The Skeletal System:

Structure, Function, and Diseases of the bones and joints

Is this the correct anatomical position?

The Skeletal SystemCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsParts of the skeletal systemBones (skeleton)JointsCartilagesLigaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)Divided into two divisionsAxial skeleton- skull, spinal columnAppendicular skeleton limbs and girdle

Functions of BonesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSupport of the bodyProtection of soft organsMovement due to attached skeletal musclesStorage of minerals and fatsBlood cell formation

Bones of the Human BodyCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe skeleton has 206 bonesTwo basic types of bone tissueCompact boneHomogeneousSpongy boneSmall needle-like pieces of boneMany open spacesFigure 5.2b

Bones are classified by their shape: Long- bones are longer than they are wide (arms, legs)Short- usually square in shape, cube like (wrist, ankle)Flat- flat , curved (skull, Sternum)Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis)

Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.1

Types of Bone CellsCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOsteocytesMature bone cellsOsteoblastsBone-forming cellsOsteoclastsBone-destroying cellsBreak down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calciumBone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Changes in the Human SkeletonCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsIn embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilageDuring development, much of this cartilage is replaced by boneCartilage remains in isolated areasBridge of the noseParts of ribsJoints

Bone FracturesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsA break in a boneTypes of bone fracturesClosed (simple) fracture break that does not penetrate the skinOpen (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skin Greenstick- frays, hard to repair, breaks like a green twigBone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilizationRealignment of the bone

Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunk Axial skeleton:skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeletonAppendicular skeleton:pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.

The Axial SkeletonSlide 5.20aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsForms the longitudinal part of the bodyDivided into three partsSkullVertebral ColumnRib Cage

The Axial SkeletonSlide 5.20bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.6

The Skull

8 sutured bones in craniumFacial bones: 13 sutured bones 1 mandible

Craniumencases brainattachments for musclessinuses

Bones of the SkullCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.11

Allows forgrowth

Paranasal SinusesSlide 5.25aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsHollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavityFigure 5.10

The Hyoid BoneSlide 5.26Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe only bone that does not articulate with another boneServes as a moveable base for the tongue, and other muscle attachmentsFigure 5.12

The Vertebral ColumnSlide 5.28Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsVertebrae separated by intervertebral discs made of cartilageThe spine has a normal S curvatureEach vertebrae is given a name according to its locationFigure 5.14

Thoracic cageribsthoracic Vertebraesternumcostal cartilages

True ribs are directly attached to the sternum(first seven pairs)Three false ribs are joined to the 7th ribTwo pairs of floating ribs

JointsA joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together.

Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis). Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.

The Synovial JointSlide 5.51Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.28

Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide 5.52aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.29ac

Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeSlide 5.52bCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.29df

Types of JointsHinge- A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)

Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)

Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)

Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the touching surfaces of two bones have both concave and convex regions with the shapes of the two bones complementing one other and allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)

Bones of the CraniumSome are thicker than others!!!

Cranium BonesFrontal BoneOccipital BoneTemporal BoneParietal BoneParietal Bone

Maxilla and MandibleMaxillaMandible?

Clavicle or CollarboneThe clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your little finger.

ScapulaThe scapula is located on the back side of the ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement for the arms.

Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord1) The cervical region (neck bones)

2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to)

3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)

Coccyx and Sacrum

Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)

Radius and UlnaRadius on Top

Ulna on Bottom

Carpals or (Wrist Bones)

Metacarpals (Top of Hands)

Phalanges (Little Fingers)

Rib Cage

Sternum (Breastbone)

Pelvis (Dancing Bone)

Femur (Largest Bone in the Body)

The Tibia and Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Calcaneous

Skeletal System ReviewMy Videos\wholebodyskeleton.mov

Joints of the BodyBall and Socket Joint: Round end of bone fitting snuggly within another bone.Ex. Shoulder and Hip

Joints of the BodyHinge Joint: Movement at joint in one direction like a door.Ex. Knee and Elbow

Joints of the BodyPivot Joint: Bone resting atop another bone permitting free movement.Ex. Neck, Wrist and Ankles

Joints of the BodyFixed Immovable: Joint does not moveEx. Skull

Gliding Joint: Bones slipping over other bones with a free flowing movement.Ex. Knuckles

The Connectors of the BodyLigaments: Connect bone to bone

The Connectors of the Body!!Tendon: Attaches muscles to bones

The Connectors of the BodyCartilage: It acts as a cushion between bones at a joint and protects the bones.

********************************