized engineer.

1.8.Use of either a Type Rated License or an authorization to issue a certification requires that,in addition to the License or Authorization being valid at the time of certification, the holder hasbeen engaged for periods totalling at least 6 months during the 24 months preceding the date of the certification on work affording experience comparable with that required for the grant of theLicense/Authorization.

1.9.A Type Rated Licensed Engineer may issue the Certificates identified below in relation toaircraft for which the License is Type Rated and in accordance with the privileges detailed in theremaining paragraphs to this AMC. An authorized engineer may only issue these certificates aspermitted within the limits of the authorization.

a)Certificate of Release to Service for aircraft not required to be maintained under Subpart M of BCAR APL – OPS, the holder of an appropriately Type Rated License may issue Certificatesof Release to Service subject to compliance with the requirements of BCARs.

b)Certificates of Special Flight Permits - the holder of an appropriately Type Rated License mayissue Certificates of Special Flight Permit subject to compliance with the requirements of BCAR

APL21.199



Section 2 BCAR APL

225

2. BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated in Category‘A’ - Aeroplanes

Note: This paragraph must be read in conjunction with paragraph 1 of this AMC

2.1.The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‘A‘ may issue Certificates of Release toService relating to maintenance (excluding overhaul) of parts of the aeroplane for which theholder is responsible.

2.2.Certificates of Release to Service may not be issued in respect of compasscompensation and adjustment unless the License is endorsed to that effect.

3. BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated in Category‘B’ - Aeroplanes or Rotorcraft (RESERVED)

4. BCAR APLAPL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated inCategory ‘C’ - Engines

NOTE: This paragraph must be read in conjunction with paragraph 1 of this AMC

4.1.The holder of a BCAR APL APL Type Rated License in Category ‗C‘ may issue Certificatesof Release to Service relating to maintenance (excluding overhaul) of components or parts for which the holder is responsible, providing that the work has not involved:

a)Dismantling of a piston engine other than to obtain access to the piston/cylinder assemblies or the removal of the engine rear accessory cover to inspect and/or replace oil pump assemblieswhere such work does not involve the removal and refitment of internal gears.

b)Dismantling of main casings or main rotating assemblies of a turbine engine, except asdetailed in sub-paragraph 4.4c)Propeller balancing, except for the certification of static balancing where required by themaintenance manual and dynamic balancing on installed propellers using electronic balancingequipment where permitted by the maintenance manual or other approved airworthiness data.The work itself may have been carried out by an LAE who has received suitable training on thebalancing equipment to be used and the associated procedures, or by an organization approvedfor that purpose and which has issued an Approved Test Certificate for the inspection.

d)Welded and brazed joints, other than minor weld repairs to exhaust units carried out by an Approved Welder but excluding component replacement.

AMC 1.18.4



Section 2 BCAR APL

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e)The disturbing of individual parts of units which are supplied as bench tested units, except for the replacement or adjustment of items normally replaceable or adjustable in service.

1.1In connection with the certification of maintenance (excluding overhaul) the holder of a TypeRated License in Category ‗C‘ is responsible for all parts of the engine(s), the engineinstallation(s), auxiliary power unit(s), other propulsive device(s) and all associated systems anddevices which are concerned with their operation, subject to the limitations detailed in sub-paragraphs 4.1, 4.3, 4.5 and 4.6 (excluding those parts which are the responsibility of the holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗D‘)

4.3.Where the maintenance manual for the particular engine provides instruction for the task,replacement of main casings and/or rotating assemblies comprising the whole or part of aparticular rotating system will be permitted provided that removal from the engine is achievedsolely by disconnecting the flanges of main casings. In accordance with the above principles,

some engines have been assigned the following symbols, (c) or ® in AMC XXX. Dismantling of these engines is permissible, but is limited to:

a)(c) - Removal/replacement of main casings, excluding those whose removal results inconcurrent removal of a rotating assembly from the engine. No dismantling of main rotatingassemblies is permitted.

b)® - Removal/replacement of main casings including those whose removal results inconcurrent removal of a rotating assembly from the engine, provided this is accomplishedsolely by disconnecting at the casing flanges. No dismantling of main rotating assemblies ispermitted.

4.4.In connection with the maintenance of instrument, electrical and automatic pilotsystems installed in aeroplanes, the holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗C‘ is entitledto issue Certificates of Release to Service in respect of such systems associated withengine and auxiliary power unit installations for which the holder has a Type Rating, subject tothe limitations detailed in sub paragraphs 4.5.1, 4.5.2 and 4.5.3.

NOTE: Where no limitations are shown, Certificates of Release to Service may be issued for replacement, modification, repair, mandatory inspection or scheduled maintenanceinspection. In respect of the certification of scheduled maintenance inspections reference shouldalso be made to the Maintenance Schedule Approval Document which may require certificationspecifically by an engineer licensed in the appropriate ‗X‘ Category. However, in the absence of such a requirement, the holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗C‘ - Engines assumes theresponsibility for establishing compliance with the maintenance schedule requirements on the systems beforeissuing the Certificate of Release to Service.

AMC 1.18.4

4.4.1 In respect of instrument systems associated with the engine(s) and auxiliary power unit(s):

a)If the engine is installed in an aeroplane which has an instrument system specified in sub-paragraph 8.1 of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may be issued.



Section 2 BCAR APL

227

b) If the engine is installed in an aeroplane which has an instrument system specified in sub-paragraphs 8.2 to 8.4 inclusive of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may be issuedrelating to replacements only, provided that functioning checks to prove serviceability do not

require the use of test apparatus.c)If the engine is installed in an aeroplane specified in paragraph 10 of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may not be issued.

4.4.2 In respect of electrical systems associated with the engine(s) and auxiliary power unit(s):

a)If the engine is installed in an aeroplane which has an electrical system specified in sub-paragraph 9.1 of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may be issued.

b)If the engine is installed in an aeroplane which has an electrical system specified in sub-paragraphs 9.2 to 9.4 inclusive of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may be issuedrelating to replacements only, provided that functioning checks to prove serviceability do not

require the use of test apparatus.c)If the engine is installed in an aeroplane specified in paragraph 10 of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may not be issued.

4.4.3.In respect of automatic pilot systems associated with the engine(s):

a)If the aeroplane has an automatic pilot system specified in sub-paragraph 13.1 of AMC 2installed, Certificates of Release to Service may be issued.

b)If the aeroplane has an automatic pilot system specified in sub-paragraph 13.2 of AMC 2installed, Certificates of Release to Service may be issued relating to replacements only,provided that functioning checks to prove serviceability do not require the use of test apparatus.c)If the aeroplane has an automatic pilot system as specified in sub-paragraph 13.3 or is

specified in paragraph 10 of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may not be issued.

5.BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated in Category ‘D’ – Engines (RESERVED)

6.BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated in Categories‘A’ and ‘C’ - Rotorcraft

NOTE: 1) This paragraph must be read in conjunction with paragraph 1 of this AMC

NOTE: 2) A Category ‗A‘ and ‗C‘ Rotorcraft License may not be used to certify for piston or jet

turbine engines installed in aeroplanes.

6.1.The holder of a BCAR APL APL Categories ‗A‘ and ‗C‘ Rotorcraft License may issueCertificates of Release to Service relating to maintenance (excluding overhaul) of parts of therotorcraft for which the holder is responsible

6.2.Where the maintenance manual for the particular engine provides instruction for the task,replacement of main casings and/or rotating assemblies comprising the whole or part of aparticular rotating system will be permitted provided that removal from the engine is achievedsolely by disconnecting the flanges of main casings. In accordance with the above principles,



Section 2 BCAR APL

228

some engines have been assigned the following symbols, (c) or ® in AMC 2 Dismantling of these engines is permissible, but is limited to:

a)(c) - Removal/replacement of main casings excluding those whose removal results inconcurrent removal of a rotating assembly from the engine. No dismantling of main rotatingassemblies is permitted.

b)® - Removal/replacement of main casings including those whose removal results inconcurrent removal of a rotating assembly from the engine provided this is accomplished solelyby disconnecting at the casing flanges. No dismantling of main rotating assemblies is permitted.

6.3.In connection with the maintenance of instrument, electrical, automatic pilot and radiosystems installed in rotorcraft (excluding overhaul) the holder of a Type Rated License inCategories ‗A‘ and ‗C‘ Rotorcraft is entitled to issue Certificates of Release to Service for rotorcraft for which he holds a Type Rating, subject to the limitations detailed in sub-paragraphs

6.4., 6.4.1, 6.4.2 and 6.4.3.

NOTE: Where no limitations are shown, Certificates of Release to Service maybe issued for replacement, modification, repair, mandatory inspection or scheduled maintenance inspection.In respect of the certification of scheduled maintenance inspections, reference should also bemade to the Maintenance Schedule Approval Document which may require certificationspecifically by an engineer licensed in the appropriate ‗X‘ or ‗R‘ Category. However, in theabsence of such a requirement, the holder of a Type Rated License inCategories ‗A' and ‗C' Rotorcraft assumes the responsibility for establishing compliance withthe maintenance schedule requirements on the systems before issuing the Certificate of Release to Service.

6.4.In respect of instrument systems in the rotorcraft if the rotorcraft is specified in sub-paragraph 7.4 of Airworthiness Notice No. 10, Certificates of Release to Service may be issuedrelating to replacements only, provided that functioning checks to prove serviceability do notrequire the use of test apparatus

6.4.1.In respect of electrical systems in the rotorcraft, if the rotorcraft is specified in sub-paragraph 7.4 of AMC 2, Certificates of Release to Service may be issued relating toreplacements only, provided that functioning checks to prove serviceability do not require theuse of test apparatus.

6.4.2In respect of automatic pilot/automatic stabilizer systems in rotorcraft, if the rotorcraft hasan automatic pilot/automatic stabilizer system specified in sub-paragraph 13.4 or 13.5 of AMC 2installed, Certificates of Release to Service may be issued relating to replacements only,provided that functioning checks to prove serviceability do not require the use of test apparatus.



Section 2 BCAR APL

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6.5.1.Certificates of Release to Service may not be issued in respect of radio systems, exceptthat if the rotorcraft has a MTOM not exceeding 2730 kg, certificates may be issued in respectof the replacement of VHF communication equipment only.

7.0 BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated inCategory ‘X’ – Instruments

NOTE: This paragraph must be read in conjunction with paragraph 1 of this AMC and particular attention paid to sub-paragraphs 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 which are concerned with areas of responsibility.

7.1The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗X‘ - Instruments may issue Certificates of Release to Service in respect of maintenance, excluding overhaul, of components and parts for which the holder is responsible provided that units which are supplied as bench tested units

may not have their individual parts disturbed, except for the replacement or adjustment of itemsnormally replaceable or adjustable in service.

8. BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated in Category‘X’ - Electrical

AMC 1.18.4


8.1The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗X‘ - Electrical may issue Certificates of

Release to Service in respect of maintenance, excluding overhaul, of components and parts for which the holder is responsible provided that units which are supplied as bench tested unitsmay not have their individual parts disturbed, except for the replacement or adjustment of itemsnormally replaceable or adjustable in service.

9.BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated in Category ‘X’- Automatic Pilots

NOTE: 1) This paragraph must be read in conjunction with paragraph 1 of this AMC

NOTE: 2) For the purpose of certification, automatic stabilisation systems are deemed to beautomatic pilots.

NOTE: 3) Automatic pilots include related systems such as yaw and or roll dampers, mach trimsystems, and automatic throttles.

9.1The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗X‘ - Automatic Pilots may issue Certificatesof Release to Service in respect of maintenance, excluding overhaul, of components and partsfor which the holder is responsible provided that units which are supplied as bench tested units



Section 2 BCAR APL

230

may not have their individual parts disturbed, except for the replacement or adjustment of itemsnormally replaceable or adjustable in service.

10.BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated in

Combined Categories ‘X’ - Instrument/Automatic Pilots

The Type Rated License in Combined Categor ies ‗X‘ - Instrument/Automatic pilots is comprisedof two ‗X‘ Category ratings and the provisions and limitations contained in both paragraphs 7and 9 of this Notice apply in relation to the Instrument and Automatic Pilot systemsinstalled in any aircraft for which the Combined Categories ‘X‘ License is type rated.

11.BCAR APL Part X Aircraft Maintenance Engineer’s License - Type Rated inCategory ‘R’ - Radio


AMC 1.18.4

11.1.The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗R‘ - Radio may issue Certificates of Release to Service in respect of maintenance, excluding overhaul, of components and parts for which the holder is responsible provided that units which are supplied as bench tested unitsmay not have their individual parts disturbed, except for the replacement or adjustment of itemsnormally replaceable or adjustable in service.

11.2.The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗R‘ - Radio, endorsed to include the

overhaul of radio apparatus, is responsible for and may issue Certificates of Release to Servicein respect of the maintenance of components and parts of all radio apparatus undergoingperiodic check, repair or overhaul in workshop for which the License is Type Rated, providedthat the work done does not involve the making of radio components or parts.

11.3The holder of a Type Rated License in Category ‗R‘ - Radio endorsed including GPWS mayissue Certificates of Release to Service in respect of maintenance, excluding overhaul or scheduled maintenance inspection, of Ground Proximity Warning Systems for aircraft for which the License is Type Rated in respect of its radio systems, subject to the limitationsof sub-paragraph 11.3.

12.Compass Compensation and Adjustment

The Paragraph 15 type rating of AMC 2 permits the issue of Certificates of Release to Serviceby the holder in respect of the compensation and adjustment of direct and remote readingcompasses on any aircraft.

AMC 1.18.5

Aircraft Maintenance Engineers' Licenses - Type Ratings



Section 2 BCAR APL

231

1.Introduction

1.1.This AMC 2 sets out the Type Ratings that may be endorsed upon a BCAR APLAPL Part X

for Aircraft Maintenance Engineers' License Aircraft Maintenance License issued by the BDCAin respect of the certification of aircraft registered in Belize, including also their engines andsystems.

NOTES: A License can only be used to certify for non-commercial air transport. Aircraft whichare operated for commercial air transport must be maintained by a BCAR APL- 145 ApprovedOrganization and all staff who certify for maintenance within those organizations must be inpossession of a valid certifying authorization (see AMC XXX).

2.General

2.1.The requirements for the grant, extension and renewal of BCAR APLAPL Part X Aircraft

Maintenance Engineers Licenses are contained in the current Issue of BCAR APLAPL Part X.For full understanding of the requirements, APL Part X must be read in conjunction with this

AMC

3.Applicability

3.1.Where a type of aircraft (or its engines or systems) is defined by one of the Group TypeRatings in paragraphs 5 to 9, 12, 13 or 15 of this AMC, an engineer may exercise thecertification privileges in respect of that type, subject in particular to the provisions of AMC 1 andprovided that:

A)he holds a valid BDCA issued Type Rated License, and

b)an aircraft of the type is registered in Belize and holds a Belize issued Certificate of Airworthiness.

3.2.Where a type of aircraft (or its engines or systems) is listed individually withinparagraphs 5, 6, 7 and 10 of this AMC, the License holder has certification privileges in respectof the individual types as listed on the License, subject in particular to the provisions of AMC 1

3.3.Where a type of aircraft (or its engines or systems) is not defined by a Group Type Rating or is not listed by name, an application for the Type Rating of a License in respect of that type of

aircraft, engines or systems, will be considered provided that:

a)an aircraft of the type is registered in Belize and holds a Belize issued Certificate of Airworthiness, and

b)the aircraft does not exceed 5700 kg MTOM.



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3.4.In respect of aircraft types maintained under BACR - 145, the BDCA will consider applications for the endorsement of type ratings on a BCAR APLAPL Part X License where theaircraft type rating is required for the issue of a BCAR APL-145 certification authorisation and:

a)The aircraft is a type which is not registered in Belize and does not hold a Belize issuedCertificate of Airworthiness

b)the aircraft does not exceed 5700 kg MTOM.

4.Categories 'A' 'B' 'C' 'D' Aeroplanes, Engines and Rotorcraft

4.1.Specific Type Ratings

4.1.1.Type Ratings may be granted for specific aircraft and/or engines defined by, or listed in,paragraphs 5, 6 or 7 of this AMC, except as indicated in sub paragraphs 4.1.2, 4.1.3 and 4.1.4.

4.1.2. A Type Rating in Category ‗B‘ - Aeroplanes, will not be granted in respect of an

unpressurised aeroplane exceeding 5700 kg MTOM, an aeroplane in which the primarystructure is of reinforced plastic/epoxy manufacture, or any pressurised aeroplane.

4.1.3. A Type Rating in Category ‗D‘ - Engines, will not be granted in respect of a piston enginewith a power rating exceeding 500 kW (670 bhp), or any jet- or propeller turbine engine (notavailable for new License issue).

1.1.1 A Type Rating in Category ‗B‘ - Rotorcraft, will not be granted in respect of a turbine- enginedrotorcraft exceeding 2730 kg MTOM.

4.2.Group Type Ratings

4.2.1.A Group Type Rating granted in relation to sub-paragraphs of paragraph 5, 6 or 7 of this AMC includes all the aeroplanes, engines, or rotorcraft defined by that subparagraph except aslimited by sub-paragraphs 4.2.4 or 4.2.5.

4.2.2.Group Type Ratings for Categories ‗A‘ and ‗C‘ may be granted for a group of aeroplanes, engines or rotorcraft defined by sub-paragraphs 5.0, 5.1, 5.7, 5.7.1, 5.9.1, 6.0, 6.3,7.1 or 7.3 only.

4.2.3License holders with Group Type Ratings in Categories ‗A‘, ‗B‘, ‗C‘ or ‗D‘ for sub -paragraphs 5.2, 5.2.1, 5.3, 5.3.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3.1 and 6.4 may continue to exercise



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the privileges of the License for the types defined by these groups subject to any limitationsendorsed on the License.

4.2.4Group Type Ratings for Category ‗B‘ - Aeroplanes or rotorcraft, may be granted for sub-paragraphs 5.1, 5.7, 5.7.1, 7.1 and 7.3, excluding any rotorcraft exceeding 2730 kg MTOM

4.2.5Group Type Ratings for Category ‗D‘ - Engines may be granted on existing Category DLicenses for sub-paragraphs 6.0 and 6.3, and includes rotorcraft and airship engines, butexcludes engines with a power rating exceeding 500 kW (670 bhp).

4.26.Sub-paragraphs indicated thus* in this AMC are not obtainable as new endorsements on aLicense.

5.Category ‘A’ and ‘B’ Aeroplanes

5.0Composite Materials Aeroplanes Not Exceeding 5700 kg MTOM (not available in CategoryB).

5.1Wooden and Wood and Metal Aeroplanes:

Aeroplanes where the primary structure is manufactured from wood of combinations of woodand metal.

5.2*Unpressurised metal aeroplanes not exceeding 2730 kg MTOM.

5.2.1*Unpressurised metal aeroplanes not exceeding 2730 kg MTOM with fixed landing gear only.

5.3*Unpressurised metal aeroplanes not exceeding 5700 kg MTOM

5.3.1*Unpressurised metal aeroplanes not exceeding 5700 kg MTOM with fixed landing gear only.

5.4*Unpressurised metal aeroplanes, but excluding aeroplanes defined in paragraph 14 of this AMC.

5.5*Pressurized metal aeroplanes not exceeding 5700 kg MTOM and all unpressurised metalaeroplanes, but excluding aeroplanes defined in paragraph 14 of this AMC

5.5.1*Pressurized and unpressurised metal aeroplanes not exceeding 2730 kg MTOM.

5.6 Reserved.



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5.7Unpressurised metal aeroplanes not exceeding 5700 kg MTOM.

5.7.1Unpressurised metal aeroplanes not exceeding 2730 kg MTOM.

5.8Unpressurised metal aeroplanes exceeding 5700 kg MTOM.

5.9 Individual pressurized metal aeroplanes exceeding 2730 kg MTOM, but not exceeding 5700kg MTOM.

5.10Pressurized metal aeroplanes not exceeding 2730 kg MTOM.

6.Category 'C' and 'D' – Engines

6.0Diesel engines in aeroplanes.

6.1*Unsupercharged reciprocating piston engines, excluding Diesel engines, fitted with a fixedpitch propeller.

6.2*Unsupercharged reciprocating piston engines, excluding Diesel engines, fitted with a fixedor variable pitch propeller.

6.3 Category ‗C‘ Piston engines in Aeroplanes, excluding Diesel engines. *Category ‗D‘ Pistonengines not exceeding 500 kW (670 bhp) in Aeroplanes/Rotorcraft/ Airships, excluding Dieselengines.

6.3.1 *Piston engines, excluding Diesel engines, in Aeroplanes not exceeding 2730 kg MTOM.

6.4 Jet-turbine engines in Aeroplanes not exceeding 22·25 kN (5000 lbf) static thrust includingwhere so endorsed the associated APU installations.

6.5 Individual types of propeller turbine engines in aeroplanes (including, where so endorsed,the associated APU installations):

Allison 250 ®

Garret Airesearch TPE 331

Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 ®

NOTE: For engines annotated ® or (c) see AMC 1, sub-paragraph 4.4.

6.6*Jet turbine engines, in aeroplanes, exceeding 22·25 kN (5000 lbf) static thrustincluding where so endorsed the associated APU installation.

7. Categories ‘A’ and ‘C’ and ‘B’ – Rotorcraft



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7.1Piston-engined rotorcraft.

7.2Reserved.

7.3Turbine-engined rotorcraft not exceeding 2730 kg MTOM.

NOTE: This paragraph includes the Allison 250 and Turbomeca Arriel engines which areannotated ® for the purposes of AMC 1, sub-paragraph 6.2.

8. Category ‘X’ Instruments

a)A Rating granted in relation to any of the sub-paragraphs 8.1 to 8.4 inclusive, includes all of the instruments fitted to those aircraft in which are installed systems defined by or listed inthat sub-paragraph excluding those aircraft listed in paragraph 10, and as limited byparagraph 3 of this AMC.

b)A Rating granted in relation to sub-paragraph 8.8 relates to Instruments Direct and remotereading compasses only, but excludes compasses on those aircraft listed in paragraph 10, andis limited by sub-paragraph 3.3 of this AMC.

NOTE: 1) A Type Rated License which is valid for paragraphs 8.2, 8.3 or 8.4 also includes

paragraph 8.1.

2) A Type Rated License which is rated for Category 'X' - Instruments now includes the INS,GPWS and compass systems, (excluding compass compensation and adjustment) whether or not these systems are separately endorsed on the license.

3) Where a system is a combined flight director/ automatic pilot the rating does not include itemsof equipment associated solely with the automatic pilot.

8.1General aircraft instrument systems but excluding instruments installed on any aircraft whichhas installed a Flight Director System.

8.2 Smiths Flight System

Sperry Zero Reader ZL1, ZL2 Flight Director System.

8.3 Flight Director Systems employing air driven gyroscopes (attitude).

8.4 Flight Director Systems employing electrically driven gyroscopes (attitudes) but excludingthose systems defined in sub-paragraph 8.2.



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8.5 Reserved.

8.6 Reserved.

8.7 Reserved.

8.8.'X' Instruments (compasses)

Compensation and adjustment of airborne compass and compass systems.

9. Category ‘X’ - Electrical

A rating granted in relation to any sub-paragraph of paragraph 9 of this AMC includes thegeneration system and the electrical installation in aircraft as defined by that sub-paragraph, aslimited by paragraph 3 of this AMC.

NOTE: A Type Rated License which is valid for paragraphs 9.2 or 9.3 also includesparagraph 9.1.

9.1 Aircraft in which the main generation system output is DC (including alternators having aself-contained rectifier system) and in which secondary alternators having an individual power rating not exceeding 1·5 kVA may be fitted.

9.2 Aircraft in which the main generation system output is DC and which have installed'frequency' wild alternators with an individual power rating exceeding 1·5 kVA for auxiliaryservices.

9.3 Aircraft in which the main generation system output is 'frequency wild' AC and DC power issupplied from transformer rectifier units.

9.4 Aircraft in which the main generation system output is 'constant frequency' AC fromalternators driven by constant speed drive units, or variable speed constant frequency (VSCF)generator/converter systems, and DC power is supplied from transformer rectifier units.

10. Reserved



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11. Reserved

12. Category ‘R’ - Radio

A rating granted in relation to any sub-paragraph of paragraph 12 of this AMC includes all thetypes of radio systems listed in that sub-paragraph, as limited by paragraph 3 of this AMC

NOTE: A Type Rated License in Category ‗R‘ - Radio includes Ground Proximity WarningSystems only when the license is endorsed to that effect.

12.1 Airborne Communication Systems.

12.2 Airborne Communication Systems, Airborne Navigation Systems.

12.2.1 Airborne Communication Systems and Airborne Navigation Systems installed inaircraft below 5700 kg MTOM, excluding HF communications systems, Passenger entertainment systems, Multiplex systems, CVR and Satellite communication systems

.

12.3 Airborne radar systems.

12.3.1Airborne radar systems installed in aircraft below 5700 kg MTOM, excluding weather radar and TCAS.

1. Category ‘X’ - Automatic Pilots

A rating granted in relation to any sub-paragraph of paragraph 13 of this AMC includes all theautomatic pilot systems defined by that sub-paragraph when installed in aircraft not exceeding5700 kg MTOM and as limited by paragraph 3 of this AMC.

NOTES: 1) A Type Rated License which is valid for paragraph 13.2 also includes paragraph13.1.

A Type Rated License which is valid for paragraph 13.3 also includes paragraphs 13.1 and

13.2. A Type Rated License which is valid for paragraph 13.5 also includes paragraph 13.4.

2) For the purpose of licensing, automatic stabilizers are deemed to be automatic pilots.

3) Automatic pilots include related systems such as yaw dampers and/or roll dampers, machtrim systems and automatic throttle systems.

13.1 Non-Radio-Coupled Automatic Pilots (Aeroplanes)



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13.2 Radio-Coupled Automatic Pilots (Aeroplanes) excluding ILS Coupled (LOC and GS)

Automatic Pilots

13.3 ILS Coupled (LOC and GS) Automatic Pilots (Aeroplanes)

13.4 Non-Radio-Coupled Automatic Pilots (Rotorcraft)

13.5 Radio-Coupled Automatic Pilots (Rotorcraft)

14. Reserved

15. Compass compensation and adjustment

Compensation and adjustment of airborne compass and compass systems



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AMC 1.18.6

Approval of Organizations for Maintenance of Aircraft and Components

1. Purpose

The purpose of this AMC is:

a) To provide guidance to Belize industry on BDCA approval policy with respect to Part-145approval of maintenance organizations engaged in the maintenance of aircraft used for Commercial Air Transport or in the maintenance of components to be fitted to such aircraft; and

b) To set out BDCA policy concerning national maintenance approvals and requirements

relating to aircraft NOT used for Commercial Air Transport and relating to maintainedcomponents to be fitted to such aircraft.

NOTE 1: For the purpose of this AMC, ‗Maintenance‘ means any one or combination of Overhaul, Repair, Inspection, Modification or defect rectification of a component.

NOTE 2: The acceptance of new components intended for installation in aircraft issued with aBelize Certificate of Airworthiness by the BDCA, irrespective of whether the aircraft is or is notused for Commercial Air Transport, is addressed in the relevant BCARs.

2. Introduction

2.1BCAR APL-145 covers the approval of organizations engaged in the maintenance of aircraftor aircraft components used for Commercial Air Transport. This regulation will also apply to alllarge aircraft, regardless of use, from 7 July 2008, BCAR-145 and the Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material is available from the office of the BDCA.

NOTE:For the purpose of this regulation a ―small aircraft‖ means an aeroplane with a maximumtake-off mass of 5700 kg and below, or a multi-engine helicopter.

2.2Organizations approved by the BDCA to BCAR-145 will have details of their approval,including their name and address

3.BDCA Approval Policy for BCAR APL-145 Requirements (Reserved)

4.Certifying Staff

4.1Organizations applying for Approval under BCAR-145 for the maintenance of aeroplanes or rotorcraft with a Maximum Take-Off Mass (MTOM) of 5700 kg and below used for Commercial

Air Transport will be required to demonstrate to the BDCA that they employ, in accordance with



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the requirements of BCAR-145.30, a sufficient number of appropriately qualified certifying staff who hold:

Organizations holding or applying for Approval for the maintenance of aircraft componentsintended for fitment to aircraft used for Commercial Air Transport, are required to demonstrateto the BDCA that they employ sufficient numbers of certifying staff (BCAR-145..47(d)), who arequalified by the organization to issue an BDCA Form 1 (Certificate of Release to Service) on thebasis of appropriate competence, training and experience.

NOTES: 1) If component maintenance is required which is outside the scope of work of aBCAR-145 ‗A‘ rated organization, it must be released to service by an appropriately BCAR -145‗B‘, ‗C‘ or ‗D‘ rated organization. When a Part-145 ‗B‘, ‗C‘ or ‗D‘ rated organization performsmaintenance on components fitted to an aircraft during Base or Line maintenance, theCertificate of Release to Service must be issued on a BDCA Form 1 by appropriately authorizedcomponent certifying staff. The process for controlling such work on components fitted to aircraftmust be in accordance with a procedure contained in the Maintenance Organization Exposition(MOE).

AMC 1.18.7

Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineers - Personal Responsibility WhenMedically Unfit or Under the Influence of Drink or Drugs

1.Introduction

1.1The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has introduced an amendment to Annex

1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation which will have the effect of extending certainstandards and recommended practices to all License holders. The changes resulting from theamendment are concerned with medical fitness and the use or abuse of intoxicating liquor,narcotics or drugs.

2 General

2.1 An aircraft maintenance engineer‘s License authorizes the holder, subject to any conditionsthat may be specified on the License, to issue various certificates relating to aircraftmaintenance. The process of issuing these Certificates of Release to Service and Special FerryFlight Permit) require clear decisions to be made that directly affect the airworthiness of theaircraft to which they relate. It follows that the quality of these decisions is directly influenced by

the physical and mental state of the certifier at the time of certification, and whether or not theyare subject to the adverse effects of drink and/or drugs.

2.2 All persons to whom this Annex applies should be aware of the guidance material containedherein. It is the responsibility of the individual concerned to ensure that they do not report for duty or certify if they are genuinely unfit. Such persons should also be aware of anorganization‘s own internal policies and monitoring procedures to verify the above.



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3 Guidance

3.1 Fitness In most professions there is a duty of care by the individual to assess their ownfitness to carry out professional duties. This has been a legal requirement for some time for doctors, flight crew members and air traffic controllers. Licensed aircraft maintenanceengineers are also now required by law to take a similar professional attitude. Cases of subtle physical or mental illness may not always be apparent to the individual but as engineersoften work as a member of a team any sub-standard performance or unusual behaviour shouldbe quickly noticed by colleagues or supervisors who should notify management so thatappropriate support and counselling action can be taken. In particular, a decrease in mentalfitness in many cases may be related to stress from within the working environment or to thepersonal circumstances of the individual. Instances of aggressive behaviour, vagueness andslippage of personal standards (cleanliness, appearance etc.)may be indicative of more serious

mental issues. Such issues may bring into question the ability of the individual to be trusted or tomaintain the necessary levels of concentration to take appropriate decisions on airworthinessmatters.

3.2 Fatigue Tiredness and fatigue can adversely affect performance. Excessive hours of dutyand shift working, particularly with multiple shift periods or additional overtime, can lead toproblems. Individuals should be fully aware of the dangers of impaired performance due tothese factors and of their personal responsibilities.

3.3 Stress Everyone is subject to various stresses in their life and work. Stress can often bestimulating and beneficial but prolonged exposure to chronic stress (high levels or differingstress factors) can produce strain and cause performance to suffer allowing mistakes to occur.Stress factors can be varied, physical - e.g. heat, cold, humidity, noise, vibration; they can bedue to ill-health or worries about possible ill-health; from problems outside the workplace - e.g.bereavements, domestic upsets, financial or legal difficulties. A stress problem can manifestitself by signs of irritability, forgetfulness, sickness, and absence, mistakes, or alcohol or drugabuse. Management has a duty to identify individuals who may be suffering from stress and tominimize workplace stresses. Individual cases can be helped by sympathetic and skilfulcounselling which allows a return to effective work and licensed duties.

3.4 Eyesight A reasonable standard of eyesight is needed for any aircraft engineer to performtheir duties to an acceptable degree. Many maintenance tasks require a combination of bothdistance and near vision. In particular, such consideration must be made where there is a needfor the close visual inspection of structures or work related to small or miniature components.The use of glasses or contact lenses to correct any vision problems is perfectly acceptable andindeed they must be worn as prescribed. Frequent checks should be made to ensure thecontinued adequacy of any glasses or contact lenses. In addition, colour discrimination may benecessary for an individual to drive in areas where aircraft manoeuvre or where colour coding is



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used, e.g. in aircraft wiring. Organizations should identify any specific eyesight requirement andput in place suitable procedures to address these issues.

3.5 Hearing The ability to hear an average conversational voice in a quiet room at a distanceof 2 meters (6 feet) from the examiner is recommended as a routine test. Failure of this testwould require an audiogram to be carried out to provide an objective assessment. If necessary, a hearing aid may be worn but consideration should be given to the practicalities of wearing the aid during routine tasks demanded of the individual. It is important to remindemployers of individuals working in areas of high ambient noise of the requirement of theNoise at Work Regulations 1989 which require employers to carry out assessments of noiselevels within their premises and take appropriate action where necessary.

3.6 Drug and Alcohol Abuse Drinking problems or the use of illicit or non prescribed drugs

are unacceptable where aircraft maintenance safety is concerned and once identified will lead tosuspension of the License or company authorization and possibly further licensing actionbeing considered. The introduction of the Railways and Transportation Safety Act 2003 set ablood alcohol limit of 80 mg/100 ml for personnel involved in aircraft maintenance.

3.7 Medication Any form of medication, whether prescribed by a doctor or purchased over thecounter and particularly if being taken for the first time, may have serious consequences in theaviation maintenance environment unless three basic questions can be answered satisfactorily:

a) Must I take medicines at all?

b)Have I given this particular medication a personal trial for at least 24 hours before going onduty, to ensure that it will not have adverse effects on my ability to work and make sound

decisions?c)Do I really feel fit for work?

Alcohol Alcohol has similar effects to tranquillizers and sleeping tablets and may remaincirculating in the blood for a considerable time, especially if taken with food. It should be bornein mind that a person may not be fit to go on duty even eight hours after drinking large amountsof alcohol. Individuals should therefore anticipate such effects upon their next duty period.Special note should be taken of the fact that combinations of alcohol and sleeping tablets, or anti histamines, can form a highly dangerous or even lethal combination

Anaesthetics It should be remembered that following local, general, dental and other

anesthetics, a period of time should elapse before returning to duty. This period will varydepending upon individual circumstances, but may even extend to 24or 48 hours. Any doubtsshould be resolved by seeking appropriate medical advice.

4.Summary

The effects of illness, injury or medication on work performance are the direct concern of the individual. Where there is doubt about the ability of an individual to make sound technicaldecisions. The individual must not exercise the privileges of their License or authorization whilst



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unfit. While this Annex gives some guidance on the issues to be considered it cannot becomprehensive. If individual License holders or their managers have any doubt they shouldconsult the medical sources mentioned for advice. If there is difficulty in obtaining this advice,

the BDCA Personnel Licensing Department should be contacted in the first instance and they inturn may seek guidance from the appropriate Medical Department.

5. Medicine in common use which may impair work performance.

The following are some of the types of medicine in common use which may impair workperformance. This list is not exhaustive and care should be taken in ensuring the likely effects of any prescribed drug are adequately known before taking it.

a) Sleeping Tablets - These dull the senses, cause mental confusion and slow reactiontimes. The duration of effect is variable from person to person and may be unduly prolonged.

Individuals should have expert medical advice before using them;

b )Anti-depressants - These can depress the alerting system and have been acontributory cause of mistakes leading to fatal accidents. A person should stop work whenstarting anti-depressants and only return when it is clear that there are no untoward side-effects.It is recommended that individuals seek medical advice from their General Practitioner or appropriate medical specialist before returning to work;

c) Antibiotics - Antibiotics (penicillin and the various mycins and cyclines) and sulpha drugs mayhave short term or delayed effects which affect work performance. Their use indicates that afairly severe infection may well be present and apart from the effects of these substancesthemselves, the side-effects of the infection will almost always render an individual unfit for work;

d) Anti-histamine - Such drugs are widely used in cold cures and in the treatment of hay fever,asthma and allergic skin conditions. Many easily obtainable nasal spray and drop preparationscontain anti-histamines. Most of this group of medicines tend to make the taker feel drowsy.Their effect, combined with that of the condition, will often prevent the basic three questions(paragraph 3.7 of the Annex) from being answered satisfactorily. Admittedly very mild states of hay fever etc. may be adequately controlled by small doses of anti-allergic drugs, but a trialperiod to establish the absence of side effects is essential before going on duty. Whenindividuals are affected by allergic conditions which require more than the absolute minimum of treatment and in all cases of asthma, one of the above mentioned sources of advice should be

consulted;

e) ‗Pep‘ pills (e.g. Containing Caffeine, Dexedrine, Benzedrine) used to maintain wakefulnessare often habit forming. Susceptibility to each drug varies from one individual to another, but allof them can create dangerous over-confidence. Over-dosage may cause headaches, dizzinessand mental disturbances. The use of ‗pep‘ pills whilst working cannot be permitted. If coffee isinsufficient, you are not fit for work;



Section 2 BCAR APL

c) Drugs for the relief of high blood pressure are proving to be very effective in controlling thiscondition. However, antihypertensive agents all have some side effects and should not beadministered before adequate assessment of the need for treatment. The prescribing

practitioner should be able to advice on any side effects to be considered;

d) Drugs when prescribed for Anti-malaria in normally recommended doses do not usually have

Other Procedures and Acceptable Means of Compliance

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