Other Articles Nominated for the 2006 Competition

Juliana Barr, "From Captives to Slaves: Commodifying Indian Women in the Borderlands," The Journal of American History, 92 (June 2005): 19-46.

Heather D. Curtis, "Visions of Self, Success, and Society among Young Men in Antebellum Boston," Church History, 73 (September 2004): 613-634.

Drew Gilpin Faust, " 'We Should Grow Too Fond of It': Why We Love the Civil War," Civil War History, 50 (December 2004): 368-383.

Mark Fiege, "The Weedy West: Mobile Nature, Boundaries and Common Space in the Montana Landscape," Western Historical Quarterly (Spring 2005): 22-48.

Wayne Flynt, "Religion for the Blues: Evangelicalism, Poor Whites, and the Great Depression," The Journal of Southern History, 71 (February 2005): 3-38.

Sarah A. Gordon, "'Boundless Possibilities': Home Sewing and the Meanings of Women's Domestic Work in the United States, 1890-1930," Journal of Women's History, 16 (June 2004): 68-91.

Julia Grant, "A 'Real Boy' and not a Sissy: Gender, Childhood and Masculinity, 1890-1940," Journal of Social History, 37 (Summer 2004): 829-851.

Edward G. Gray, "Visions of Another Empire: John Ledyard, an American Traveler Across the Russian Empire, 1787-1788," Journal of the Early Republic, 24 (Fall 2004): 347-380.

Masumi Izumi, "Prohibiting 'American Concentration Camps,''' Pacific Historical Review, 74 (May 2005): 165-194.

Russell A. Kazal, "The Interwar Origins of the White Ethnic: Race, Residence, and German Philadelphia, 1917-1939," Journal of American Ethnic History, 23 (Summer 2004): 78-131.

Robert W.T. Martin, "Reforming Republicanism: Alexander Hamilton's Theory of Republican Citizenship and Press Liberty," Journal of the Early Republic, 25 (Spring 2005): 21-46.

Eric W. Plaag, " 'Let the Constitution Perish': Prigg v. Pennsylvania, Joseph Story, and the Flawed Doctrine of Historical Necessity," Slavery and Abolition, 25 (December 2004): 76-101.

Louis Pollack, "Race, Law and History: The Supreme Court from 'Dred Scott' to 'Grutter v. Bollinger,' " Daedalus 134 (Winter 2005): 29-41.

Martha Robinson, "New Worlds, New Medicines: Indian Remedies and English Medicine in Early America," Early American Studies, 3 (Spring 2005): 94-110.

Sarah N. Roth, "The Mind of a Child: Images of African Americans in Early Juvenile Fiction," Journal of the Early Republic, 25 (Spring 2005): 79-109.

Lucy E. Salyer, "Baptism by Fire: Race, Military Service, and U.S. Citizenship Policy, 1918-1935," The Journal of American History, 91 (December 2004): 847-876.

296 Other Articles Nominated for the 2006 Competition

Gunja SenGupta, "Elites, Subalterns, and American Identities: A Case Study of African­American Benevolence," American Historical Review, 109 (October 2004): 1104-1139.

Thomas Weiss, "Tourism in America before World War II," Journal of Economic History, 64 (June 2004): 289-327.

Meghan K. Winchell, " 'To Make the Boys Feel at Home': USO Senior Hostesses and Gendered Citizenship," Frontiers, 25:1 (2004): 190-212.

Chiou-Ling Yeh, " 'In the Traditions of China and in the Freedom of America': The Making of San Francisco's Chinese New Year Festivals," American Quarterly 56 (June 2004): 395-420.

"culture of dissemblance" 124, 128, 129, 143

"Freedom of Choice" initiative 181 "Letter from the Birmingham Jail"

203 "white trash" 104

1937 U.S. Housing Act 177 1964 Civil Rights Act 268

Abernathy, Ralph D. 201,203,212, 213,220,221

abolitionist 65, 71 Adams, John 12-13,23 affirmative action 231-253,264 AFL-CIO 247-248,250-251 African Americans 61-63,65-66,68,

71-73, 77-79, 123-130, 132-133, 135,140-143,179-180,184-186, 188-189, 190-191

Agnew, Spiro 277 Alabama 67 Alabama Tribune 127 America Plus 180-181, 185, 190 American Friends Service Committee

(AFSC) 234-235 American Indians 24-26 American Indians: French and Indian

War and 24; removal of 24, 42; treaties with 13, 20, 24-25

American Jewish Council 181 American Revolutionary War (also

called War for Independence) 11, 14,15,23,25

American Revolutionary war bonds (bondholders) 40,41-42,50

American South 265 Anderson, William C. 99

Index

anti-America Plus campaign 181 anti-Asian 177, 179, 191 anti-Asian American 188 anti-Asian American housing

discrimination 189 anti-Chinese sentiment 186 Anti-Federalists 29, 39, 44-46, 49, 51 anti-Japanese American 180 anti-Japanese American Alien Land

Acts 180 anti-Japanese American Proposition

15, 180 antibusing 264-266,270-271,

273-279,281,284,286 antislavery 64-65 Arkansas 67 armed self-defense 216,218 Armstrong Association 234-235,240 Ashmore, Harry 211 Asia 173-174,179-180,188 Asian 175, 183, 191 Asian American 173-174,183,177,

180, 185-189, 191; rights 179

Babbitt 215 Bailey, Sue 213 Baker, John 210 Baltimore Afro-American 140 Bank of the United States 48; idea

first proposed 19 baseball: Bob Carpenter 154; Brooklyn

Dodgers 155; Philadelphia Phillies 154; Shibe Park 154; Walter O'Malley 154-155

Beagles, David 123, 130, 132, 136-139

Beard, Charles 2-3 Becker, Carl 2, 5 Beers, William 47-48

298 Index

Belk, Mayor 276 Bertelson, David 92 Biblical memory 201,217-219,221 Bill of Rights 13, 15, 19,45 black: middle-class 273; migrants

64, 67; migration 70-71, 75, 77, 79; mobility 78; population 66; relocation 75; workers 74-75, 77

blacks 65 Blake, Aldrich 180 Bodenhamer, David 107 Boles, John B. 107 Border State 62 Boughton, Mrs. Henry 100 Branch, Taylor 128,201,203-205,

206,211-214 Brandon, Zillah Haynie 107 British Broadcasting Corporation 134 Brooks, Joe C. 102 Brown, Elsa Barkley 129 Brown, Richard 123, 129-130,

137-138,140 Brown v. Board of Education 128,

133,203,269,271,278,283 building trades (Philadelphia, PAl

239-252 Burger, Chief Justice Warren 283 Burke, Joseph 246-247 Burnham, Daniel 167 Burress, Thomas H. 238,242 busing 264-265,267,272,274

279-282,285,288 Butterfield, Thomas 123, 129-130,

137-138,140

California 174-185,188,190-191; Lakewood Plan 162-163; Orange County 158-159,164

California Eagle 184 California Federation for Civic Unity

181 Campbell, John 272 Capers, Reverend William 109 capitalism 91, 92 Carter, Hall 208-211 Cecil-Fronsman, Bill 94 census 66 Chafe, William H. 133 Chambers, Julius 269

Chan, Alfred B. 186 Charlotte, NC 263-288 Charlotte Observer 267,271,

275-276,278,280,282,285 Charlotte Way 269,271,273-274 Charlotte-Mecklenburg School Board

284 Chicago Defender 126 Chief Executive Office 12,14, 16,20,

26,27,39 children 98, 101 China 174-175,177-179,185 Chinatown 174-175,177-179,185 Chinese 174-179,181,183,185,191 Chinese American 173-175,

177-179,183,185-187,189-191; workers 179

Chinese American Citizens Alliance 185

Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association 185

Chinese Nationalist 183 Chinese News 185-186 Chinese-Pacific Weekly 186-187 Chiu, Churchill T. 186 Christian Index 110 Citizens' Coordinating Committee

128 Citizens' Council 128 Citizens for a Neighborhood School

System 286 Citizens United For Fairness 284 civil rights movement 179,201,203,

231-261,266,268,272-273 civil rights protests 231,243-244,

246,249; Birmingham, AL 231, 243-244; Cincinnati, OH 249; Cleveland,OH 231,246,249, 252; New Rochelle, NY 249; New York, NY 231,246,249; Newark, NJ 231, 246, 249; Oakland, CA 249,252; Philadelphia, PA 231-261; St. Louis, MO 249,252; Trenton, NJ 231,246

Civil War 62,65, 71 class inequality 265 Cleveland Plan 249-250 Cobb, Daniel 110 Cold War 173-175,183,187,191

Collinsworth, William 130, 132, 138-139

color-blind platform 274 Commission on Human Relations

(CHR) 235,242-243,245 Commission on Human Rights of the

United Nations 134-135 Committee of 400237-238,244,252 Committee on Equal Job Opportunity

(CEJO) 234-235,241-242 Common Sense 30 Communist 180-181,187,189 Concerned Parents Association (CPA)

263,272,274-284,286,288 Coney Island 154, 158-162 confederate government: (1780s) 18;

Articles of Confederation 30, 36; Confederate Congress 24

Confederate South 62 Congress 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 36, 37,

39--41,45,50,72 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

142,202,231,237-238,239, 242-245,248,252

congressional districts 28-30, 36, 37, 38-39,44-46,49-50

Connecticut, state government 30-31, 34,38-39,49

Constitution, U.S. 12, 15, 19,26, 28-36,39,40,44,47,50,269; and checks and balances 16, 18, 20,27, 35, 38; and slavery or the slave trade 17-18; ratification of 13-14,43,45-46

Constitutional Convention 17,27-28, 35-38,40,42,44,45,46,49,51

Continental Army 15; Society of Cincinnati 41; veterans of 34, 41-42,50

Copperheadism 70 Copperheads 70 currency issues: congressional control

40; paper money 36, 38, 40, 42--43

Dance, John Russell 113 Darlington Heights, VA 206-209,

211,218 Davenport 66 Davis, Reuben 108, 112

Index 299

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, Virginia 221

death penalty 140 debt and tax relief 34,38,39,41 debts 18,29 Declaration of Independence 15,30 Democratic Party 70 Democratic Press 70 desegregation 133,141-142,

266-267,269-271,274,280, 282-285,288

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery 201-202,212,218, 221

Diggs, Robert M. 263 Dillihay, William C. 100 Dillon, John 207-208 discrimination 189,264,273; anti-

Chinese 177; reverse 264 discriminatory laws 63, 180 disfranchisement 65 Disney, Walt 158-161 Disneyland 152, 158-167;

Adventureland 161, 163; Aunt Jemima's Pancake House 163, 164; Autopia Ride 161-162; Fantasyland 161; Frontierland 161, 163; House of the Future 164-165; Main Street, USA 161, 163; Tomorrowland 161

domestic sphere 77 domesticity 165 Donnell, Peter 102 Douglas, Stephan 71 Douglass, Frederick 141 draft riots 63 Du Bois, W. E. B. 208 Due, Patricia Stephens 131,142 Dugan, Thomas 244,246-247 Duncan, W. A. 103 Dyer, Zachary Taylor 100, 105

East 70 Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta 212 Eisenhower, President Dwight D. 134 electoral college 11,27 emancipation 62,64,67, 70, 73, 75,

79 Emancipation Proclamation 67, 70 equality 65

300 Index

Ervin, Senator Sam 277 Escott, Paul D. 103 Eskridge, Chauncey 203-204 Espiritu, Yen Le 186 Estell, Elizabeth 68 Evers, Medgar 203 Executive Order 11114 231,246 Executive Order 11246 249

Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) 178,233,235-236,241

Farmer, James 245 farming 89-114 Farmville, Virginia 208-210,213 Federal Bureau of Investigation 131 Federal Courts 27,38 Federal Farmer 46, 49 Federal Government 70-71, 73, 75 Federal housing policy 153-154 Federal Indian Policy 71 Federalist Papers 15,27-28,39,

40-41,48-49 Federalists 29,44,47-48,51 Filipino 191 film noir: 151-152,155-158,

165-166; Femme fatale 156; Male antihero 155-157

Finch, Robert 277 First Great Awakening 91 Fletcher, Arthur 232, 251 Flintoff, John Fletcher 89, 90, 91 Florida A&M University 123,

130-132, 134, 136, 138-140, 142 Foner, Eric 107 For Freedom's Sake 125 Ford, Sam 216-217 former slaves 73-74, 78-79 Foster, Luther Jr. 221 Fourteenth Amendment 286 Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 280 Franklin, Benjamin 17 free blacks 69 free labor 76 Freedom of Choice 181, 185, 190 Freedom Rides 219 French Revolution 13,21,23 fugitive slaves 69, 71 Fundamentals of Real Estate Practice

(1943) 156 Funke, Max G. 184

Furman, Richard 111 Fuston, Jeptha Marion 98

Gaines, Ada 207 Gaines, Frances 207 Gaines, Henry 207 Gaines, Lizzie 207 Gaines, Pattie 207 Gaines, Peter 207 Gaines, Sally 207 Gains, Richard 207,216 Gale, Benjamin 30, 34, 38,45 Gannaway, Edward 104 Gardner, Edwin M. 103 gender roles 164 Genovese, Eugene D. 93, 101 Gerry, Elbridge 35, 38, 41 ghetto 271,273,286 GI Bill 3 Glazer, Nathan 232 Graham, Hugh Davis 232 Grapengeter, William, Jr. 181 Green, Sam E. 128

Hall, Jacquelyn 217 Haltunnen, Karen 161 Hamer, Fannie Lou 125,203 Hamilton, Alexander 12, 30, 40, 44;

as Secretary of the Treasury 15-16, 18-19,23,26; military career 16; Report on Public Credit 18

Hardin, William Denier 98 Harper's Weekly 62 Harris, Thomas 270,275-276,279,

281,288 Hartsfield, William Sidney 98 Hatcher, Reverend William E. 106,

111 Haynes, Frederick D. 184 Helms, Jesse 286 Hench, John 160 Henry, Joel L. 105 Henry, Patrick 36 Heyrman, Christine Leigh 91 Higginbotham, A. Leon 238 Hill, Herbert 239,246 Hill, Spencer 209, 210 Hine, Darlene Clark 124, 128-129 historical writing 2-6

historiography 2-6 Hofstadter, Richard 163 homeowners' associations 176 Honda, Harry 186 Hong, Y. C. 185 Hopkins, William D. 133, 136, 139 Horton, James 1 House of Representatives 15,27,

35-36,38-39,47,49-50 household servants 76 Howard, Thomas Jefferson 98, 105 Humphrey, Hubert 266 Husband, Herman 29-31,37,43,47,

50 Hutchins, Robert Maynard 211

Illinois 67, 69 immigrant workers 77 immigration, Chinese 178 Indian Treaty 71 integration 269,271,275,280-283 integration mandate 271 Interdenominational Ministerial

Alliance 127 International Brotherhood of Electrical

Workers (IBEW) 240-241 interracial 65 Iowa 61,64-66,68, 73, 76-77, 79 Isaac, Rhys 91

Japan 174,177,178,188 Japanese 174,177-179,185,188,

191 Japanese American 174, 178,

185-187, 188, 191 Japanese American Citizens League

181, 186 Jay, John 16,23 Jefferson, Thomas 15, 19,20,21,29;

and Constitution 27; as Secretary of State 15,21,23,26

Johns, Altona Trent 205-206, 212-214,218

Johns, Barbara 213,221 Johns, Carter 208,210 Johns, Dolly Gaines 206,207,208,

211,214,216,218,221 Johns, Harriet Womack 207,208,

221 Johns, Melville Monroe 207

Index 301

Johns, Monroe 204-205,207-208, 214,219,221

Johns, Robert 218 Johns, Sallie Branch Price 205-208,

211,214,218 Johns, Vernon 201-229 Johns, William Thomas 205-206,

208,210-211 Johnson, Elisha 208 Johnson, T. L. 101 Johnson, Lyndon B. administration

249,252 Judiciary Act of 1789 17, 19 Justice Department 135 Justus, Karl Bennet 183

Kansas 67 Kennedy, John F. administration 231,

238,240,245 Kenney, Clinton 182 Kentucky, state government 43 Khrushchev, Nikita 183 King, Coretta Scott 213 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 128, 134,

201-204,212-213,217,221 King, Martin Luther, Sr. 212 Kirkwood, Governor 68 Knowland, Senator William 180 Knox, Henry 16,23,24-25 Korea 174, 179, 183, 191 Korean American 186 Korean War 174,176,186,188 Ku Klux Klan 125, 128, 215

labor 89-114,231-261 Lawrence, Raymond 179 Lawson, Steven F. 233 The Lazy South 92 League of Women Voters 284 Lee, Chana Kai 125 Lee, Lim P. 186 L'Enfant, Pierre 21 Leong, Charles 186 Lerner, Gerda 124 levee (or open house) 12-13 Lewis, Rufus A. 127 Lieberman, Barnet 243 Life magazine 179 Lightsey, Joseph B. 97, 106 Lincoln administration 67, 70, 71

302 Index

Lipscomb, Theodric E. 113 Los Angeles 180, 183, 189 Los Angeles Sentinel 184, 179 Louisiana 67 Louisiana Weekly 141 Lynchburg, VA 210,215,218-219 lynchings 132, 135,215-218 The Old Pine Farm 108

Madison, James 15,18, 19,20-21, 27-51

Mallet, John Frederick 109 Mansfield, Harold 183 March on Washington 203 Mare Island shipyards 179 market economy 103 Marshall, John 17 masculine 64, 77 masculinity, crisis of white 157-158 Mason, George 36, 37-38, 40,45 Massachusetts, state government 31,

34,42 Mathews, Donald G. 111 McCall, Walter 203 McCray, John H. 125, 142 McCurry, Stephanie 100 McGee, Gentry Richard 104 McMillan, Judge James 269,274,

276,277,281-284 Mc Whiney, Grady 93 Meany, George 250 Mexican Americans 188, 191 Michaels, Harry 133, 139 Michelsen, Twain 180 middle class 264,266,270-272,

274-276,282 Midwest 64-65,68-69, 71, 74-76,

78 Midwestern 63-65, 70-73, 75-77,

79; farms 77; racism 63; Republicans 69

Midwesterners 61, 63-65, 69, 71, 74, 78-79

migration 66, 69, 73 Milliken v. Bradley 285 Minnesota 64-66,68, 71-73, 75-76 Minnesota Mississippi River 66 miscegenation 128, 133, 141 Mississippi 66-67, 70, 75 Mississippi River 61, 64, 66-67, 69

Mississippi Valley 64-65, 67, 69-70 Missouri 67-68 Mockbee, R. T. 104 Montgomery Advertiser 128 Montgomery, Ala. 201-202,212,221 Montgomery bus boycott 126, 203 Montgomery Improvement Association

126,203 Moore, Audley "Queen Mother" 134 Moore, Cecil 238,243-245, 252 Morgan, Edmund S. 91 Morris, Gouverneur 23,38-42 Mosley, R. H. 105 Mosley, Moses 79 MountVernon 11,14,15,20 Movies: Act of Violence 155; Criss

Cross 157; Double Indemnity 157; He Walked by Night 157; M 155; T-Men 157

Myrdal, Gunnar 234

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 127, 130 135, 140, 141,180,184,190,202-203,213, 221,231,233,234,238,239,240, 242-244,246,249,252,264,269, 277,283,285,286,288

National Coalition of Concerned Citizens 283

National History Standards 5 nativist 65 Negro Improvement League 127 Negro Trade Union Leadership Council

242 neighborhood schools 263 New Deal Order 265 New Hampshire, state government

31,34 New Right 159, 166, 232, 265 New South 264, 266, 269 New York Amsterdam News

134, 140 New York City 152-53 New York Daily Worker 127 New York Times 184-185, 187,283 Nixon, Richard M. 183,263,

265-266,272,274,277-278; administration 232, 250-252

North 63-65, 68, 70

Northerner 66 Northwest Ordinance 64

Oakland Tribune 179 Oberlin College 211 Olmsted, Frederick Law 95 O'Neal, John H. 102 Oral history 206,211,212 Orr, William E. 98 Osbourn,John 106 Overhultz, William R. 272 Owens, Betty Jean 123-124,129-143 Owsley, Frank L. 93

Pacific Citizen 186 Paine, Thomas 30 Palo Alto 187 Park, G. W. 104 Parker, Mack Charles 131,135,141 Parks, Rosa 127-128 Parting the Waters 211 Patterson, Thomas M. 104 Peiss, Kathy 160 Pennsylvania, state government 29-35 Pennsylvania Human Relations

Commission (PHRC) 236, 247 People's Daily World 183 Perkins, Gertrude 127-129,143 Petersburg, VA 202-204 Philadelphia, PA 231-261 Philadelphia Plan 232, 248-252 Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth 35-37 Pittsburgh Courier 133-134 Poe, William 269,275,278,284-285 Polk, James 264 popular culture 151-171 Postwar urban crisis 152-158 Potomac River 14,20 Potter, District Judge Robert 286,288 Presidency see Chief Executive Office Presidential Cabinet 15, 23, 26 Price, A. J. 207,210 Price, Catherine "Miss Kitty"

205-207,209-210 Price, Lizzie 208 Price, Thomas W. 204-211,213-214,

216-218,221 Prince Edward County, VA 206-210,

212-214,218,221 Progressive 2-3

Proposition 11 180 Protestant ethic 91

Index 303

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 91

public education 265,270

Quaker 17-18 quantitative analysis 3

race 70, 76-79, 275 race riots 153, 166 racial: anxieties 70; equality 63;

hierarchies 78, 79; homogeneity 66; integration 265; isolation 269; separation 183; superiority 79

Radical Republican 70 Radio Free Asia 179 Rainey, Isaac Nelson 104 Randolph, A. Philip 233, 239 Randolph, Edmund 16, 19 Rankin, Colonel John W. 68 rape 123-129, 131-137, 139-143 Reagan, Ronald 159, 166,286 Reagan Democrats 265 Reconstruction 124-125,129,141,

143 religion 106-114 Religion in the Old South 111 Religious Herald 110 Religious Right 265 republic 29,44 Republican 65, 69, 70, 72,263,

266-267,285 Residence Act of 1790 20 residential segregation 264, 266-267 restrictive covenants 176 Revisionism 4-6 Rhode Island, state government 31,

34,35 Rice, George A. 102 Richardson, Edna 123, 129, 130, 137 Riverview Park (Chicago) 154 Roberson, Don 274-276,281,282,

279 Robert Russa Moton High School

206,213,221 Robinson, James 68 Rodgers, Daniel T. 92 Rogers, Mary Ann Graham 67

304 Index

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 233-234 Rudd,John 137,139 Rumford, William Byron 185

Sacramento Bee 179 Samuel, George W. 103 San Franciscans 175 San Francisco 173, 175, 177, 178,

180, 184, 186-187, 189 San Francisco Chronicle 179, 181,

188 San Francisco Housing Authority

177,179 San Francisco Plan 249 San Jose Mercury 187 Scarborough, Patrick 123, 130,

132-133, 136-139 Schermer, George 242-243 Schoemann, Peter 247 school: desegregation 266; integration

264-266,271,273,278,280 Schultz, George 251 Seattle's China Club 183 Second Great Awakening 91 segregation 64, 125-126, 128,

132-133,136,139,264,269,273, 278,280,286; residential 181

Senate 12, 13,27, 35, 38-39, 50 sex, interracial 204-208,210-212,

214-218,221 Shays's Rebellion 34, 43, 44 Shelley v. Kraemer 164, 176 Sheng, Grace 175-176,190 Sheng, Sing 173-177,179-181,183,

184-186, 188-189 Sherrill, Richard Enos 106 Silent Majority 264-266,272,274,

276-279,281,287-288 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church,

Birmingham 203 Skrentny, John David 233 slave patrols 206 slaveholding 64 slavery 62, 64-66, 78, 90-89, 101,

102,104-106,111-113,124-125, 129, 142-143

slaves 63, 65-68, 76 Sloan, James 98 Smedes, Susan Dabney 105 Smith, Adam 27, 45

Smith, Melancton 39,46 Smyth, Reverend Thomas 110 sources 3 South 63-65,72-73,75,78,89-114,

278,285 South Carolina Lighthouse and

Informer 125, 142 South Korea 191 Southern Christian Leadership

Conference (SCLC) 134, 140, 142,202-203,205-206,221

Southern Honor 103,111 Southerners 76 Southwood 173-175,177,179-187,

190 Sparks, Governor Chauncey 127 Spencer, Alroy 213 Spencer, Anne 213 St. Louis 61, 67, 69 St. Louis Plan 249 Startup, Kenneth Moore 111 state government 43 Steele, Reverend C. K., Jr. 140 Stockton, Jack 181 Stoutamire, Ollie 130, 132,

136,139 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 62 Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee (SNCC) 126, 142 suburban 264-265,282 Suburbanization 152, 154, 162,

165-166 Sugrue, Thomas 182 Sullivan, Reverend Leon H. 237 Sumner, Senator Charles 72 Sunbelt 264-267, 282-283, 286 Supreme Court 16, 17, 19, 35, 141,

269,277,280-284 Swann 269,283-284 Swift, Zephaniah 47-50

Tallahassee, Florida 123-124, 129-135, 139, 141-143

Tallahassee Democrat 140 Taper, Bernard 181 Tasty Baking Company 237 Tate, James J. 242-244,246 tax 29, 30; Excise Act of 1791 48 Taylor, Recy 126-127,129,143 Tennessee 67

Tennessee Farmer 104, 105, 110 Tenney, Senator Jack 181, 185 Thernstrom, Abigail and Stephan 232 Thomasson, Basil Armstrong 98, 102,

106, 110 Thurman, Howard 202,213 Till, Emmett 124, 135 Tilley, John Lee 202-203 Time 178 Tobacco 208-209,214 Trent, Altona Melinda 213 Trent, William Johnson 213 Truman, Harry S. 183 Tucker, W. J. 103 Turner, Fredrick Jackson 2 Tuskegee Institute 219,220-221 two-way integration 274 Tyler, J. Hoge 210

United Nations Human Rights Commission 134

United Negro College Fund 213 Universal Association of Ethiopian

Women, Inc. 134 Upper Midwest 63-67, 69-70, 73,

78-79 urban renewal 267 urban/suburban divide 264 Urban League 234,239,248

Virginia Seminary 219 Virginia's State Prison Farm,

Goochland 206,218

Walker, Bernard 100 Walker, Judge W. May 132-133,

137-138,140-141 Walker, Wyatt Tee 202, 203 Wallace, George 265-266 Walthall, T. W. 114 Walton, J. L. 104 War Eagle 66 War for Independence see American

Revolutionary War

Index 305

Warren, Governor Earl 180 wartime black migration 64-65,69 Washington, D.C. or Federal City

20-21 Washington, George 11-26,

36,41 Watkins 108 Watsonville 187 Watsonville Register-Pajaronian 187 Weber, Max 91 Webster, Noah 37 Wells, Ida B. 124 Westbrook, William 272 Whiskey Rebellion 48 White Citizens' Councils 128 White Flight 152,166-167 white supremacy 65, 78, 181 whiteness 64 whites 65 Whitfield, Stephen 183 Wilkins, Roy 135,141 Williams, Franklin H. 181 Williams, Howard 137, 139 Wilmer, Reverend Richard Hooker

109 Wing, Freddie 187 Wirtz, Willard 245,250 Wisconsin 64-66, 71, 73-74, 76 Womack, David 207 Womack, Frances Price 210,214 Womack, General 210,214 women 99, 100, 101 womanhood 124,126,128-129,131,

133, 135-136, 140, 143 Women's Political Council 128 Woo, Gilbert 186 Woodall, William 99 Woodward, C. Vann 92 World War II 174, 178, 180,

183-185,190-191; effects of 153, 156, 158, 164

Wyatt-Brown, Bertram 103,111

Yoshihara, Sam 187