Otalgia& Dysphagiain the Head Neck Cancer 2ww...

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Otalgia & Dysphagia in the Head & Neck Cancer 2ww Referral GP Masterclass Study Evening (27/11/2013) Mr Taran Tatla BSc, MBBS, DLO, FRCS(Eng) Consultant ENTHead & Neck Surgery North West London Hospitals NHS Trust BMI Clementine Churchill & Bishops Wood Hospitals

Transcript of Otalgia& Dysphagiain the Head Neck Cancer 2ww...

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Otalgia & Dysphagia in theHead & Neck Cancer 2ww Referral 

GP Masterclass Study Evening (27/11/2013)

Mr Taran Tatla BSc, MBBS, DLO, FRCS(Eng)Consultant ENT‐Head & Neck Surgery

North West London Hospitals NHS TrustBMI Clementine Churchill & Bishops Wood Hospitals

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Head & Neck Vs Upper GI –2ww Suspected Cancer Referral Forms

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Ear Symptoms

• Pain – precipatant (ie URTI),nature, frequency, severity, exacerbating & relieving factors

• Ear Discharge (Otorrhoea) – blood stained / clear / itching

• Hearing Loss (fluctuating, progressive, period)

• Dizziness / Rotational Vertigo

• Tinnitus / Noises in Ear

(?cotton bud use for cleaning ears)

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Otalgia : Primary Ear Causes

• Pinna / Ear canal skin: infected sebaceous cyst, furuncle, otitis externa, trauma

• Acute otitis media

• Acute mastoiditis

• Chronic Supparative Otitis Media (CSOM) – Tubotympanic (TM perforation without keratin)

– Squamous (retraction or perforation with keratin)

• Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

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Otalgia & Primary Ear Pathology

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Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

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Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

• Nasal Symptom Enquiry

• Nasal Blockage

• Nasal Discharge (Anterior, Post‐nasal, Blood)

• Nasal Itching & Sneezing

• Facial Pain

• Reduced / Loss of Sense of Smell

• Attempt Valsalva Manoeuvre (forcibly exhale while keeping the mouth and nose closed)

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Otalgia: Non‐Ear Conditions

• Referred Pain from:– Parotid gland (inflammation, calculus)

– Teeth (ie impacted wisdom)

– Tonsil / pharynx inflammation & infection

– Laryngo‐pharyngeal reflux

– Oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx & larynx tumours (>90% = SCC)

– Lymphomas (tonsillar / base of tongue)

– C‐spine pathology (ie degenerative changes)

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Oral / Throat Symptom Enquiry

• Tooth pain / sensitivity (recent dental visits?)

• Mouth mucosal ulcers / pain

• Sore throats (frequency / severity /duration / treatments /?refractory etc)

• Tonsillitis (?temp, ?associated difficulty swallowing)

• Swallowing difficulties (to liquids, solids, both, intermittent or progressive)

• Voice change (dysphonia) +/‐ inspiratory noise

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Acute Exudative (bacterial) Tonsillitis Vs Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)

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Tonsil Assymetry (?neoplasia)

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Laryngo‐pharyngeal Reflux

• +/‐ GORD Symptoms

• Burning / Pains (Throat &/or retro‐sternal) which may be referred to the ear

• Intermittent Change in Voice

• Intermittent Swallowing Change (tightness)

• Throat Clearing 

• “Water brash” or bitter taste in mouth

Dietary & Lifestyle History

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Laryngopharyngeal Reflux / GORD

-Generalised supraglottic swelling (arytenoids, epiglottis, vocal cord Reinke’s oedema)-Posterior inter-arytenoid granulation tissue-Redundancy of hypertrophied hypopharyngeal mucosa (epiglottic, post-cricoid & posterior pharyngeal wall)

Changes all consistent with GORD

In association:Cervical osteophyte indentation of hypopharynx posteriorly

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Head & Neck Cancer

• SCC (>90%) +/‐ Systemic Effects (weight loss)

• Majority =mucosa arising, oral cavity or larynx, followed by oropharynx & hypopharynx

• Link to tobacco smoking/chewing, alcohol, betel nut chewing, Human Papilloma Virus

• Ulcerative / locally destructive or exophytic / expansile

• Unilateral &/or progressive symptoms, particularly referred  mouth/throat to ear pain

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Oral Cavity SCC

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B Cell Lymphoma Left ET Cushion

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Oropharynx (Base of Tongue SCC)

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Larynx SCC

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Hypopharynx SCC

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Disposable Flexible Nasendoscopy In Primary Care

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Sequential Phases of Normal Swallow

• Oral Phase (preparation) (Voluntary)

Bolus of food / liquid is chewed or manipulated in preparation for swallow

• Oral Phase (propulsion) (Voluntary)

Tongue pushes the bolus into the back of the mouth, beginning the swallow response

• Pharyngeal Phase (Involuntary)

The Bolus passes through the oro/hypopharynx into the oesophagus

• Oesophageal Phase (Involuntary)

The bolus passes through the oesophagus to enter in to the stomach

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Sequential Phases of Normal Swallow

• Rapid & precise coordination (numerous muscles & tissues )

• With bolus entry to pharynx, soft palate elevates & hyoid bone /larynx move upward & forward. 

• Vocal folds move to midline & epiglottis folds backward, protecting airway. 

• Tongue pushes backward & downward into pharynx, pushing bolus down. 

• Pharyngeal walls assist by moving inward with a progressive wave of contractions from top to bottom.

• UES relaxes & is pulled open by movement of hyoid bone & larynx, (& thenUES closes after food passes). 

• Once in oesophagus, a peristaltic wave moves the bolus downward. 

• LES relaxes & allows bolus to move into stomach. 

• Once in stomach, the LES closes automatically, preventing gastro‐oesophageal reflux.

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Dysphagia (Difficulty in Swallow)= Interruption in the natural swallow sequence

Central Motor or Sensory disturbanceOften after CVA , brain trauma, SOLProgressive neurological  Disorders ie MND Cranial Neuropathies / InjuryHigher Centres (emotion / stress)

Central Nervous System / Cranial Nerve Effects

Autonomic Impairment / 

Neuromuscular / Motility Disorders

Mechanical / LumenalEffects

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Dysphagia (Difficulty in Swallow)= Interruption in the natural swallow sequence

Central Motor or Sensory disturbanceOften after CVA , brain trauma, SOLProgressive neurological  Disorders ie MND Cranial Neuropathies / InjuryHigher Centres (emotion / stress)

Central Nervous System / Cranial Nerve Effects

Autonomic Impairment / Neuromuscular Motility Disorders

Mechanical / LumenalEffects

Peripheral Motor & / or Sensory disturbanceImpairment of the upper or lower oesophageal sphincter (inflammatory / AI disease ie CTD)Vocal cord / Tongue / Palatal WeaknessGORD / LPR(Common)

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Dysphagia (Difficulty in Swallow)= Interruption in the natural swallow sequence

Central Motor or Sensory disturbanceOften after CVA , brain trauma, SOLProgressive neurological  Disorders ie MND Cranial Neuropathies / InjuryHigher Centres (emotion / stress)

Central Nervous System / Cranial Nerve Effects

Autonomic Impairment / Neuromuscular Motility Disorders

Mechanical / LumenalEffects

Peripheral Motor & / or Sensory disturbanceImpairment of the upper or lower oesophageal sphincter (inflammatory / AI disease ie CTD)Vocal cord / Tongue / Palatal WeaknessGORD / LPR(Common)

Mechanical impairment (H&N/Thyroid, Oesophagus,other tumour, scar or stricture) – intrinsic / extrinsicImpairment of the upper or lower oesophageal sphincter  &/or larynx elevation ie Tracheostomy tube in situSimple Causes (poor teeth, ill‐fitting dentures, URTI)

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Clinical Presentation• Depends on causation, duration and severity

• Can be relatively minor symptoms (ie drooling, globus –discomfort /sensation of lump in throat or food sticking, retrosternal discomfort)

• Or more problematic (inadequate nutrition, dehydration, and weight loss when significant dysphagia)

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Clinical Presentation• Depends on causation, duration and severity

• Can be relatively minor symptoms (ie drooling, globus –discomfort /sensation of lump in throat or food sticking, retrosternal discomfort)

• Or more problematic (inadequate nutrition, dehydration, and weight loss when significant dysphagia)

• Dysphagia to liquids (suggests central / neurological cause), to solids (suggests  mechanical cause ie tumour /pharyngeal pouch) or to both

• Dysphagia may be intermittent (often with LPR and globus) or progressive and worsening in severity (UADT / Oesophageal Malignancy / pharyngeal pouch)

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Clinical Presentation• Depends on causation, duration and severity

• Can be relatively minor symptoms (ie drooling, globus –discomfort /sensation of lump in throat or food sticking, retrosternal discomfort)

• Or more problematic (inadequate nutrition, dehydration, and weight loss when significant dysphagia)

• Dysphagia to liquids (suggests central / neurological cause), to solids (suggests  mechanical cause ie tumour /pharyngeal pouch) or to both

• Dysphagia may be intermittent (often with LPR and globus) or progressive and worsening in severity (UADT / Oesophageal Malignancy / pharyngeal pouch)

• Aspiration (passage of food /liquid through VCs with sensation of food "going down wrong way"), can be a serious consequence of dysphagia causing chronic coughing, choking, airway obstruction and aspiration pneumonia.

• It may result from pharyngeal obstruction, weakness or incoordination of the pharyngeal muscles, poor opening of the UES, or other impairments

• If sensation or consciousness is impaired, aspiration does not provoke a cough response, which is particularly dangerous (ie post CVA) 

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Zenker’s Diverticulum (Pharyngeal Pouch)

Herniation of a mucosal sac between the fibres of the inferior constrictor muscle & cricopharyngeus (Killian’s dehiscence)

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Zenker’s Diverticulum:Aetiology

• Primary disorder is a motility disorder in cricopharyngeus muscle (the diverticular sac is secondary)

• As sac evolves, the dysphagia worsens (path of least resistance to food bolus is direct into sac)

• The sac distends, exerting pressure on the cervical oesophagus (further increasing resistance to food passage)

• Patient then forced to swallow harder against the obstruction (increasing intraluminal pressure in the inferior hypopharynx, leading to further enlargement of the diverticulum)

• Likely discoordination of UES relaxation (theories include neurologic disease, inflammatory scarring & GORD as triggers)

• Treatment must address the cricopharyngeal spasm as well as the sac

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Zenker’s Diverticulum:Presentation

• Zenker’s is an uncommon condition & generally affects the older patient but not exclusively

• Dysphagia is a common complaint & other symptoms include:– Choking

– Weight Loss

– Regurgitation

– Excess mucus & throat clearing

– Aspiration & chest infections

• Symptoms often present for years, 

• Progressive dysphagia +/‐ aspiration +/‐ weight loss and debilitation => indication for operative intervention

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Zenker’s Diverticulum:Barium Swallow

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Endoscopic Diverticulotomy:Diverticuloscope with Staple Division, Diathermy 

or Laser (cricopharyngeal myotomy)

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NWLH Integrated Care of Swallow (ICoS) Pathway

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Clinical Otolaryngology. 30(6) : 547 ‐ 550.

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Disposable Flexible Nasendoscopy In Primary Care

-High Resolution CMOS chip-tip-Disposable endoscope-Well tolerated by patients under LA-Clinician (ENT & Gastro) validation & support (MDT integrated swallow service for UADT & Upper GI 2ww referrals)

-Avoidance of endoscope sterilisation costs & high set-up / maintenanace costs of central sterilisation services-Ideal for “one-stop” evaluation & screening of patients with swallow difficulties (dysphagia)-Avoidance of down-stream costs of panendoscopy under GA, Ba swallows, OGD, repeated OPD visits to multiple specialists

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ANY QUESTIONS?

Thank You