Osteopathy as Primary prevention- · PDF filetreatment of Chapman’s Reflexes • To...

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1 Osteopathy As Primary Preventive Medicine: A primer on Making the Use of OMT more enjoyable, available and profitable Sabrina L. Schrader, DO Saint Anthony Hospital Family Medicine Residency – Oklahoma City Objectives of this talk: To provide a review of the Principles of Osteopathic medicine, as a basis for understanding its power as the best PRIMARY Preventive medicine [it is not just a treatment for back pain!!] To review the importance of the viscerosomatic and somatovisteral reflexes, in the context of our ability to assist in disease prevention utilizing treatment of Chapman’s Reflexes To demonstrate three simple techniques the practicing physician can easily and quickly perform, with every patient to create the following effects: To connect with the patient, and increase their satisfaction with the visit to assess the patient’s overall health, and zero in on potential problems To help their patient feel better, recover more quickly To provide a basis for an invitation to return for a more thorough Osteopathic evaluation

Transcript of Osteopathy as Primary prevention- · PDF filetreatment of Chapman’s Reflexes • To...

Page 1: Osteopathy as Primary prevention- · PDF filetreatment of Chapman’s Reflexes • To demonstrate three simple techniques the practicing physician can easily and ... • Frank Chapman,

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Osteopathy AsPrimary PreventiveMedicine:A primer on Making the Use of OMT more enjoyable, available and profitable

Sabrina L. Schrader, DO ‐ Saint Anthony Hospital Family Medicine Residency – Oklahoma City

Objectives of this talk:

• To provide a review of the Principles of Osteopathic medicine,  as a basis for understanding its  power as  the best PRIMARY Preventive medicine [it is not just a treatment for back pain!!]

• To review the importance of the viscero‐somatic and somato‐visteralreflexes, in the context of our ability to assist in disease prevention utilizing treatment of Chapman’s Reflexes

• To demonstrate three simple techniques the practicing physician can easily and quickly perform, with every patient to create the following effects:

• To connect with the patient, and increase their satisfaction with the visit• to assess the patient’s overall health, and zero in on potential problems• To help their patient feel better, recover more quickly • To provide a basis for an invitation to return for a more thorough Osteopathic evaluation

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“The object of the doctor is to seek health; anyone can find disease”

A.T. Still

Does Osteopathy Work?

• What makes it seem as if Osteopathy does not ‘work’ is that it is so often applied to cases which are essentially lost causes. 

• Sure, OMT can help those with radicular pain, or advanced DJD of the spine, or pre‐replacement knee pain or hip pain. But treating somatic dysfunction early to improve lymphatic flow and self‐healing mechanisms would have been even better. 

• It is like thinking you can make a broken down care run better by giving it a tune up and changing the oil. 

• The tune up and oil change should have occurred on a regular basis throughout the life of the car…. Not waiting until it is a broken down clunker and then trying to revive it with preventive maintenance!

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What is Preventive Medicine?

Primary Prevention: Examples

• ‐ education about healthy and safe habits (e.g. eating well, exercising regularly, not smoking, good posture)

• legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous products (asbestos, ?hydrogenated fats??)

• immunization against infectious diseases.

• Treating somatic dysfunction when found during a routine exam (even if not billed for)

• Treating somatic dysfunction early to prevent sequela in the viscera at related levels or prevent back pain. 

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Secondary Prevention: Examples

• ‐ regular exams and screening tests to detect disease in its earliest stages (e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer)

• ‐ daily, low‐dose aspirins and/or diet and exercise programs to prevent further heart attacks or strokes

• suitably modified work so injured or ill workers can return safely to their jobs.

• Treating somatic dysfunction in regions which might relate to systems already affected (e.g. T3 and the heart) or treating somatic dysfunction for someone who already has some intermittent back pain, so that it does not become chronic

Tertiary “Prevention”: Examples

• ‐ rehabilitation of disabling conditions [cardiac rehab, pulmonary rehab]

• ‐ Retraining to a different job to prevent further disability

• Stents to prevent further heart attacks or strokes or ischemic limb

• Treating somatic dysfunction and tissue stiffness and joint ankyloses to help reduce pain – in a patient who already has chronic pain or post‐surgical back or radiculopathy

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What is Osteopathic Medicine?

Classical Osteopathic Philosophy

• A.T. Still’s Fundamental concepts of osteopathy can be organized in terms of health, disease and patient care 

• Heath• 1. Health is a natural state of harmony.• 2. The human body is a perfect machine created for health and activity• 3. A healthy state exists as long as there is normal flow of body fluids and nerve activity

• Disease• 4. Disease is an effect of  underlying, often multifactorial causes.• 5. Illness is often caused by mechanical impediments to normal flow of body fluids and nerve activity

• 6. Environmental, social, mental and behavioral factors contribute to the etiology of disease and illness

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Classical Osteopathic Philosophy ‐ continued

• Patient Care• 7. The human body provides all the chemicals necessary for the needs of its tissues and organs

• 8. Removal of mechanical impediments allows optimal body fluid flow, nerve function , and restoration of health.

• 9. Environmental, cultural and social, mental and behavioral factors need to be addressed as part of any management plan.

• 10. Any management plan should realistically meet the needs of the individual patient. 8

• A.T. Still was ahead of his time in his concept of holistic medicine, believing that we had to treat the whole patient, not just the symptoms and cause of a disease.

• “Osteopathy is based on the perfection of Nature’s work. When all the parts of the human body are in line, we have health. When they are not, the effect is disease. When the parts are readjusted disease give place to health. The work of the Osteopath is to adjust the body from the abnormal to the normal, then the abnormal conditions give place to the normal and health is the result of the normal condition”

• A.T. Still, Osteopathy Research and Practice 

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Tenets of Osteopathy

• The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit.

• The body is capable of self‐regulation, self‐healing, and health maintenance.

• Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated.

• Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self‐regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function.

Body, mind, spirit

The body has ability to heal itself

Form follows function

TENET#1: the body is a unit, the person is a unit of body, mind and spirit• Brain science is supporting the idea of the mind and spirit working together with the body to create the ‘person’ – we are not just machines

• OMT is working with the body, to reduce those ‘impediments to fluid flow and nerve function’ 

• It is necessary to get buy‐in from the mind and spirit of the patient before the body can be truly changed –

• Placebo vs. anti‐placebo effect holds true with OMT just as it does with pills and potions

• As you provide any treatment, enroll the patient into what you are doing so their mind and spirit can help their body get better! 

• Even the most perfect Osteopathic treatment can fail if the patient unconsciously (spirit) wants it to fail [perhaps explaining why OMT is not effective in litigation and WC cases in general]

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TENET #2: The body is capable of self‐regulation, self‐healing and health maintenance

• Psychoneuroimmunology: describes a unified psychosomatic communication network of neuropeptides in brain and other non‐neural tissues and their corresponding receptors in the immune, endocrine and central nervous systems, linking body to mind.7

• Still’s belief that the body created all of the medicines necessary• “the brain of man was God’s drug store, and had in it all liquids, drugs, lubricating oils, opiates, acids and antacids and every quality of drugs that the wisdom of God thought necessary for human happiness and health” 21

• Other examples of self regulation: • hormonal cycles, baroreceptors, the coagulation cascade, gait and posture

Tenet #3: Structure and Function are reciprocally interrelated• viscero‐somatic and somato‐visceral reflexes – which reflects the relationship at a neuronal and lymphatic level of the soma with the organs ‐

• Chest cage as a lymphatic pump as well as repiratorymechanism

• Proper gait as an additional lymphatic pumping mechanism

• The primary respiratory mechanism and cranial rhythmic impulse as a driver of lymphatic and electrical flow

• The concept of Tensegrity –

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The concept of Tensegrity

• In this model it is recognized that• Areas of hypomobile somatic dysfunction may cause compensatory hypermobility elsewhere

• Hypermobility in one or more regions may affect compensatory hypomobilityelsewhere

• Fascial patterning and musculoligamentous tension take on primary importance in the model’s connecting elements ‐1

Research BackgroundOn Osteopathic Treatment

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Research Background

• Frank Chapman, DO

• Chapman observed reproducible tender points paired anteriorly and posteriorly which corresponded to specific viscera.

• He described these tenderpoints as ganglioform contractions useful in diagnosis and treatment.

• In 1932, after Chapman’s death, An Endocrine Interpretation of Chapman’s Reflexes was published.

• Proposed treatment of these reflexes with inhibitory pressure ‘not too much and not too little”

Research Background

• Irvin M. Korr, PhD

• 1944 published a paper focused on facilitation of neural impulses in motoneuron pools. 

• Found dermal autonomic activity, electrical skin resistance, and trophic function of nerves

• Korr lectured widely and published treatises tying osteopathic concepts together with proven physiologic models

• Expanded Still’s concept to include the integrative activity of the spinal cord and its relationship with the Musculoskeletal and sympathetic  nervous system. 1

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Research Background ‐ Hypertension

• Robert Mannino, DO, FACOFP

• In 1979 Mannino found a significant drop in aldosterone in hypertensive and normotensive patients after 3 wks of T11/T12 Chapman’s treatment compared to treating T8.17

• William Johnston, DO, FAAO

• In 1995 using a standardized palpatory examination, Johnston found a repeated pattern of somatic dysfunction in patients with pre‐HTN & HTN.18

Hypertension –physiologic 

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Mechanisms of Hypertension, and TreatmentBased on physiologic mechanisms in these areas, OMT to support homeostasis should be effective in patients with hypertension. Regular osteopathic manipulative treatment is therefore felt to break the cycle of increasingly frequent episodes of sympathicotonia and delay the stage of fixed hypertension.

According to Osteopathic medicine, “effective management of primary  hypertension will postpone for years the time when compensatory mechanisms become exhausted and the effects of nephrosclerosis are manifested”

Due to widespread distribution of the sympathetic nervous system, treamtent is usually directed to the entire spinal column

Viscerosomatic & SomatovisceralReflexes

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Viscerosomatic and somatovisceral reflexes: 

•Definition• Viscerosomatic reflexes: Localized visceral stimulation produces patterns of reflex response in segmental related somatic structures.

• Something wrong in an organ can and does produce change in the somatic structure (skin, muscles, bones and fascia)

• Somatovisceral reflexes: Localized somatic stimulation produces patterns of reflex response in related visceral structures.

• Ongoing somatic dysfunction produces changes in tissues which predisposes the organs in that level to future disease

Spine Physiology

• In viscerosomatic reflexes visceral inflammation activates general visceral afferent neurons. In somatovisceral reflexes primary somatic dysfunction activates somatosensory nociceptive neurons.

• These afferent neurons enter the spinal cord and synapse in the dorsal horn. Ongoing afferent stimulation results in a state of irritability (facilitation). The stimulus threshold is lowered for any afferent input in this hyper‐excited segment.

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Spinal Pathology – Facilitated segment 

• Increased afferent activity can cause firing of internuncial neurons that synapse with ventral horn motor neurons resulting in segmentally related myo‐spasticity in viscerosomatic reflexes.

• Increased activity of internuncialneurons that synapse with intermediolateral cell column neurons can result in sympathicotonia in somatovisceralreflexes.

Viscerosomatic Reflex Diagnosis

• Viscerosomatic reflexes exhibit tenderness, tissue texture change and generalized motion restriction.

• The fact that segmental irritation is directly proportionate to the severity of visceral pathology and that the anatomic relationship between the segment and the involved organ is consistent makes viscerosomatic reflexes diagnostically valuable.

• In the thoracic region, pay special attention to the costotransverse area.6

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Viscerosomatic Reflex Diagnosis

Acute tissue texture change:

increased temperature

local vasodilation

Prolonged red reflex

increased sweating

increased skin drag

edema

skin thickening

active spasm of deep paravertebral musculature

Viscerosomatic Reflex Diagnosis

Chronic tissue texture change:

local vasospasm

decreased temperature

decreased skin drag

decreased sweating

sub cutanenous fibrosis

hypersensitivity to palpation

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Viscerosomatic Reflex Location ‐ review

Sympathetic viscerosomatic reflexes from organs above the diaphragm manifest at or above T5 while those from organs below the diaphragm manifest at or below T5.

Parasympathetic viscerosomatic reflexes associated with the vagus nerve manifest in the high cervical region.

Parasympathetic viscerosomatic reflexes associated with the pelvic splanchnic nerves, 2nd - 4th sacral segments, manifest in the pelvic region.

Autonomic nervous system – schematic

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Viscerosomatic Reflex Location

Paired organs produce bilateral tissue texture change with generalized pathology, while asymmetrical disease produces an ipsilateral response.

Midline organs produce bilateral tissue texture change.

Asymmetrically located organs produce ipsilateral tissue texture change.

Viscerosomatic Reflex Diagnosis

Passive motion testing will show ambiguity of the restrictive barrier, generalized motion restriction possibly without asymmetry.

Tissue texture change is most apparent in the deep paravertebral musculature, multifidi and rotatores.

Paraspinal viscerosomatic reflexes may be further supported by searching for Chapman’s points.

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Chapman’s ReflexesA Review

Chapman’s Reflexes

Frank Chapman, DO originally identified a system of reflex points:

Reflex Points are small points of increased tenderness and sensitivity found in the deep fascial layers that correlate with increased sympathetic tone to a particular area of the body.

Anterior and posterior points are used for diagnosis and treatment, respectively. Today, these points are used more as diagnostic indicators for dysfunction of a particular organ.3,4,5

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Chapman’s Reflex Findings

Location: deep in the fascia

Palpation: small, smooth, firm, 2-3 mm, resembling a “string of pearls.”

Tissue Texture Change: Acute reflexes: boggy, edematousChronic reflexes: ropy, thickened, feels like a pea.

Chapman’s points are tender points, that are very sensitive and very tender but do not radiate away from the specific point and are not necessarily associated with somatic dysfunction.3,4,5

Anterior Chapman’s points

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Posterior Chapman’s points

Chapman’s Points –Key points to remember

• 1. Appendix ‐‐‐‐

• 2. Adrenals ‐‐‐‐

• 3. Kidneys ‐‐‐‐

• 4. Bladder‐‐‐‐‐

• 5. Colon ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

• anteriorly – At the tip of the right 12th rib

• Posteriorly – at transvers pocess of T11 vertebrae• The presensce of this particular reflex point helps to direct the 

differential dx to acure appendicitis

• Anteriorly – 2” superior and 1” lateral to umbilicus

• Posteriorly – Between Spinous and transverse processes of T11‐12

• Anteriorly – 1” superior and 1” lateral to umbilicus

• Posteriorly – Between spinous and transvers processes of T12 & L1

• Periumbilical region

• On the latearal thigh within the iliotibial band from the greater trochanter to just above knee

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Embryologic & Anatomic Considerations

Embryologic development

• Primitive embyologic segments

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Embryologic development

• Looking at the embryo, it is not hard to imagine that as all of these segments are formed, they are dragging the elements needed to feed and flush them

Embryologic development

• Brachial plexus 

• Lumbar plexus

• Proximity to the organs involved

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Dermatomes and development

• We have not trouble believing in dermatomes when it comes to nerves –

• Why would it be difficult to believe that other pathways develop along similar lines?

• Fascial development 

Lymphatic drainage ‐ regional

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Lymphatic channels ‐ chest

Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia Location

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Location of the sympathetic trunk –detailAgain note how intricately connected are the sympathetic trunk, the splancnic nerves, the rib cage and the spine. Derangements or impairments in these structures would intuitively create a significantl impact adjacent levels. 

They have shown in animal studies that impairment of lymphatic flow by ligating lympahtics of the heart creates

Sympathetic ganglialocation

The body is beautifully and wonderfully made, and the placement of the sympathetic ganglia along the spine and the ribheads is an example of the interconnectivity of our self healing mechanisms. The normal movement of the rib heads in the chest provides lymphatic pump around these ganglia, whereas poor motion of the ribs exacerbates edema dn collection of inflammatory mediators and congestion around them –this should be proveable by biopsy or autopsy

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Viscerosomatic & SomatovisceralReflexes

HEENT

Sympathetic: T1-T5 Bilateral

Parasympathetic: CN V, C0, C1,C2

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PULMONARY

Sympathetics: T1-T4 bilateral

Bronchomotor reflex T1-T3

Asthma – T2 left, specifically

Bronchial mucosa reflex T2-T3

Parenchyma T3-T4

Parietal pleura T1-T12 (somatosomatic)

Parasympathetics: C0, C1, C2

CARDIAC

Sympathetics: T1-T5 left>right

Larson suggested:

Arrhythmias – T2

Posterior wall MI – T5

CADx and myocardial ischemia – C3-C5

Parasympathetics: C0, C1, C2

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GI SYMPATHETICS

Esophagus: T3-T6 right

Stomach: T5-T10 left

Duodenum: T6-T8 right

Appendix and cecum: T9-T12 right

Liver and Gall Bladder: T6-T9 right

Pancreas: T5-T9 right, or bilateral

Spleen: T7-T9 left

Small Intestine: T8-T10 bilateral

Colon and Rectum: T11-L3

Ascending colon: T11-L1 right

Descending colon: L1-L3 left

GI PARASYMPATHETICS

From esophagus to transverse colon - C0, C1, C2.

From transverse colon to anus –S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnics).

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GU SYMPATHETICS

Kidneys - T9-L1 bilateral or ipsilateral

Ureters - T11-L3 bilateral or ipsilateral

Bladder - T11-L3 bilateral

Prostate - T10-L2 bilateral

Ovaries (testes) - T10-T11 bilateral or ipsilateral

Fallopian Tubes – T10-L2 bilateral or ipsilateral

Uterus – T9-L2 bilateral

GU PARASYMPATHETICS

Kidneys - C0, C1, C2

Ureters, proximal C0, C1, C2 and distal S2-S4

Bladder - S2-S4

Prostate - S2-S4

Fallopian Tubes - S2-S4

Uterus - S2-S4

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Treatment ConsiderationsIn Viscerosomatic and Somatovisceral Reflexes

TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS

There is an inseparable relationship between viscerosomatic and somatovisceral reflexes as a result of spinal facilitation. Differentiating between the two is often difficult.7*

Specific evidence based therapies should be employed to treat the visceral pathology and OMT should be employed integratively, using its effect upon somatovisceral physiology. *

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TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS

When treating the somatic component of a viscerosomatic reflex, inhibitory pressure is often the treatment of choice.

Stimulatory procedures such as range of motion and articulation or soft tissue stretching are used when treating congested states like pneumonia or hypoactive conditions such as constipation.

Rib raising reduces constriction of larger vessels, initially stimulating sympathetic efferent activity but resulting prolonged reduction after treatment. *

Osteopathic Treatment in PreventionA recap

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OMT in prevention

• A major goal of Osteopathic Medicine is to use well applied manual therapy in treatment of the patient in order to improve the structure and function of the body, and therefore to enhance health and longevity.

• This goal is available to all of us, not just those who ‘specialize’ in OMT. 

• OMT is not just for treatment of back pain! It is much better to prevent back pain from happening, than to treat it once it occurs. And because we have demonstrated that segmental relationships exist between the spine and the viscera, we can rest assured knowing that improving motion and treating somatic dysfunction can improve function of other structures in the body (the viscera) 

Recap ‐Preventive medicine?

• Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs –• Treating somatic dysfunction early to prevent sequela in the viscera at related levels or prevent back pain. 

• Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred, or find it before it becomes symptomatic. 

• Treating somatic dysfunction in regions which might relate to systems already affected (e.g. T3 and the heart) 

• Tertiary prevention generally consists of the prevention of disease progression and attendant suffering after it is clinically obvious and a diagnosis established.

• Treating somatic dysfunction and tissue stiffness and joint ankyloses to help reduce pain

This is where most of us get stuck! 

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Case study – Primary prevention

• Well Child Check, 10 year old girl

• Brief osteopathic exam done in addition to regular WCC template:

• Pelvis level, sacrum level, scapulae level, no significant scoliosis or lack of motion on testing in the thoracic spine, ribs expand symmetrically.

• Tightness noted in the left sub‐occiptal region. 

• Right foot – pain in midfoot, and bilateral pes planus (flexible flat foot)

• Based on our S‐V and V‐S reflexes, what might we consider as potential future health issues for this girl?

• How could treatment of her somatic dysfunction help her?

• She would probably benefit from one treatment, which we did not have time for. 

• In this case, I educated mom about somatic dysfunction, and early treatment, so she could bring her in to be treated as necessary. I will also check annually at the WCC for any new findings that might need attention.

Case Study #2 – Secondary Prevention

• 37 yo female, acute  visit for back pain, lumbosacral and sacral, but also radiates up into the thoracic region. Generalize pain and fatigue all the time. Neck hurts at times and headaches. No red flag symptoms. Had fallen hard on ice 1.5 years ago, and was getting steadily worse. 

• Findings• Sacral shear right, anterior rotation of ilium, non‐compensated L5 rotated right

• Suboccipital restrictions, cervical dysfunctions at C3 and C5

• Xrays negative for significant DJD

• Based on her findings, what might we think she might be at risk for?

• Treatment of the above, with reassurance that we were likely setting her body right before she had long term problems, and back pain essentially resolved in 2 treatments –

• She has returned to see me for the past two years, and only occasionally has low back pain. We are now working on the neck and headaches

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Case Study #3 – tertiary “prevention”Most of our OMT clinic patients fit in this category

• 68 yo female with RA, and pain in multiple areas of her body.

• Comes to OMT clinic monthly, it helps her pain for a few weeks.

• Doing some home stretches

• Xrays show DDD at L4‐5, hypertrophic spurring. 

• MRI shows no spinal stenosis or lumbar radiculopathy

• OA dysfunction recurrent

• Upper thoracic dysfunction recurrent

• Initially pelvic dysfunction with anterior ilium, which has resolved and not returned

• Lumbar tension, which improves with counterstrain and myofascial release

The Ideal D.O.ctor Patient RelationshipCombining the positives of Preventive care with the Power of Osteopathy

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The Ideal Doctor‐Patient relationship

• Let’s say you are an Osteopathic family physician, and you put out your shingle in a nice town where you plan to live for the rest of your life. 

• Your first patient is a newborn baby. Her name is Mary.

• You see Mary for every well child visit, and every bump and bruise she has for the rest of her life. 

• For example, she falls off her bike and comes in for a visit. When you notice tightness or tension in her upper right rib cage, you apply articulation and myofascial release, and improve rib and shoulder motion. As a result, lymphatic flow improves and the shoulder never develops arthritis which might have formed.

• So on through the years, you intervene on Mary’s behalf, assisting her body in overcoming the fascial distortions and lymphatic congestion which might have occurred if she had just had someone prescribing medications.

Impediments to The Ideal Doctor‐Patient Relationship and to the daily use of OMT

• Insurance changes and physician job changes, leading to  less continuity of care and less ability to see the results of your prior treatments (if you do them)

• Lack of confidence on part of D.O.s that what they do works and is important

• Pressure to see more patients to keep up RVU (we feel too rushed to do OMT)

• Use of GYN tables in most rooms, which are not conducive to a complete Osteopathic exam

• False belief that use of OMT requires a long visit and making the patient lie down

• Electronic record not conducive to documenting Osteopathic findings 

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Overcoming some of the Impediments

• Learning a few simple techniques that can benefit all patients who walk through your doors, and help document baseline structural exam

• These techniques also help you connect with your patients and help them feel better

• Assessing some of the key regions for Somato‐visceral reflexes and over time impacting them by use of the simple techniques

• Documenting findings briefly so that over time the physician becomes confident they are making a difference for their patient and preventing pain and disease ‐

Simple Techniques for Every Day Patient Care

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Rib raising/thoracic articulation ‐ seated

• This technique can be used to assess motion, and then to treat 

• Introduce side‐bending and rotation using the upper arm as a fulctum ( or use the shoulder with your arm in the front)

• This is an articulatory and myofascial technique

• Improves respiratory function, among other benefits

Cervical articulation

• While examining your patient, gently assess segmental motion of the cervical spine while they are seated. 

• It takes seconds to get a regional motion (rotation, sidebending, flexion and extension), and then within a few seconds you can feel where specific somatic dysfunctions are located. 

• Gentle articulation in these areas is beneficial (think cervical sympathetic ganglia, etc, as above)

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Seated Cranio‐occipital release

• Standing beside patient, place your back hand at the base of the skull, and provide a lifting motion

• Stabilize the head by holding your opposite hand against the forehead, gently wrapping around the sides of the head (not too much pressure)

• Lift gently, and imagine the skull expanding and contracting (you cranialists will have an easier time of this). Your patients often feel a sensation that the sinuses are opening.

Other simple techniques to consider

• Straighten out the ilia and pelvis if it is really noticeable

• Supine OA decompression, especially in setting of headache or nausea or neck pain

• Lumbar stretching or articulation or HVLA if you are comfortable

• Spencer techniques if you find muscle imbalances (don’t wait for shoulder pain!)

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Billing for Osteopathic Treatment (OMT)

Billing for OMT

• It is possible to bill for the procedure, OMT, as well as the E&M code for a visit in which you evaluate and manage a problem. 

• However, if you have already seen someone and evaluated that problem, it is better and safer practice to NO CHARGE the visit and just charge for the OMT. 

• There is a movement afoot in CMMS to do away with allowing both the E&M charge plus the procedure code, using the 25 modifier. If this takes hold, we may end up not being able to charge for both in one visit. 

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Billing for OMT

• Same day as the patient being treated for another problem, e.g. Hypertension

• ‐‐ 99213 with modifier 25, plus code for number of areas treated

• Assign the primary diagnosis of visit as the systemic problem you are evaluating and managing (e.g. Hypertension)

• Assign the somatic dysfunction codes of the areas treated to the procedure code for OMT (see next)

• If you are on EMR< be sure to unassociated the somatic dysfunction codes from the visit.

Billing for OMT

ICD‐10 Codes for Somatic Dysfynction

• S.D. – Head region     M99.00

• S.D. – Cervical region   M99.01

• S.D. –Thoracic region   M99.02

• S.D. – Lumbar region   M99.03

• S.D. – Sacral region   M99.04

• S.D. –Pelvis region   M99.05

• S.D. – Lower extremity  M99.06

• S.D. ‐ Upper extremity   M99.07

• S.D. – Rib cage region M99.08

• S.D. – Abdominal region  M99.09

Procedure Codes for OMT

• 1‐2 areas  98925

• 3‐4 areas 98926

• 5‐6 areas 98927

• 7‐8 areas 98928

• 9‐10 areas 98929

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Billing for OMT ‐ Caveats

• If the issue at hand is one that has not been evaluated by you before, bill for 

• Problem + OMT procedure• Use modifier 25 to get both paid for

• If the patient is returning for OMT of the same problem, consider billing for OMT only.

• Even though we were taught that we could always bill for the visit AND the procedure by using an allopathic code as primary, and the somatic dysfunction codes associated with the procedure, this practice is being tested. It has the potential to be discontinued. 

Billing for OMT ‐ Examples

• Here for a different problem, e.g. hypertension

• Also is noted to have somatic dysfunction at T11‐12, and you treat it with MET, as well as cervical dysfunction, which you treat with articulation and 

• E & M would be 99213 –• Hypertension, essential  I10 

• +/‐ Cervical pain, thoracic pain

• Modifier 25 to be able to code for both 

• Procedure code, 2 areas 98925• Thoracic region M99.02

• Cervical region M99.01

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Billing for OMT ‐ Caveats

• Count areas, not number of techniques you do – for example:

• You can only count an area of the body once, no matter how many techniques you perform on that area 

• In the extremities, you can only count once, even if you treat both left and right

• The more areas you treat, the higher the reimbursement

• Connect the correct number of diagnoses for your procedure code, e.g. 98927 you will need codes for 5 or 6 areas.

Proud to Be A DO – Final Observations

• Single pathway – how will it affect us as a profession?• Saint Anthony Dual residency • High quality DO education – OSU in top 10• Do we want to let go of our Osteopathic distinctiveness?• The push for alternative and complementary medicine – we are poised to contribute even more

• Need for ongoing research, and for our research to be available• Documentation of your findings of somatic dysfunction, in case you could participate in a retrospective study

• Potential changes coming in our ability to bill for OMT + visit

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Citations ‐

• On request.